The Christopher Columbus

Encyclopedia

Editorial Advisers

KATHLEEN DEAGAN University of Florida

WILLIAM LEMOS Admiral, Retired, United States Navy

WILLIAM C. STURTEVANT The Smithsonian Institution

PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI Senate of the Republic of Italy

DAVID W. WATERS Honorary Member, Royal Institute of Navigation

The Christopher Columbus

Encyclopedia

SILVIO A. BEDINI, Editor Emeritus, The Smithsonian Institution

Editorial Board

DAVID BUISSERET The Newberry Library

HELEN NADER Indiana University

~LCOMBE.WASHBURN The Smithsonian Institution

PAULINE MOFFIT WATTS Sarah Lawrence College

Volume 1

M

© Simon & Schuster Inc., 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 978-0-333-55899-7

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956

(as amended).

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and

civil claims for damage.

MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD, 1992

Distributed by Globe Book Services Ltd Brunei Road, Houndmills

Basingstoke, Hants RG21 2XS

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

The Christopher Columbus encyclopedia 1. Exploration, history

910.9

ISBN 978-1-349-12575-3 ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-12573-9

Acknowledgments of sources, copyrights, and permissions to use previously printed materials

are made throughout the work.

Editorial and Production Staff

Mary Edwardsen

Publisher Charles E. Smith

Editorial Director Paul Bernabeo

Manuscript Editors Stephen Wagley

11/ustration Editor David Sassian

Proofreader Dorothy Bauhoff Kachouh

Executive Assistant Glady Villegas Delgado

Assistant Project Editors

Cecile Watters

Debra H. Alpern Robert M. Salkin

Compositor The Clarinda Company

Clarinda, Iowa

Cartographer Carta

Jerusalem

Illustration Researcher PAR I NYC Inc.

New York

Manufacturing Manager Margaret Rizzi

Indexer AEIOU Inc.

Pleasantville, New York

Illustrator A Good Thing Inc.

New York

Preface

By the end of the fifteenth century, the European states of Portugal and Spain were ready technologically and politically to explore and colonize thousands of miles from their own shores. Although Christopher Columbus was not the first European to arrive in the part of the world soon to be named after Amerigo Vespucci, another European explorer who followed Columbus westward, it was Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that initiated sustained European exploration, coloniza­tion, and conquest of what to Europeans was a new world.

The editors of this encyclopedia have planned a series of articles that provides a panoramic view of the age of European exploration from the late fifteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth century, including entries that examine the cultural and political motivations for European exploration as well as the maritime technologies that made this exploration possible. The core of the work includes articles treating Columbus's life and writings in detail. Related entries explore the Columbian legacy in literature, plastic and pictorial arts, and popular culture. The editors have also solicited articles that describe modern research techniques and the ongoing recovery of source materials for this period of history.

In addition to covering Columbus's life, the encyclope­dia treats numerous other men and women who partici­pated in the momentous events of his age. Included are the innovators of science and technology, the European leaders who sponsored overseas expansion, and the colonizers who left one world to gain another. Several other entries describe the indigenous ecologies and cultures of the New World encountered by Europeans in the century following Columbus's voyages. The exploita­tion of the natural resources of the Americas is addressed as is the impact of invasion, conquest, enslavement, and disease upon their human inhabitants.

The aim of this collection of articles, contributed by an international team of scholars, is to illuminate events that promoted the emergence of the modern West. In employ­ing the word discovery to refer to Columbus's landfall in the Caribbean on October 12, 1492, our contributors do not deny the prior existence of the so-called discovered.

VII

Nor do we, in referring to the lands previously unknown to Europeans as "the New World," suggest that this world and its peoples did not exist before. We do recognize, however, that what follows from that meeting of cultures, remembered today as the Columbian encounter, is in­deed something new in history-a blending of peoples and cultures that constitutes the Americas as we know them today. The name America is itself of European origin, and use of the term Indian is a European misnomer. Where possible, the following articles are explicit about which Amerindians are under discussion, but ultimately it did not seem practical to abandon conventionally accept­able meanings of the terms Indian and America.

This encyclopedia does not attempt to trace the entire story of the colonization of the New World. Rather, it focuses on European and American subjects that figure prominently in the European expansionism of the six­teenth century and early seventeenth century. Every plan must set time limits, and ours is the year 1620. Hence, emphasis rests on the Caribbean region and European impact there, but articles are also included that discuss peoples, cultures, and events farther to the north and south, including England's search for the Northwest Passage and the histories of the Incas of Peru and the Tupinambas of Brazil. Pre-Columbian voyages are also covered, for example, in an overview of exploration before 1492, and, more particularly, in entries on leif Ericsson, Vinland, and Portugal's exploration of Africa.

Thanks are due the more than one hundred scholars who have provided the accumulated learning collected herein. Each of them has played an important part and each is acknowledged within the work for the contribu­tion of particular entries. Special thanks can be paid to Rebecca Catz for unfailing assistance concerning transla­tion and bibliography related to Portuguese topics. Advice was frequently sought and generously given by the project's advisers: Professor Kathleen Deagan of the University of Florida, concerning archaeology; Admiral William Lemos (U.S. Navy, retired), concerning naviga­tion; Vice President Paolo Emilio Taviani, Senate of the Republic of Italy, concerning the European background of

VIII PREFACE

the Columbian age; and Commander David W. Waters, honorary member of the Royal Institute of Navigation, Brighton, concerning scientific instruments. Dr. William C. Sturtevant of the Smithsonian Institution was central to the development of articles concerning native American peoples.

Acknowledgment of sources of illustrative material can be found in captions accompanying illustrations. Because so many of the objects illustrated are several hundred years old, special care has been taken to reproduce them faithfully, by electronic means. Translators are acknowl­edged at the end of each article that has been rendered into English from a foreign language.

