THE CIVIL WARTHE CIVIL WAR

**Beginnings of the actual war**Beginnings of the actual war

-Fort Sumter (SC) — one of the last forts -Fort Sumter (SC) — one of the last forts held by Nheld by N

-it had low supplies & might have to give -it had low supplies & might have to give upup

-Lincoln knew he could not send troops -Lincoln knew he could not send troops or the S would fightor the S would fight

-decided to tell S he would send -decided to tell S he would send provisions NOT reinforcementsprovisions NOT reinforcements

-S didn’t see a difference-S didn’t see a difference

-Apr. 12, 1861 S opened fire & after 32 -Apr. 12, 1861 S opened fire & after 32 hours took the forthours took the fort

-N saw it as a provocation-N saw it as a provocation

-Apr. 15 — Lincoln called for 75,000 -Apr. 15 — Lincoln called for 75,000 militia and the Civil War beganmilitia and the Civil War began

Border states: Missouri, KY, MD, Del., Border states: Missouri, KY, MD, Del., & later W.VA (6/20/1863) remained & later W.VA (6/20/1863) remained neutralneutral

--important due to rivers for navigating important due to rivers for navigating & manufacturing in KY, MD, Missouri& manufacturing in KY, MD, Missouri

-high white population-high white population

Lincoln did not publicly declare that Lincoln did not publicly declare that he was fighting to free the Blackshe was fighting to free the Blacks

--to save union insteadto save union instead

““Brother against Brother” — Crittenden Brother against Brother” — Crittenden had 1 son fight for S while another son had 1 son fight for S while another son fought for N; Lincoln’s wife had 4 fought for N; Lincoln’s wife had 4 brothers fight for the Sbrothers fight for the S

**Advantages & **Advantages & DisadvantagesDisadvantages

South Adv.South Adv.

(1) fighting on own soil(1) fighting on own soil

(2) only fight to a draw(2) only fight to a draw

(3) fighting for way of life(3) fighting for way of life

(4) most talented officers(4) most talented officers

[Lee, Stonewall Jackson][Lee, Stonewall Jackson]

(5) men were good at fighting(5) men were good at fighting

South DisadvSouth Disadv

(1) no factories (1) no factories

(2) few RR’s(2) few RR’s

(3) only 9,103,332 pop.(3) only 9,103,332 pop.

[3,521,110 in slaves, 1.2 million [3,521,110 in slaves, 1.2 million combat age]combat age]

(4) only $47 million in bank(4) only $47 million in bank

North Adv. 100,000North Adv. 100,000

(1) had both farms & factories(1) had both farms & factories

(2) 23 states & 7 territories [Calif., (2) 23 states & 7 territories [Calif., Ore, KY, Md, MO]Ore, KY, Md, MO]

(3) Some 20,000 miles of RR track(3) Some 20,000 miles of RR track

(4) controlled the seas [superior (4) controlled the seas [superior navy]navy]

(5) larger armies(5) larger armies

(6) larger pop. (22,339,989) [4 mill, (6) larger pop. (22,339,989) [4 mill, combat age]combat age]

(7) $189 million in bank deposit(7) $189 million in bank deposit

North DisadvNorth Disadv

(1) Military, not well trained(1) Military, not well trained

(2) less talented mil. leaders(2) less talented mil. leaders

(3) had to “go into the South”(3) had to “go into the South”

What if….What if….

(a) Border states secedes?(a) Border states secedes?

(b) Upper Miss. River Valley states (b) Upper Miss. River Valley states stayed with the Union?stayed with the Union?

(c) North demanded an armistice?(c) North demanded an armistice?

(d) Europe broke blockade(d) Europe broke blockade

**Expanding Presidential Powers & Limiting **Expanding Presidential Powers & Limiting Liberties (North)Liberties (North)

-All of the following were done by Lincoln -All of the following were done by Lincoln but later approved by Congressbut later approved by Congress

Lincoln created a blockade around the Lincoln created a blockade around the SouthSouth

-increased size of military-increased size of military-ordered $2 million from the US Treasury -ordered $2 million from the US Treasury

for mil. Purposesfor mil. Purposes

-suspended writ of habeas corpus-suspended writ of habeas corpus

-held supervised elections in Border States, -held supervised elections in Border States, intimidated voters, limited the right of intimidated voters, limited the right of some newspaperssome newspapers

Northern ArmyNorthern Army

-1st relied on volunteers (quota from -1st relied on volunteers (quota from each state)each state)

-1863 Congress passed a draft (rich -1863 Congress passed a draft (rich could hire subs or pay to the govt. could hire subs or pay to the govt. $300 not to go)$300 not to go)

-result: “Bounty Brokers” would go to -result: “Bounty Brokers” would go to the poor houses in Eng. to get men the poor houses in Eng. to get men to enlistto enlist

Southern ArmySouthern Army

-enlisted men aged 17 to 50-enlisted men aged 17 to 50

-used a draft earlier-used a draft earlier

-called “a rich man’s war, but a -called “a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”poor man’s fight”

Women’s roleWomen’s role

-worked in factories, tended to the -worked in factories, tended to the sick (1st female doctor Elizabeth sick (1st female doctor Elizabeth Blackwell) nurses (Clara Barton)Blackwell) nurses (Clara Barton)

War Battles BeginWar Battles Begin

(battles named differently: North (battles named differently: North named them for the waterways named them for the waterways closest by; south for the nearest closest by; south for the nearest communities)communities)

-Lincoln originally planned to fight -Lincoln originally planned to fight for 90 daysfor 90 days

-he did not necessarily want to get -he did not necessarily want to get rid of slaveryrid of slavery

