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The chiral magnetic effect:from quark-gluon plasma to Dirac semimetals

D. Kharzeev

High Energy Physics in the LHC Era, Valparaiso, Chile, 2012 “Quarks – 2014”, Suzdal, Russia, 2-8 June,

2014

What is Chiral Magnetic Effect?

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Chirality imbalance + Magnetic field =Electric current

Talks at “Quarks 2014”:V. Braguta, T. Kalaydzhyan, A. Kotov

Quantum anomalies

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Anomalies: The classical symmetry of the Lagrangian is broken by quantum effects - examples: chiral symmetry - axial anomaly scale symmetry - scale anomaly

Anomalies imply correlations between currents:

e.g.

decay

A

V V

if A, V are background fields,V is not conserved!

Quantum anomalies

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A

In classical background fields (E and B), chiralanomaly induces a collective motionin the Dirac sea

Chiral Magnetic Effectin a chirally imbalanced

plasmaFukushima, DK, Warringa, PRD‘08

In the presence of the chiral chemical potential and in magnetic field, the vector e.m. current is not conserved:

Compute the current through

The result:

Coefficient is fixed by the axial anomaly, no corrections5

Some of the earlier work on

P-odd currents

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Vilenkin ’78Eliashberg ’83Rubakov, Tavkhelidze, ‘85Levitov, Nazarov, Eliashberg ’85Wilczek ‘87Alekseev, Cheianov, Frohlich ‘98Joyce, Shaposhnikov ‘97…Review: DK, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 2014

Chiral magnetic conductivity:

discrete symmetries

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P-evenT-odd

P-odd

P-odd

P-oddT-odd

P-odd effect!

T-evenNon-dissipative

current!(quantum computing etc)

cf Ohmicconductivity:

P-even, T-odd,dissipative

Systematics of anomalous conductivities

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Vectorcurrent

Axialcurrent

Magnetic field

Vorticity

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Heavy ion collisions as a source of the strongest magnetic fields available in

the Laboratory

DK, McLerran, Warringa, Nucl Phys A803(2008)227

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Heavy ion collisions: the strongest magnetic field ever achieved in the laboratory

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Magnetic fields in heavy ion collisionsIn a conductingplasma, Faradayinduction can makethe field long-livedK.Tuchin, arXiv:1006.3051, 1305.5806

U.Gursoy, DK, K. Rajagopal, arXiv:1401.3805

L.McLerran,V.Skokov arXiv:1305.0774

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Magnetic fields in heavy ion collisionsU.Gursoy, DK, K. Rajagopal, arXiv:1401.3805

Observable effects on directed flow of charged hadrons:

Faraday

Faraday + Hall

“Numerical evidence for chiral magnetic effect in lattice gauge theory”,P. Buividovich, M. Chernodub, E. Luschevskaya, M. Polikarpov, ArXiv 0907.0494; PRD

SU(2) quenched, Q = 3; Electric charge density (H) - Electric charge density (H=0)

Red - positive chargeBlue - negative charge

“Chiral magnetic effect in 2+1 flavor QCD+QED”,M. Abramczyk, T. Blum, G. Petropoulos, R. Zhou, ArXiv 0911.1348;

2+1 flavor Domain Wall Fermions, fixed topological sectors, 16^3 x 8 lattice

Red - positive chargeBlue - negative charge

Electric dipole moment of QCD instanton in an external magnetic field

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G. Basar, G. Dunne, DK, arXiv:1112.0532 [hep-th]

Topological charge density

Quark zero mode density

Asymmetry between leftand right modes induces the e.d.m. in an external B

B=0B>0

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Arxiv:1401.4141

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No sign problem for the chiral chemical potential - direct lattice studies are possible

Fukushima, DK, Warringa, PRD‘08

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arXiv:1105.0385, PRL + Talks by V. Braguta and A. Kotov

The Chern-Simons diffusion rate in an external magnetic

field

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G. Basar, DK, Phys Rev D, arXiv:1202.2161

strongly coupled N=4 SYM plasma in an external U(1)R

magnetic field through holography

weak field:

strong field increases the rate:

dimensional reduction

Holographic chiral magnetic effect:the strong coupling regime (AdS/CFT)

H.-U. Yee, arXiv:0908.4189,JHEP 0911:085, 2009;V. Rubakov, arXiv:1005.1888, ...

A. Rebhan, A.Schmitt, S.Stricker JHEP 0905, 084 (2009), G.Lifshytz, M.Lippert, arXiv:0904.4772;.A. Gorsky, P. Kopnin, A. Zayakin, arXiv:1003.2293, T. Kalaydzhyan, I. Kirsch ‘11,..

CME persists at strong coupling - hydrodynamical formulation?

D.K., H. Warringa Phys Rev D80 (2009) 034028

Strong coupling

Weak coupling

Hydrodynamics and anomalies

• Hydrodynamics: an effective low-energy TOE. States that the response of the fluid to slowly varying perturbations is completely determined by conservation laws (energy, momentum, charge, ...)

• Conservation laws are a consequence of symmetries of the underlying theory

• What happens to hydrodynamics when these symmetries are broken by quantum effects (anomalies of QCD and QED)?

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Chiral MagnetoHydroDynamics (CMHD) -

relativistic hydrodynamics with triangle anomalies and external

electromagnetic fields

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First order (in the derivative expansion) formulation:D. Son and P. Surowka, arXiv:0906.5044

Constraining the new anomalous transport coefficients:positivity of the entropy production rate,

CME(for chirallyimbalancedmatter)

Chiral MagnetoHydroDynamics (CMHD) -

relativistic hydrodynamics with triangle anomalies and external

electromagnetic fields

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First order hydrodynamics has problems with causality and is numerically unstable, so second order formulation is necessary;

Complete second order formulation of CMHD with anomaly:DK and H.-U. Yee, 1105.6360; Phys Rev D

Many new transport coefficients - use conformal/Weyl invariance;still 18 independent transport coefficients related to the anomaly. 15 that are specific to 2nd order:

new

Many new anomaly-induced phenomena!