The spelling and use of certain names and terms required editorial solutions specially tailored to this work. It was our policy to avoid overturning well-ingrained, common usage and to forgo provoking consternation among general readers by employing a full complement of unfamiliar diacritics in transliterated names. On the other hand, we were eager to balance this service to familiarity with our concern for scholarship. Thus, we have selected forms of personal and geographic names that approximate authentic forms. Cross-references appear throughout the work, including the index, to guide readers to the information they seek under variant forms of names. In addition, where it would not interfere with ease of reading, alternate forms of names are often included within parentheses immediately following the preferred forms.

The very name Columbus presented its own special editorial vexations. The encyclopedia discusses several members of the Columbus family who lived in different parts of the world and who spoke, wrote, and are referred to in original sources in various languages, among them, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. Members of the Colum­bus family whose lives centered in Italy are referred to by the Italian form of their name, Colombo; those whose lives centered in Spain or in Spanish America, by the Spanish name, Colon. To use the Italian Cristofaro Co­lombo or the Spanish Cristobal Colon to refer to the main subject of our work would have been a serious breach of familiarity; therefore, we use the form common in En­glish, Christopher Columbus.

Numerous other Europeans and Amerindians are known popularly by various forms of their names derived from different languages. We usually employ authentic forms; thus, the Spanish monarchs who sponsored Co­lumbus's enterprise are known herein by the Spanish forms of their names: Isabel and Fernando; the Aztec emperor of Mexico is known herein as Motecuhzoma, a form of his name reflecting its Nahuatl origins. For these names as well as for numerous others-both personal and geographic-cross-references, parenthetical re­marks, and the index will guide the reader to appropriate entries.

The Editors

Directory of Contributors

A

D. K. ABBASS

Newport, Rhode Island

Domesticated Animals; Metal

ANN u. ABRAMS

Atlanta, Georgia

Iconography, article on American

Painting

MAUREEN AHERN

Ohio State University

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez;

Coronado, Francisco Vazquez de

lufs DE ALBUQUERQUE

Comissao Nacional para as

Comemorac;oes dos Descobrimentos

Portugueses, Lisbon, Portugal

Dias, Bartolomeu; Indies, The; Lunar

Phenomena; Solar Phenomena;

Southern Cross; Tristao, Nuno;

Vizinho, jose; Zacuto, Abraham

ANGEL ALCALA

Brooklyn College of the City University

of New York

Inquisition; jews, articles on jews in

Spain, Conversos, Expulsion from

Spain; Torquemada, Tomas de

RICARDO E. ALEGRIA

Centro de £studios Avanzados de

Puerto Rico y El Caribe, San juan

Indian America, article on Tafnos

GLENN j. AMES

University of Toledo

Henry the Navigator

josf juAN ARROM

North Haven, Connecticut

Pane, Ram6n

B

SELMA HuxLEY BARKHAM

Chichester, England

Exploration and Discovery, article on

Basque Exploration and Discovery

FREDERIC j. BAUMGARTNER

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University

Charles VIII; France; Louis XI; Louis

XII

SILVIO A. BEDINI

Emeritus, The Smithsonian Institution

America, Naming of; Coat of Arms;

Compass, article on Declination of the

Compass; Humboldt, Alexander von;

Museums and Archives, article on

Collections of Columbus Memorabilia;

Signature; Timetelling; WaldseemOIIer,

Martin

STEPHEN p. BENSCH

Swarthmore College

Barcelona

)ERRY H. BENTLEY

University of Hawaii

Fernandez de C6rdoba, Gonzalo

FRANCES E. BERDAN

California State University, San

Bernadino

Malinche

GoRDON BLEULER

Dallas, Texas

Iconography, article on Philately

ARIE BooMERT

Alkmaar, The Netherlands

Indian America, article on Arawaks and

Caribs

IX

KATHLEEN BRAGDON

Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,

Williamsburg, Virginia

Indian America, article on Indians of

New England, Roanoke, Virginia, and

the St. Lawrence Valley

SYLVIA M. BROADBENT

University of California, Riverside

Indian America, article on Chibchas

GENE A. BRUCKER

University of California at Berkeley

Florence; Medici Family

DAVID BUISSERET

The Newberry Library, Chicago

Bahamas; Cartography; Colonization,

overview article; Cuba; Espanola, La;

jamaica; Puerto Rico; West Indies

AMY TuRNER BusHNELL

University of California, Irvine

Women in the Americas

josEPH P. BYRNE

c

West Georgia College Cadamosto; Carpini, Giovanni da Pian

del; Conti, Niccolo de'; Trade, article

on Mediterranean Trade; Vivaldi,

Ugolino, and Vadino Vivaldi

ILARIA lUZZANA CARACI

lstituto de Scienze Geografiche,

Universita de Genova

Vespucci, Amerigo

X DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

REBECCA CAlZ

University of California, Berkeley

Almeida, Francisco de; Cabral, Pedro

Alvares; China; Cipangu; Columbus,

Christopher, article on Columbus in

Portugal; Gama, Vasco da; Madeira;

Pinto, Fernao Mendes; Portugal

s. L. CLINE

D

California State University, San

Bernadino

Cuauhtemoc

KATHLEEN DEAGAN

University of Florida

Archaeology, article on land

Archaeology; Settlements, articles on

La Navidad, La lsabela

SusAN M. DEEDS

Northern Arizona University

E

THERESA EARENFIGHT

Fordham University

Afonso V; Catherine of Arag6n;

Charles V; Enrique IV; Isabel; Isidore

of Seville; Joao II; Juan; Juan II; Juana

de Castilla; Juana I; Manuel I;

Margaret of Austria; Marfa; Maximilian

I; Santangel, luis de

JuDITH LAIKIN ElKIN

University of Michigan

Jews, article on Jews in the New World

DAVID ELTis

Queen's University, Kingston, Canada

Slavery

HELEN S. EnLINGER

Central Michigan University

Art and Architecture

Indian America, article on Indians of F Northern Mexico, Baja, California, and ----------------

Southwestern North America

ANGEL DELGADO-GOMEZ

University of Notre Dame

Alvarado, Pedro de; Cortes,

Hernando; Dfaz del Castillo, Bernal;