-only get the South to come back -only get the South to come back

**1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas **1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction) {30 miles SW of DC}Junction) {30 miles SW of DC}

-July 21, 1861 — 1-July 21, 1861 — 1stst major battle major battle-Union troops fled but the Conf. were too -Union troops fled but the Conf. were too

tired to follow and finish tired to follow and finish *Effects:*Effects:-psychologically = (a) gave South too -psychologically = (a) gave South too

much confidence, (b) some felt it was much confidence, (b) some felt it was already over, (c) hurt North’s morale already over, (c) hurt North’s morale for quick victory & caused them to for quick victory & caused them to buckle downbuckle down

**Lincolns plan of total war: The **Lincolns plan of total war: The Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan

(1) blockade South(1) blockade South

(2) free slaves & remove economic (2) free slaves & remove economic base in Southbase in South

(3) take Miss. River & cut South in (3) take Miss. River & cut South in halfhalf

(4) cut it up by putting troops in GA (4) cut it up by putting troops in GA & the Carolinas& the Carolinas

(5) take Richmond(5) take Richmond

(6) wear them down(6) wear them down

**Antietam (9/17/1862) — turning **Antietam (9/17/1862) — turning point & bloodiest battle of the warpoint & bloodiest battle of the war

-turned out to be a draw, but Lee -turned out to be a draw, but Lee withdrew; withdrew;

-Union army under Gen. George -Union army under Gen. George McClellan chose not to pursueMcClellan chose not to pursue

-crucial because -crucial because (1) Br. & Fr. were on the verge of (1) Br. & Fr. were on the verge of intervening but since N won they intervening but since N won they held off; held off; (2) gave Lincoln reason to announce (2) gave Lincoln reason to announce the Emancipation Proclamationthe Emancipation Proclamation

**Emancipation Proclamation —Jan. 1, **Emancipation Proclamation —Jan. 1, 18631863

-“The Old South will be destroyed”-“The Old South will be destroyed”-declared “forever free” the slaves in -declared “forever free” the slaves in

those Confed. States still in rebellionthose Confed. States still in rebellion-border state slaves not effected -border state slaves not effected

(about 800,000)(about 800,000)

-Lincoln really could not free them, but -Lincoln really could not free them, but allowed many to free themselves; allowed many to free themselves; only really strengthened the North’s only really strengthened the North’s moral basismoral basis

**After Antietam, McClellan was **After Antietam, McClellan was eventually replaced by Gen. Meadeeventually replaced by Gen. Meade

-Lee decided to invade the North into -Lee decided to invade the North into PAPA

-Lee met Meade at Gettysburg (Union = -Lee met Meade at Gettysburg (Union = 92,000 men v. 76,000) in July, 1863.92,000 men v. 76,000) in July, 1863.

-battled back and forth for days, with no -battled back and forth for days, with no victor in sightvictor in sight

-finally, the Union defeated Lee -finally, the Union defeated Lee

-from here on South at a loss : day after -from here on South at a loss : day after Union won at Vicksburg (by Grant)Union won at Vicksburg (by Grant)

-a few months later, the Gettysburg -a few months later, the Gettysburg Address given in the fall of 1863Address given in the fall of 1863

**After much searching, Lincoln finally **After much searching, Lincoln finally found a competent leader:found a competent leader:

Ulysses Grant (victories at Fort Henry, Ulysses Grant (victories at Fort Henry, Donnellson, & Shiloh)Donnellson, & Shiloh)

*Shermans March to the Sea - William *Shermans March to the Sea - William Tecumseh Sherman (1864- 1865)Tecumseh Sherman (1864- 1865)

-captured Atlanta (burned most of it) -captured Atlanta (burned most of it) decided to take his men & live off of the decided to take his men & live off of the land + go to Savannah (250 miles away)land + go to Savannah (250 miles away)

-destroyed everything in his 60 mile wide -destroyed everything in his 60 mile wide path all the way to the seapath all the way to the sea

ELECTION OF 1864ELECTION OF 1864

-Lincoln renominated-Lincoln renominated

-Vice President became Andrew Johnson -Vice President became Andrew Johnson (War Dem., used to patch things up (War Dem., used to patch things up with border states)with border states)

-Lincoln won 212 to McClellan’s 21 (from -Lincoln won 212 to McClellan’s 21 (from KY, Del. MD)KY, Del. MD)

-his win caused the South to lose hope-his win caused the South to lose hope

Confederates finally surrendered Confederates finally surrendered (Lincoln would accept nothing less)(Lincoln would accept nothing less)

-Union took Richmond & cornered Lee at -Union took Richmond & cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in Va on Apr. Appomattox Courthouse in Va on Apr. 12, 186512, 1865

*Lincolns death*Lincolns death

-shot in Ford’s Theatre on Apr. 14, 1865 -shot in Ford’s Theatre on Apr. 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Boothby John Wilkes Booth

-upset over the treatment of the South-upset over the treatment of the South

**Cost of the War**Cost of the War

-Union army lost 2,324,516 + 1 million -Union army lost 2,324,516 + 1 million woundedwounded

-Conf. Army lost 260.000 + over a million -Conf. Army lost 260.000 + over a million woundedwounded

-entire nation lost a entire generation, including -entire nation lost a entire generation, including the best minds and potential leadersthe best minds and potential leaders

-$15 billion-$15 billion

-surrender forever put down states’ rights & -surrender forever put down states’ rights & nullificationnullification

-preserved democratic ideals-preserved democratic ideals

-inspired other democratic supporters around -inspired other democratic supporters around the worldthe world