Chiral MagnetoHydroDynamics (CMHD) -

relativistic hydrodynamics with triangle anomalies and external

electromagnetic fields

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DK and H.-U. Yee, 1105.6360Positivity of entropy

production - still too many unconstrained transport coefficients...

Is there another guiding principle?

No entropy production from

T-even anomalous terms

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P-evenT-odd

P-odd

P-odd

P-oddT-odd

P-odd effect!

T-even Non-dissipative current!

(time-reversible - no arrow of time, no entropy production)

cf Ohmicconductivity:

T-odd,dissipative

DK and H.-U. Yee, 1105.6360

No entropy production from

P-odd anomalous terms

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DK and H.-U. Yee, 1105.6360

Mirror reflection:entropy decreases ?

Decrease is ruled out by 2nd law of thermodynamics

Entropy grows

No entropy production from

T-even anomalous terms

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1st order hydro: Son-Surowka results are reproduced

2nd order hydro: 13 out of 18 transport coefficients are computed; but is the “guiding principle” correct?

Can we check the resulting relations between the transportcoefficients? e.g.

DK and H.-U. Yee, 1105.6360

The fluid/gravity correspondence

28DK and H.-U. Yee, 1105.6360

Long history: Hawking, Bekenstein, Unruh; Damour ’78; Thorne, Price, MacDonald ’86 (membrane paradigm) Recent developments motivated by AdS/CFT: Policastro, Kovtun, Son, Starinets ’01 (quantum bound) Bhattacharya, Hubeny, Minwalla, Rangamani ’08 (fluid/gravity correspondence)

Some of the transport coefficients of 2nd order hydro computed; enough to check some of our relations, e.g.

J. Erdmenger et al, 0809.2488;N. Banerjee et al, 0809.2596 It

works

Other holographicchecks work as well:

The chiral magnetic current is non-dissipative:

protected from (local) scattering and dissipation by (global)

topology

Somewhat similar to superconductivity, but can exist

at high temperature!

Anomalous transport coefficients in hydrodynamics describe dissipation-free processes (unlike e.g. shear viscosity)

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DK, H.-U. Yee, arXiv:1012.6026 [hep-th];PRD

The CME in relativistic hydrodynamics: The Chiral

Magnetic Wave

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Propagating chiral wave: (if chiral symmetry is restored)

Gapless collective mode is the carrier of CME current in MHD:

CME Chiral separation

Electric

Chiral

The Chiral Magnetic Wave

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DK, H.-U. Yee, arXiv:1012.6026 [hep-th], PRD

The velocity of CMWcomputed in Sakai-Sugimotomodel (holographic QCD)

In strong magnetic field, CMW propagates with the speed of light!

Chiral

Electric

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Testing the Chiral Magnetic Wave

Y.Burnier, DK, J.Liao, H.Yee,PRL 2011

Finite baryon density + CMW = electric quadrupole moment of QGP.

Signature - difference of elliptic flows of positive and negative pions determined by total charge asymmetry of the event A: at A>0, v2(-) > v2(+); at A<0, v2(+) > v2(-)

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G. Wang et al [STAR Coll],arxiv:1210.5498 [nucl-ex]

Testing the CMW at RHIC

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CME @ Quark Matter 2014:

ALICE Coll, Talk by R.Belmont

ALICE Coll. at the LHC

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CME @ Quark Matter 2014:

STAR Coll, Talk by Q-Y Shou

ALICE Coll, Talk by R.Belmont

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Exciting the CMW by electromagnetic fieldsM.Stephanov, H.-U.Yee,arxiv:1304.6410

The first numerical simulationof CMHD!M.Hongo, Y.Hirono, T.Hirano,arxiv: 1309.2823

Dirac and Weyl semimetals

The discovery of Dirac semimetals – 3D chiral materials

Z.K.Liu et al., Science 343 p.864 (Feb 21, 2014)

The discovery of Dirac semimetals – 3D chiral materials

Z.K.Liu et al., Science 343 p.864 (Feb 21, 2014)

Ongoing experimental studies of the Chiral Magnetic Effect

Chiral electronics

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quantum amplifier -sensor of ultra-weakmagnetic fieldDK, H.-U.Yee,Phys.Rev.B 88(2013) 115119

Dirac semimetal The Kirchhoff’s law

for this circuit possessesan instability

SummaryInterplay of topology, anomalies and

magnetic field leads to the Chiral Magnetic Effect;

confirmed by lattice QCD x QED, evidence from RHIC and LHC

CME and related anomaly-induced phenomena

are an integral part of relativistic hydrodynamics

(Chiral MagnetoHydroDynamics)

Ongoing experimental studies of CME in Dirac semimetals; potential applications

The Chern-Simons diffusion rate in an external magnetic field

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G. Basar, DK, arXiv:1202.2161 (PRD’12)

strongly coupled N=4 SYM plasma in an external U(1)R

magnetic field through holography

Dual geometry:

Constant magnetic flux in x3 direction:start with a general 5D metric and

look for asymptotically AdS5 solutions of Einstein-Maxwell equations with a horizonsolutions interpolate between BTZ black hole x T2 (small r) and AdS5 (large r) RG flow from D=3+1 CFT at short distances, and D=1+1 CFT at large distances

E.D’Hoker, P.Krauss, arXiv:0908.3875