Fernandez de C6rdoba, Francisco

0. A. w. DILKE

Emeritus, Universit'I'Of Leeds

Marinus of Tyre; Pius II; Ptolemy;

Ruysch, Johan; Strabo; Toscanelli,

Paolo dal Pozzo

JAMEs P. DooLIN

Dallas, Texas

Iconography, article on Philately

SiMONE DREYFUS-GAMELON

Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences

Sociales, Paris

Indian America, article on Island Caribs

fRANCIS A. DuTRA

University of California, Santa Barbara

Cunha, Tristao da; Elcano, Juan

Sebastian de; Pacheco Pereira, Duarte

DoNALD L. F1x1co

Western Michigan University

Quincentenary, article on American

Indian Perspectives

DoNALD W. FoRSYTH

Brigham Young University

Indian America, article on Tupinambas

G. s. P. FREEMAN-GRENVILLE

York, England

Africa

JoHN BLOcK FRIEDMAN

University of ll/inois

Geography, Imaginary

PmR T. FuRsT

G

University of Pennsylvania

Flora, articles on Psychotropic Flora,

Tobacco

fRANCisco GAGO JovER

University of Wisconsin

Valladolid

MICHAEL v. GANNON

University of Florida

Exploration and Discovery, article on

European Exploration and Discovery

after 1492; Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez

de

MARGERY ANN GANZ

Spelman College

Verrazano, Giovanni da

STEPHEN D. GLAZIER

Kearney State College

Religion, article on Amerindian

Traditions

JoAN B. GOLDSMITH

Northwestern University

England; Henry VII; Henry VIII

BARRY GouGH

Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo,

Canada

Canada

EDWARD GRANT

Indiana University

Science, article on Science in the late

Fifteenth Century

CLivE GRIFFIN

Oxford University

Printing

BARBARA GROSECLOSE

The Ohio State University

Monuments and Memorials

JACQUELINE GUIRAL -HADJIIOSSIF

Universite de Nancy II

Valencia

H

J. B. HARLEY

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

Cosa, Juan de Ia

EiNAR HAUGEN

Harvard University

Icelandic Sagas

joHN HEBERT

Library of Congress Celebrations

MARY w. HELMS

University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Indian America, article on Indians of the Spanish Main and Central America

DAVID HENIGE

University of Wisconsin-Madison Writings, article on Journal

PAUL E. HoFFMAN

Louisiana State University Ayll6n, lucas Vazquez de (1480-1520);

Ayll6n, lucas Vazquez de (1514-1565); Col6n, Diego (Columbus's son); Colonization, article on Spanish Colonization; Dfaz de Solfs, juan; Encomienda; Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo; Martfnez de lrala, Domingo; Mendoza, Antonio de; Montejo, Francisco de; Orellana, Francisco de; Toledo y Rojas, Marfa de

CHARLES HuDSON

University of Georgia

Indian America, article on Indians of La Florida; Soto, Hernando de

HELGE INGSTAD

Oslo, Norway Ericsson, leif; Vinland

CoRNELIUS J. JAENEN

University of Ottawa Cartier, jacques; Colonization, article

on French Colonization

WILLIAM R. jONES

University of New Hampshire

Polo, Marco

DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS XI

K

ROBERT w. !<ARROW, JR.

The Newberry Library, Chicago Gemma Frisius; Mercator, Gerardus; Ortelius, Abraham

CHRISTOPHER J. KAUFFMAN

Catholic University of America Columbianism; Columbian Societies

WILLIAM f. KEEGAN

Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville

Pacification, Conquest, and Genocide

BENJAMIN KEEN

Santa Fe, New Mexico

Benzoni, Girolamo; Black legend; Bry, Theodor de; las Casas, Bartolome de

HARRY KELSEY

Huntington Library, San Marino, California

Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez; Narvaez, Panfilo de

MARGARET L. KING

Brooklyn College

Venetian Republic

fRED f. KRAVATH

L

United States Navy, Retired Circumference; Distance, Measurement of

AsELA R. lAGuNA

Rutgers University literature, article on Columbus in Hispanic literature

URSULA lAMB

Tucson, Arizona

Casa de Ia Contrataci6n; lawsuits; Ovando, Nicolas de; Santa Fe

Capitulations

COLLEEN LEARY

Atmospheric Science Group, Texas Tech University

Azores; Canary Islands; Cape of Good Hope; Cape Verde Islands; Weather and Wind

WILLIAM LEMOS

United States Navy, Retired Arana, Diego de; Arana, Pedro de; Arms, Armor, and Armament; Equipment, Clothing, and Rations; Mendez, Diego; Nina; Nifio, Juan; Nifio, Peralonso; Ojeda, Alonso de; Pinta; Pinz6n, Francisco Martfn; Pinz6n, Martfn Alonso; Pinz6n, Vicente Yanez; Quintero de Algruta, Juan; Santa Marfa; Shipbuilding; Ships and Crews; Torres, Antonio de; Voyages of Columbus

RuDI PAUL LINDNER

University of Michigan Ottoman Empire

PEGGY K. LISS

Washington, D. C. Isabel and Fernando

PATRICK LouGHNEY

Library of Congress

Iconography, article on Film

EuGENE LYoN

Flagler College

Menendez de Aviles, Pedro

M

fRANCIS MADDISON

Oxford University Armillary Sphere; Astrolabe; Compass, article on Marine Compass; Cross-staff; Kamal; lead and line;

lodestone; Navigation, article on

Instruments of Navigation; Quadrant; Timeglass

WILLIAM s. MALTBY

University of Missouri, St. Louis

Guzman, Enrique de; Philip II;

