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The Civil War
Why Fought?
How Fought?
Results or Consequences?
Impact on the Homefront?
I. Formation of the Confederacy
• Secession of the Deep South
• New Confederate government
• Confederate Constitution (Feb., 1861)
• A Conservative Revolution
II. The Question of War
A. Compromise Fails
• Crittenden Compromise
• Lincoln’s Response• Willard Hotel Peace
Conference (Feb., 1861)
• Proposed 13th Amendment to the Constitution
B. Firing on Fort Sumter
• Lincoln’s Inauguration• Challenges facing the
new President• Four southern forts
still in Union hands• Shelling of Sumter• Lincoln calls for 90-
day enlistments• Upper South secedes
C. Border State Loyalty?
• Kentucky• Maryland• Missouri• Delaware
III. Assessing the Two Contenders
• Northern Advantages?--industrial might--population size--railroad mileage--better navy
• Southern Advantages?--familiar ground--stronger motivation--defensive tactics--better military leadership at first
IV. Northern Military Strategy
• Direct Strike at Richmond--Manassas, Peninsula Campaign, Cold Harbor
• “Anaconda Plan”• Two-Front war to put
both strategies into action
V. Mobilizing the Home Fronts
• Volunteers at first—a draft later
• Reliance on private industry
• Feeding the troops on both sides
• Attempts to pay for the war: North and South
• Southern railroad difficulties
V. Mobilizing the Home Front (cont)
• Early problems with discipline of troops
• A “rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”
• The problem of local regiments
• War disrupted the lives of most civilians
VI. Analysis of Presidents
• Some doubt about Lincoln’s leadership abilities
• Reasons for Lincoln’s effectiveness
• Lincoln allowed dissent
• Davis’ liabilities as a leader
VII. Life in the Civil War Army
A. A Soldier’s Experience
• Life of tedium• Poor medical
conditions• Food complaints• Southern veterans
make up for fewer numbers
• “Seeing the Elephant”
A. A Soldier’s Experience (cont.)
• A “Brothers War”• Early problems with
fraternization between the two armies
• Constant battle with lice
• Importance of letter writing
• Premonitions of death
B. The Changing Face of Battle
• Early Union naval victories
• Lincoln’s Early Search for a General who can produce victories
• Turning Point Victories in 1863
• Grant’s Victory at Chattanooga
B. Changing Face of Battle (cont.)
• Sherman’s March on Atlanta and then his March to the Sea
• The early face of battle: First Manassas (Bull Run)—July, 1861
-- “The Great Skedaddle”
B. Changing Face of Battle (cont.)
• Changes in Weaponry• Battles late in the War:
Cold Harbor—June, 1864
• Grant’s Strategy in 1864-1865-- “The Butcher”
• Changing Notion of Courage
VIII. Foreign Diplomacy
• Southerners employ a voluntary embargo on cotton
• Europeans waiting on a crucial southern victory
• Europeans fear war with the U.S. and need northern wheat
• French invasion of Mexico in 1863
IX. The African-American War Experience
• Timing of the Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln’s justification of emancipation
• Slavery was already falling apart in the south
• Running away to Union lines
• Word reaches southern slaves of emancipation
IX. African-American War Experience (cont.)
• 54th Massachusetts Regiment
--Robert Gould Shaw
--Assault on Fort Wagner
• Pay and activities of the Black soldiers
• Dangers facing Black soldiers
--Battle of the Crater outside of Petersburg, Va.
IX. African-American Experience (cont.)
• Emancipation Proclamation and using northern Black soldiers turned the war into a racial revolution
• Northern racism declines
• Southern organization of Black troops
X. War as Social Disorder
• Civil War ruined southern economy and society based on the institution of slavery
• Guerilla warfare in the south
• Southern bread riots in the spring of 1863
• New York City Draft Riot of July, 1863
XI. Election of 1864 and Final Days of the War
• The Election of 1864• Grant’s Siege of
Petersburg• Importance of
Sherman’s Capture of Atlanta
• The end at Appomattox Court House
XI. Final Days of the War (cont.)
• Lincoln’s Assassination at Fords Theater in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865
• Surrender of Fort Sumter to the U.S. on the same day
• First occupation troops to Charleston, S.C. in February of 1865 were Black troops
XII. Effects of the War
• Temporary gain for women--U.S. Sanitary Commission--Nurses like Clara Barton
• Freedom for Blacks, but still a long way to go
• Decrease in Nativism• States Rights was dead—
Federal Authority expanded• Northern “organizational
revolution”