The Civil War 1861-1865. Get out a piece of paper Divide it into 4 sections: 1.Northern Advantages...
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The Civil War 1861-1865. Get out a piece of paper Divide it into 4 sections: 1.Northern Advantages 2.Southern Advantages 3.Northern Disadvantages 4.Southern
Get out a piece of paper Divide it into 4 sections: 1.Northern
Advantages 2.Southern Advantages 3.Northern Disadvantages
4.Southern Disadvantages Write down as many as you can from memory
for each section.
Slide 3
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Texas secede
January February Confederacy forms at the beginning of February
Lincoln is inaugurated at the beginning of March Confederacy
attacks Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 Lincoln calls for 75,000
military volunteers Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas secede Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland might secede
Slide 4
Northern advantages: -Financial banking resources and knowledge
are all concentrated in the Union -Industrial Union has nearly all
of the industrial capacity of the U.S. -Naval all but one naval
yard remained in Union hands -Population 22 million people Southern
advantages: -Military great deal of military talent went to
Confederacy -Geographic South must only fight a defensive war
Northern v. Southern Railroads Confederate Generals
Slide 5
Lincoln still won less than half the popular vote in the Union
Majority of voters would have refused to support an antislavery war
in 1861 War Democrats majority of Northern Democrats wholly
supported the Union: There are only two sides to the question.
Every man must be for the United States or against it. There can be
no neutrals in this war, only patriots or traitors. - Stephen
Douglas War Democrats opposed ending slavery Copperhead Democrats
also known as Peace Democrats. Given name by Republicans because
they were dangerous for opposing the war. Stephen Douglas Northern
political cartoon
Slide 6
States rights and decentralized power make it hard to run a
war. Southern people and politicians both protest: New taxes
necessary to pay for the war Martial Law needed to tamp down
pro-Union sympathy in areas like Tennessee
Slide 7
Confederacy needs recognition Informal meeting in May, 1861
Confederates, British, French No recognition forthcoming French
dont want to act alone, and British dont want to anger the
U.S.
Slide 8
Fight a defensive war of attrition -Avoid battles to preserve
military strength -Make the Union come South -Many Southerners
believed this was cowardly and dishonorable -The idea of waiting
for blows, instead of inflicting them, is altogether unsuited to
the genius of our people.
Slide 9
Anaconda Plan -Derogatory nickname Northern papers gave to the
strategy Strategy devised by General Winfield Scott -Blockade the
South -Advance down Mississippi River cut the South in two
Slide 10
Preserve the Union! War is to preserve American self-
government Our popular government has often been called an
experiment, Lincoln told Congress on July 4, 1861. Two points in
it, our people have already settled the successful establishing,
and the successful administering of it. One still remains its
successful maintenance against a formidable internal attempt to
overthrow it.... This issue embraces more than the fate of these
United States. It presents to the whole family of man, the
question, whether a constitutional republic, or a democracy... can
or cannot, maintain its territorial integrity, against its own
domestic foes. McPherson, James M. (1988-02-25). Battle Cry of
Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States)
(p. 309). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.
Slide 11
Neither side is prepared for war at the outset Unions biggest
problem is having more soldiers than it can supply Northern cloth
manufacturers created a cloth material from recycled wool called
shoddy Confederacy must create a navy from scratch Neither Union
nor Confederacy has standard uniforms yet Rampant corruption,
particularly in the Union War Department
Slide 12
Confederacy had 3,500 miles of coastline 10 major ports 180
additional bays, inlets, river mouths Blockade was more like a
sieve in 1861 [G]o to the roof on a hot summer day, talk to a
half-dozen degenerates, descend to the basement, drink tepid water
full of iron rust, climb to the roof again, and repeat the process
at intervals until [you are] fagged out, then go to bed with
everything shut tight. Union strategy was to take control of
coastal forts Was incredibly successful by the end of 1861 the
Union controlled most of the strategic locations on the
Confederacys Atlantic coast
Slide 13
July 21, 1861 Northern public opinion is demanding a battle
Lincoln likes idea of destroying Confederate troops massing near
Washington D.C. Hoped it would end war earlier, without destroying
large areas of the South Might open up way to Richmond Would not
destroy social and economic system of the South
Slide 14
Generals Winfield Scott and Irving McDowell are concerned that
the troops are raw and untrained, should wait before battle.