XII DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

JoHN A. MARINO

University of California, San Diego

Naples; Social and Economic Institutions

TERENCE MARTIN

Indiana University

literature, article on Columbus in American literature

DARIO G. MARTINI

Edizione Culturali lnternationali, Genoa

literature, article on Columbus in

European literature

LINDA MARTZ

Bethesda, Maryland

Jimenez de Cisneros, Francisco; Toledo

Scon McPARTlAND

Marymount Manhattan College, New York

Science, article on Science and Technology in the Age of Discovery

MICHAEL c. MEYER

University of Arizona Medicine and Health

NELSON H. MINNICH

The Catholic University of America

Alexander VI; Innocent VIII; Papacy; Rome

FRANK MoYA PoNs

University of Florida

Bobadilla, Francisco de; Settlements, article on Santo Domingo; Trade, article on Caribbean Trade

JoHN V. MuRRA

Institute of Andean Research, New York

Indian America, article on Incas and

Their Neighbors

N

HELEN NADER

Indiana University

Bernaldez, Andres; Book of Privileges; Burial Places of Columbus; Columbus, Christopher, articles on Adolescence and Youth, Early Maritime Experience, Columbus in Spain, The Final Years, Illness, and Death; Deza, Diego de; Fonseca, Antonio de; Fonseca, Juan

Rodriguez de; Granada; Medina

Sidonia, Duke of; Medinaceli, Duke of; Mendoza, Pedro Gonzalez de; Palos de Ia Frontera; Rabida, La;

Spain; Writings, overview article, article on Last Will and Testament

H. B. NICHOLSON

University of California, Los Angeles Indian America, article on Aztecs and

Their Neighbors; Motecuhzoma II

ANITA WAINGORT NoviNSKY

Universidade de Sao Paulo lisbon

0

josEPH F. O'CALIAGHAN

Fordham University

Alfonso X; Boabdil; Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de; line of Demarcation; Madrid; Political Institutions; Reconquista; Treaty of Alca~ovas; Treaty of Tordesillas

SANDRA l. OREllANA

p

California State University, Dominguez Hills

Indian America, article on Mayas

PAUL PADillA

University of California, Los Angeles

Alfraganus

DEBORAH PEARSALL

University of Missouri, Columbia

Flora, overview article

EuGENIO PEREZ MoNTAS

Museo de las Casas Reales, Santo

Domingo Settlements, article on Concepci6n de Ia Vega

MARY E. PERRY

University of California, Los Angeles Seville

URIA RAHN PHILLIPS

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Atlantic Rivalry; Iconography, article on Early European Portraits; Myth of Columbus

WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

C6rdoba; Europe and the Wider World in 1492

ALFREDO PINHEIRO MARQUES

Universidade de Coimbra

Behaim, Martin; Ciio, Diogo; Colonization, article on Portuguese Colonization of Brazil; Martellus,

Henricus; Pizzigano Chart

CHARLES W. PoLZER

University of Arizona Museums and Archives, article on

Overview of Documentary Sources

FosnR PRovosT

Duquesne University Bibliography

Q

DAVID B. QUINN

R

Emeritus, University of Liverpool

Liverpool, England

Brendan; Cabot, John; Cabot,

Sebastian; Colonization, article on

English Colonization

ISABELLE RAYNAUD-NGUYEN

Agregree de I'Universite, Sevres

Mappamundi; Nautical Charts;

Portolanos; Sailing Directions

ELIZABETH J. Rmz

University of Georgia

Fauna

PHILIP RICHARDSON

The Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution

Tides and Currents

M. w. RICHEY

Formerly Director, Royal Institute of

Navigation, Brighton

Altura Sailing; Astronomy and

Astrology; Columbus the Navigator;

Dead Reckoning; Latitude; Longitude;

Navigation, article on Art, Practice, and

Theory; Piloting

joHN M. RIDDLE

North Carolina State University

Spices

TEOFILO Ru1z

Brooklyn College

Chanca, Diego Alvarez; Fonseca,

Alfonso de; Talavera, Hernando de

RussELL RuLAu

lola, Wisconsin

Iconography, article on Numismatics

s

NICHOLAS SANCHEZ-ALBORNOZ

New York University

Quincentenary, article on Hispanic Perspectives

JoHN F. ScHWALLER

Florida Atlantic University

Avila, Pedro Arias de; Balboa, Vasco

Nunez de; Missionary Movement

JEANETTE SHERBONDY

Washington College

Atahualpa; Cuzco; Huascar; Huayna

Capac; Pizarro, Francisco; Pizarro,

Gonzalo; Pizarro, Hernando; Pizarro,

Juan

DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS XIII

j. DONALD SILVA

University of New Hampshire

Funchal; Porto Santo

RoGER C. SMITH

Bureau of Archaeological Research,

Tallahassee, Florida

Archaeology, article on Underwater

Archaeology

WILLIAM C. STURTEVANT

T

The Smithsonian Institution

Cannibalism; Indian America, article

on First Visual Impressions in Europe

PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Senate of the Republic of Italy

Arana, Beatriz Enrfquez de; Bobadilla,

Beatriz de; Colombo, Domenico;

Colombo, Giovanni; Colombo,

Giovanni Antonio; Col6n, Diego (Columbus's brother); Col6n,

Fernando; Columbus, Christopher,

article on Birth and Origins; Cuneo,

Michele da; Fieschi, Bartolomeo;

Fontanarossa, Susanna; Gallo,

Antonio; Genoa; Geraldini,

Alessandro; Perestrelo y Moniz, Felipa;

Pinelli, Francesco

DAVID w. TILTON

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

Cosa, Juan de Ia

AURELIO Tl6

Academia Puertorriqueiia de Ia Historia,

San juan

Grijalba, Juan de; Ponce de Le6n, Juan

DEBORAH T RUHAN

New York University

Quincentenary, article on Hispanic

Perspectives

u

DouGLAS B. UBELAKER

v

The Smithsonian Institution

Disease and Demography; Syphilis

CoNSUELO VARELA

Escuela de Estudios

Hispano-Americanos, Seville

Writings, article on Letters

DAVID VASSBERG

Pan American University

Agriculture

w

ERIKA WAGNER

lnstituto Venezolano de

Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas

Settlements, article on Nueva Cadiz

MARILYN ROBINSON WALDMAN

The Ohio State University

Muslims in Spain

HELEN WALLIS

The British Museum

Globes; Northwest Passage

WILCOMB E. WASHBURN

The Smithsonian Institution

Exploration and Discovery, article on

Exploration and Discovery before 1492; Landfall Controversy; Vinland Map

PAULINE MoFFITT WATTS

Sarah Lawrence College

Ailly, Pierre d'; Antichrist; Bacon, Roger; Grand Khan; Prester John;

Religion, article on European

Traditions; Spirituality of Columbus;

Terrestrial Paradise; Writings, article on

Book of Prophecies

DELNO c. WEST

Northern Arizona University

Library of Columbus; Writings, article

on Marginalia

XIV DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

GEORGE D. WINIUS

University of Leiden

Magellan, Ferdinand; Mineral

Resources

SYLVIA WYNTER

Stanford University

Anghiera, Pietro Martire d';

Quincentenary, article on Caribbean

Perspectives; Settlements, article on

Sevilla Ia Nueva

z

CHRISTIAN ZACHER

The Ohio State University

Mandeville, John; Travel Literature

A

Afonso V THERESA EARENFIGHT

Africa G. s. P. FREEMAN-GRENVILlE

Agriculture DAVID V ASSBERG

Ailly, Pierre d' PAULINE MoFFITT WATTS

Alexander VI NELSON H. MINNICH

Alfonso V THERESA EARENFIGHT

Alfonso X JosEPH F. O'CALLAGHAN

Alfraganus PAUL PADILLA

Almeida, Francisco de REBECCA CA TZ

Altura Sailing M. w. RICHEY

Alvarado, Pedro de ANGEL DELGADO-GOMEZ

America, Naming of SILVIO A. BEDINI

Anghiera, Pietro Martire d' SYLVIA WYNTER

Antichrist PAULINE MoFFITT WATTS

Arana, Beatriz Enriquez de PAOLO EMILIO T AVIANI

Arana, Diego de WILLIAM LEMOS

Arana, Pedro de WILLIAM LEMOS

Alphabetical List of Entries

Archaeology Land Archaeology

KATHLEEN DEAGAN

Underwater Archaeology ROGER c. SMITH

Armillary Sphere FRANCIS MADDISON

Arms, Armor, and Armament WILLIAM LEMOS

Art and Architecture HELEN s. ETTLINGER

Astrolabe FRANCIS MADDISON

Astronomy and Astrology M. w. RICHEY

Atahualpa )EANETTE SHERBONDY

Atlantic Rivalry URLA RAHN PHILLIPS

Avila, Pedro Arias de )oHN F. ScHWALLER

Ayll6n, lucas Vazquez de (1480-1520)

PAUL E. HoFFMAN

Ayll6n, Lucas Vazquez de (1514-1565)

PAUl E. HOFFMAN

Azores COLLEEN LEARY

8

Bacon, Roger PAULINE MoFFITT WATTS

Bahamas DAviD BuiSSERET

XV

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de JoHN F. ScHWALLER

Barcelona STEPHEN p. BENSCH

Behaim, Martin ALFREDO PINHEIRO MARQUES

Benzoni, Girolamo BENJAMIN KEEN

Bernaldez, Andres HELEN NADER

Bibliography FosTER PRovosT

Black legend BENJAMIN KEEN

Boabdil JosEPH F. O'CALLAGHAN

Bobadilla, Beatriz de PAOLO EMILIO T A VIANI

Bobadilla, Francisco de FRANK MoYA PoNs

Book of Privileges HELEN NADER

Brendan DAVID B. QUINN

Bry, Theodor de BENJAMIN KEEN

Burial Places of Columbus HELEN NADER

c

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez MAUREEN AHERN

Cabot, john DAVID B. QUINN

XVI ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES

Cabot, Sebastian DAVID B. QuiNN

Cabral, Pedro Alvares REBECCA UTZ

Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez HARRY KELSEY

Cadamosto JosEPH P. BYRNE

Canada BARRY GouGH

Canary Islands COLLEEN LEARY

Cannibalism WiLLIAM c. STURTEVANT

Cao, Diogo ALFREDO PINHEIRO MARQUES

Cape of Good Hope COLLEEN LEARY

Cape Verde Islands CoLLEEN LEARY

Carpini, Giovanni da Pian JosEPH P. BYRNE

Cartier, Jacques CoRNELIUS J. )AENEN

Cartography DAviD Bu1ssERET

Casa de Ia Contrataci6n URSuLA lAMa

Catherine of Arag6n T HERE>A EARENFIGHT

Celebrations joHN HeBERT

Chanca, Diego Alvarez T EOFILO RUIZ

Charles V THERESA EARENFIGHT

Charles VIII FREDERIC J • BAUMGARTNER

China REBECCA UTZ

Cipangu REBECCA CA TZ

Circumference FRED F. KRAVATH

Coat of Arms SILVIO A. BEDINI

Colombo, Domenico PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Colombo, Giovanni PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Colombo, Giovanni Antonio PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Colombo, Giovanni Pelegrino PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Col6n, Bartolome PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Col6n, Diego (Columbus's brother) PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Col6n, Diego (Columbus's son) PAUL E. HoFFMAN

Col6n, Fernando PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Col6n, Luis PAuL E. HoFFMAN