Lincoln: You are green, it is true; but they [the Confederates] are
green, also; you are green alike. Gen. Winfield Scott Gen. Irving
McDowell
Slide 15
- Almost everyone at the First Battle of Bull Run
Slide 16
Battle ends as a Confederate victory when the Union troops
break and retreat Bloodiest battle in American history up to that
point Smashes Union hopes for a quick victory General McDowell
relieved Leads to General George B. McClellan becoming General-in-
Chief of the Union Army General George McCellan
Slide 17
Numerous counties west of the Shenandoah River and north of the
Kanawha River of Virginias white population Culturally and
economically tied to Ohio and Pennsylvania, rather than Virginia
Largest city (Wheeling) is only 60 miles from Pittsburgh, but 330
miles from Richmond Resentment against tidewater aristocrats who
run the state Slaves taxed at 1/3 of value all other property taxed
at full value
Slide 18
May 21 July 13, 1861: Military campaign in which Union forces
defeated Confederate forces in the area Allowed West Virginia
Unionists to assemble June 11, 1861 Wheeling Convention immediate
or gradual secession October 24, 1861 people of West Virginia
participated in a referendum elected delegates to a constitutional
convention for a new state of Kanawha
Slide 19
Confederacy sends Robert E. Lee to drive the Union forces out
of Virginia and back to Ohio Lee fails, miserably By the end of
October, 1861, Lee has gone to South Carolina to work on coastal
defenses New nickname in Richmond newspapers becomes Granny Lee Top
of Cheat Mountain, WV
Slide 20
Unionists assemble in Knoxville in May of 1861 They assemble
again at Greeneville in June of 1861 Led by: Andrew Johnson only
U.S. Senator from a seceding state who remained loyal to the Union
William G. Brownlow editor of the Knoxville Whig Hated slave-owning
aristocrats Johnson Brownlow
Slide 21
The Tennessee Unionists hear of a coming Union invasion Attack
Confederate troops and burn five crucial railroad bridges Union
troops do not attack invasion called off by General William T.
Sherman Sherman eventually relieved of command, sent to an obscure
post in Missouri Confederates crack down: Martial law declared
Hundreds of Unionists imprisoned 5 bridge-burners executed Brownlow
imprisoned printing press turned into an arms factory
Slide 22
Kentuckys importance: I hope to have God on my side, but I must
have Kentucky. - Abraham Lincoln Strategically important Ohio River
on the northern border Western portion of the state commands an
important part of the Mississippi
Slide 23
Rail junction eyed by both North and South Confederates,
commanded by General Leonidas Polk, waiting in northwest Tennessee
Union troops, commanded by Ulysses S. Grant, waiting in Cairo,
Illinois
Slide 24
Grant West Point graduate from bottom half of class Fought in
the Mexican War Forced to resign from the army in 1854 for
drunkenness Failed in numerous businesses afterward By 1861 worked
in a leather shop in Galena, Illinois Only military experience in
town, so was asked to organize volunteers Promoted to Brigadier
General by his local congressman, and because there were so many
volunteers the Union was scraping the barrel for commanders Polk
Also a West Point graduate Graduated near the top of his class
Resigned from the Army in 1827 to become a minister Was a bishop in
the Episcopal church at the beginning of the war
Slide 25
September 3, 1861 Confederate Army under Polk takes Columbus In
response, Union forces under Grant take the strategically important
towns of Smithland and Paducah Confederates generally viewed as the
invaders Converted Kentucky to warlike Unionism September 18, 1861
Kentucky legislature votes to expel the invaders effectively
fighting for Union now
Slide 26
McClellan, an engineer, redesigns the fortifications around
D.C. Gets rid of any 90 day enlistment troops and replaces them
with three-year enlistment troops Begins relentlessly drilling and
training the amateur army he inherited Believes Lincoln to be
incompetent and an imbecile Openly disrespects President on
multiple occasions -nothing more than a well-meaning baboon.
Slide 27
Rest of the nation is desperate for some military action
Lincoln is still too timid to override his generals, due to his
lack of military experience The Prest. Is an excellent man, and, in
the main wise, but he lacks will and purpose, and, I greatly fear
he, has not the power to command. - diary of Edward Bates, Lincolns
Attorney General
Slide 28
November 8, 1861 James Mason Virginia John Slidell Louisiana
The Trent British ship Were to seek diplomatic recognition from
Britain and France Mason and Slidell slipped the Union blockade in
the South, got to Havana, Cuba In Havana they boarded a British
ship, the Trent Union captain, without orders, decided to capture
Mason and Slidell himself
Slide 29
British were outraged about interference with their ship Caused
a diplomatic crisis Mason and Slidell held at a naval prison in
Boston Charles Sumner had to convince President Lincoln that
anti-American rage over the affair had broken out in Britain By
Christmas Lincoln had to admit defeat and release both men to avoid
war with Britain
Slide 30
By the end of Lincolns first year as President: -Union lost
North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia -Union has
suffered a demoralizing military defeat -Union had to admit defeat
in the Trent Affair -Massive, expensive Army just sitting in winter
quarters -U.S. Treasury lived on credit due to war expenses -Farms
in the Northwest had a labor shortage due to workers enlisting -The
Mississippi River, the route for all Northwestern farm produce, was
closed, so there was no market for it -The people are being bled
and as they believe to no purpose and will not long submit to
it.