Colonization An Overview

DAVID Bu1ssERET

Spanish Colonization

PAuL E. HoFFMAN

Portuguese Colonization of Brazil

ALFREDO PINHEIRO MARQUES

French Colonization

CoRNELIUS j. )AENEN

English Colonization

DAviD B. QuiNN

Columbian ism CHRISTOPHER J. KAuFFMAN

Columbian Societies CHRISTOPHER J. KAUFFMAN

Columbus the Navigator M. w. RICHEY

Columbus, Christopher Birth and Origins

PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Adolescence and Youth

HELEN NADER

Early Maritime Experience

HELEN NADER

Columbus in Portugal

REBECCA UTZ Columbus in Spain

HELEN NADER

The Final Years, Illness, and Death

HELEN NADER

Compass Marine Compass

FRANCIS MADDISON

Declination of the Compass

SILVIO A. BEDINI

Conti, Niccolo de' josEPH P. BYRNE

C6rdoba WiLLIAM D. PHILLIPS

Coronado, Francisco Vazquez de MAUREEN AHERN

Cortes, Hernando ANGEL DELGADO-GOMEZ

Cosa, Juan de Ia j. B. HARLEY and DAVID W. TILTON

Cross-staff FRANCIS MADDISON

Cuauhtemoc s. L. CLINE

Cuba DAVID Bu1SSERET

Cuneo, Michele da PAOLO EMILIO TAVIANI

Cunha, Tristao da FRANCIS A. DuTRA

Cuzco jEANETTE SHERBONDY

D

Dead Reckoning M. w. RICHEY

Deza, Diego de HELEN NADER

Dias, Bartolomeu Luis DE ALBUQUERQUE

Dfaz de Solfs, Juan PAuL E. HoFFMAN

Dfaz del Castillo, Bernal ANGEL DELGADO-GOMEZ

Disease and Demography DouGLAS B. UsELAKER

Distance, Measurement of fRED F. KRAVATH

Domesticated Animals D. K. ABBASS

E

Elcano, Juan Sebastian de fRANCis A. DuTRA

Encomienda PAul E. HoFFMAN

England joAN B. GOLDSMITH

Enrique IV THERESA EARENFIGHT

Equipment, Clothing, and Rations WilliAM LEMOS

Ericsson, Leif HElGE INGSTAD

Espanola, La DAVID BuiSSERET

Europe and the Wider World in 1492 WilliAM D. PHilliPS

Exploration and Discovery Exploration and Discovery before 1492

WilCOMB E. WASHBURN

F

European Exploration and Discovery

after 1492

MICHAEl v. GANNON

Basque Exploration and Discovery

SeLMA HuxlEY BARKHAM

Fauna EliZABETH J. Rmz

Fernandez de C6rdoba, Francisco ANGEl DElGADO-GOMEZ

Fernandez de C6rdoba, Gonzalo JERRY H . BENTlEY

Fieschi, Bartolomeo PAOlO EMiliO T AVIANI

Flora An Overview

DEBORAH PEARSAll

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES XVII

Psychotropic Flora

PETER T. FuRST

Tobacco

PETER T. FuRsT

Florence GENE A. BRUCKER

Fonseca, Alfonso de T EOFilO RUIZ

Fonseca, Antonio de HmN NADFR

Fonseca, juan Rodriguez de HmN NADER

Fontanarossa, Susanna PAOlO EMiliO TAVIANI

France fREDERIC j. BAUMGARTNER

Funchal j. DoNAlD SilVA

G

Gallo, Antonio PAOlO EMiliO TAVIANI

Gama, Vasco da REBECCA CA TZ

Gemma Frisius RoBERT W. KARROW, JR.

Genoa PAOlO EMiliO TAVIANI

Geography, Imaginary JoHN BwcK fRIEDMAN

Geraldini, Alessandro PAolO EMiliO TAVIANI

Globes HmN WAlliS

Granada HElEN NADER

Grand Khan PAUliNE Moffln WAns

Grijalba, juan de AuREliO T16

Guzman, Enrique de WilliAM s. MAlTBY

H

Henry the Navigator GlENN j. AMes

Henry VII JoAN B. GOLDSMITH

Henry VIII JoAN B. GOlDSMITH

Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de JosEPH F. O'ullAGHAN

Huascar jEANETTE SHERBONDY

Huayna Capac jEANETTE SHERBONDY

Humboldt, Alexander von SilVIO A. BEDINI

Icelandic Sagas EINAR HAUGEN

Iconography Early European Portraits

CARlA RAHN PHIUIPS

American Painting

ANN u. ABRAMS

Numismatics

RussEll RuLAu

Philately

jAMes DomiN and GoRDON BlEUlER

Film

PATRICK LouGHNEY

Indian America First Visual Impressions in Europe

WilliAM c. STURTEVANT

Tafnos

RICARDO E. AlEGRlA

Island Caribs

SIMONE DREYFUS

Arawaks and Caribs

ARIE BooMERT

Tupinambas

DoNAlD W. foRSYTH

Indians of the Spanish Main and

Central America

MARY w. HElMS

Chibchas

SYlVIA M. BROADBENT

XVIII ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES

Incas and Their Neighbors )OHN V. MuRRA

Mayas

SANDRA l. ORELlANA

Aztecs and Their Neighbors

H. B. NICHOLSON

Indians of Northern Mexico, Baja

California, and Southwestern North

America

SusAN M. DEEDS

Indians of La Florida

CHARLES HUDSON

Indians of New England, Roanoke,

Virginia, and the St. Lawrence Valley

I<A THLEEN BRAGDON

Indies, The Lu(s DE ALBUQUERQUE

Innocent VIII NELSON H. MINNICH

Inquisition ANGEL ALCALA

Isabel THERESA EARENFIGHT

Isabel and Fernando PEGGY K. LISS

Isidore of Seville THERESA EARENFIGHT

Jamaica DAVID BUISSERET

Jews Jews in Spain

ANGEL ALCALA

Conversos

ANGEL ALCALA

Expulsion from Spain

ANGEL ALCALA

jews in the New World

juDITH LAIKIN ELKIN

Jimenez de Cisneros, Francisco LINDA MARlZ

Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo PAUL E. HOFFMAN

Joao II THERESA EARENFIGHT

Juan THERESA EARENFIGHT

Juan II THERESA WENFIGHT

Juana de Castilla THERESA EARENFIGHT

Juana I THERESA EARENFIGHT

K

Kamal fRANCIS MADDISON

L

Landfall Controversy WILCOMB E. WASHBURN

las Casas, Bartolome de BENJAMIN KEEN

Latitude M. w. RICHEY

lawsuits URSUlA lAMB

Lead and line fRANCIS MADDISON

library of Columbus DELNO c. WEST

line of Demarcation josEPH F. O'CALlAGHAN

Lisbon ANITA WAINGORT NoviNSKY

Literature Columbus in European Literature

DARIO G. MARTINI

Columbus in Hispanic Literature

AsElA RoDRIQUEZ DE lAGUNA

Columbus in American Literature

TERENCE MARTIN

Lodestone fRANCIS MADDISON

Longitude M. w. RICHEY

Louis XI fREDERIC J. BAUMGARTNER

Louis XII fREDERIC j. BAUMGARTNER

Lunar Phenomena Lu(s DE ALBUQUERQUE

M

Madeira REBECCA CA 1Z

Madrid JosEPH F. O'CALlAGHAN

Magellan, Ferdinand GEORGE D. WINIUS

Malinche fRANCES E. BERDAN

Mandeville, John CHRISTIAN ZAcHER

Manuel I THERESA EARENFIGHT

Mappamundi IsABELLE RAYNAUD-NGUYEN

Margaret of Austria THERESA EARENFIGHT

Marfa THERESA EARENFIGHT

Marinus of Tyre 0. A. w. DILKE

Martellus, Henricus ALFREDO PINHEIRO MARQUES

Martinez de lrala, Domingo PAUL E. HOFFMAN

Maximilian I THERESA EARENFIGHT

Medici Family GENE A. BRUCKER

Medicine and Health MICHAEL c. MEYER

Medina Sidonia, Duke of HELEN NADER

Medinaceli, Duke of HELEN NADER

Mendez, Diego WiLLIAM LEMOS

Mendoza, Antonio de PAUl E. HoFFMAN

Mendoza, Pedro Gonzalez de HELEN NADER

Menendez de Aviles, Pedro EuGENE LYoN

Mercator, Gerard us RoBERT W. I<ARRow, )R.

Metal D. K. ABBASS

Mineral Resources GEORGE D. WINIUS

Missionary Movement )oHN F. ScHWAllER

Montejo, Francisco de PAul E. HoFFMAN

Monuments and Memorials BARBARA GROSEClOSE

Motecu hzoma II H. B. NICHOlSON

Museums and Archives Collections of Columbus Memorabilia

SilVIO A. BEDINI

Overview of Documentary Sources CHARlES W. PolZER

Muslims in Spain MARilYN ROBINSON WAlDMAN

Myth of Columbus URlA RAHN PHilliPS

N

Naples )OHN A. MARINO

Narvaez, Panfilo de HARRY KElSEY

Nautical Charts IsABEllE RAYNAUD-NGUYEN

Navigation Art, Practice, and Theory

M. W. RICHEY

Instruments of Navigation FRANCIS MADDISON

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES XIX

Nina WilliAM LEMOS

Nino, Juan WilliAM LEMOS

Nino, Peralonso WilliAM LEMOS

Northwest Passage HElEN wAlliS

0

Ojeda, Alonso de WilliAM LEMOS

Orellana, Francisco de PAUl E. HoFFMAN

Ortelius, Abraham RoBERT W. I<ARRow, )R.

Ottoman Empire Rum PAul LINDNER

Ovando, Nicolas de URSulA lAMs

Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de MICHAEl v. GANNON

p

Pacheco Pereira, Duarte FRANCIS A. DuTRA

Pacification, Conquest, and Genocide

WilliAM F. KEEGAN

Palos de Ia Frontera HElEN NADER

Pane, Ram6n JosE )UAN ARROM

Papacy NElSON H. MINNICH

Perestrelo y Moniz, Felipa PAOlO EMiliO T A VIANI

Philip II WilliAM s. MAlTBY

Piloting M. w. RICHEY

Pinelli, Francesco PAOlO EMiliO TAVIANI

Pinta WilliAM LEMOS

Pinto, Fernao Mendes REBECCA CAlZ

Pinz6n, Francisco Martin WilliAM LEMOS

Pinz6n, Martin Alonso WilliAM LEMOS

Pinz6n, Vicente Yanez WilliAM LEMOS

Pius II 0. A. W. DllKE

Pizarro, Francisco )EANETTE SHERBONDY

Pizarro, Gonzalo )EANmE SHERBONDY

Pizarro, Hernando )EANmE SHERBONDY

Pizarro, Juan )EANETTE SHERBONDY

Pizzigano Chart AlFREDO PINHEIRO MARQUES

Political Institutions JosEPH F. O'CAllAGHAN

Polo, Marco WilliAM R. )ONES

Ponce de le6n, Juan AuREliO T16

Porto Santo ). DoNAlD SilVA

Portolanos ISABEllE RAYNAUD-NGUYEN

Portugal REBECCA CA1Z

Prester John PAuliNE MoFFITT WATTS

Printing CliVE GRIFFIN

Ptolemy 0. A. w. DllKE

Puerto Rico DAVID Bu1ssERET

XX ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES

Q

Quadrant FRANCIS MADDISON

Quincentenary Caribbean Perspectives

SYLVIA WYNTER

American Indian Perspectives

DoNALD L. F1x1co

Hispanic Perspectives

NicHoLAS SANCHEZ-ALBORNoz and DEBORAH

TRUHAN

Quintero de Algruta, Juan WILLIAM LEMOS

R

Rabida, La HELEN NADER

Reconquista josEPH F. O'CALLAGHAN

Religion European Traditions

PAULINE MoFFITT WATTS

Amerindian Traditions

STEPHEN D. GLAZIER

Rome NELSON H. MINNICH

Ruysch, Johan 0. A. w. DILKE

s

Sailing Directions IsABELLE RAYNAUD-NGUYEN

Santa Fe Capitulations URSULA lAMB

Santa Marfa WILLIAM LEMOS

Santangel, Luis de THERESA EARENFIGHT

Science Science in the late Fifteenth Century

EDWARD GRANT

Science and Technology in the Age of

Discovery

ScoTT McPARTLAND

Settlements la Navidad

KATHLEEN DEAGAN

la lsabela

KATHLEEN DEAGAN

Nueva Cadiz

ERIKA WAGNER

Sevilla Ia Nueva

SYLVIA WYNTER

Santo Domingo

FRANK MoYA PoNs

Concepci6n de Ia Vega

EuGENIO PEREZ MoNTAs

Seville MARY E. PERRY

Shipbuilding WILLIAM LEMOS

Ships and Crews WILLIAM LEMOS

Signature SILVIO A. BEDINI

Slavery DAVID Ems

Social and Economic Institutions joHN A. MARINO

Solar Phenomena lu1s DE ALBuQuERQuE

Soto, Hernando de CHARLES HuDSON

Southern Cross lu(s DE fuBUQUERQUE

Spain HELEN NADER

Spices jOHN M. RIDDLE

Spirituality of Columbus PAULINE MoFFITT WATTs

Strabo 0. A. w. DILKE

Syphilis DouGLAS B. U BE LAKER

T

Talavera, Hernando de T EOFILO RUIZ

Terrestrial Paradise PAULINE MmFm WArn

Tides and Currents PHILIP RICHARDSON

Timeglass FRANCIS MADDISON

Timetelling SILVIO A. BEDINI

Toledo liNDA MARTZ

Toledo y Rojas, Marfa de PAuL E. HoFFMAN

Torquemada, Tomas de ANGEL ALCALA

Torres, Antonio de WILLIAM LEMOS

Toscanelli, Paolo del Pozzo 0. A. w. DILKE

Trade Mediterranean Trade

josEPH P. BYRNE

Caribbean Trade

FRANK MoYA PoNs

Travel Literature CHRISTIAN ZACHER

Treaty of Alca~ovas josEPH F. O'CALLAGHAN

Treaty of Tordesillas JosEPH F. O'CALLAGHAN

Tristao, Nuno luis DE ALBUQUERQUE

v

Valencia JACQUELINE GUIRAL-HADJIIOSSIF

Valladolid FRANCisco GAGO JoVER

Venetian Republic MARGARET L. KiNG

Verrazano, Giovanni da MARGERY ANN GANZ

Vespucci, Amerigo ILARIA luZZANA CARACI

Vinland HELGE INGSTAD

Vinland Map WILCOMB E. WASHBURN

Vivaldi, Ugolino, and Vadino Vivaldi JosEPH P. BYRNE

Vizinho, Jose luis DE ALBUQUERQUE

Voyages of Columbus WILLIAM LEMOS

w

Waldseemuller, Martin SILVIO A. BEDINI

Weather and Wind COLLEEN LEARY

West Indies DAVID Bu1SSERET

Women in the Americas AMY TURNER BusHNELL

Writings An Overview

HELEN NADER

Journal

DAVID HENIGE

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES XXI

z

letters

CONSUELO VARELA

Marginalia

DELNO c. WEST

Book of Prophecies

PAULINE Moffln WAns

last Will and Testament

HELEN NADER

Zacuto, Abraham luis DE ALBUQUERQUE

Abbreviations and Symbols Used in This Work

A.D. anno Domini, in the year of (our) lord

A.H. anno Hegirae, in the year of the Hijrah

Ala. Alabama A.M. ante meridiem, before

noon Ariz. Arizona Ark. Arkansas b. born B.C. before Christ B.C.E. before the common

era c. circa, about,

approximately Calif. California C.E. of the common era d. confer, compare chap. chapter (pl., chaps.) em centimeters Colo. Colorado Conn. Connecticut d. died D.C. District of Columbia Del. Delaware diss. dissertation ed. editor (pl., eds.); edition;

edited by e.g. exempli gratia, for

example

Eng. England enl. enlarged esp. especially et al. et alii, and others etc. et cetera, and so forth exp. expanded f. and following (pl., ff.) fl. floruit, flourished Fla. Florida frag. fragment ft. feet Ga. Georgia ibid. ibidem, in the same

place (as the one immediately preceding)

i.e. id est, that is Ill. Illinois Ind. Indiana Kans. Kansas km kilometers Ky. Kentucky La. Louisiana m meters M.A. Master of Arts Mass. Massachusetts mi. miles Mich. Michigan Minn. Minnesota Miss. Mississippi Mo. Missouri

A Note on Monetary Systems

Mont. Montana n. note N.C. North Carolina n.d. no date N.Dak. North Dakota Neb. Nebraska Nev. Nevada N.H. New Hampshire N.J. New Jersey N.Mex. New Mexico no. number (pl., nos.) n.p. no place n.s. new series N.Y. New York Okla. Oklahoma Oreg. Oregon p. page (pl., pp.) Pa. Pennsylvania pl. plural, plate (pl., pis.) P.M. post meridiem, after

noon Port. Portuguese pt. part (pl., pts.) r. reigned; ruled rev. revised R.I. Rhode Island sc. scilicet, namely S.C. South Carolina S.Dak. South Dakota sec. section (pl., sees.)

Various monetary systems were in use in the Columbian era. The maravedi was a unit of account only, used to

record salaries and payments. The Spanish and Genoese

maravedi were roughly equal in value and related to

different forms of currency as follows:

375 maravedis to 1 gold ducat, 435 maravedis to 1 gold castellano (or peso d'oro), 870 maravedis to 1 gold excelente.

XXII

ser. series sing. singular sq. square supp. supplement;

supplementary Tenn. Tennessee Tex. Texas trans. translator, translators;

translated by; translation U.S. United States USNR. United States Naval

Reserve U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics v. verse (pl., vv.) Va. Virginia var. variant; variation vol. volume (pl., vols.) Vt. Vermont Wash. Washington Wis. Wisconsin W.Va. West Virginia Wyo. Wyoming l uncertain; possibly;

perhaps 0 degrees

The Christopher Columbus

Encyclopedia