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TheCloud,Aerosol,andComplexTerrainInteractions(CACTI)ARMFieldCampaign
Outline
• Overview• ExperimentRationale• ScienceQuestions• MeasurementStrategy• PotentialResearch
Investigators
PrincipalInvestigatorAdamVarble,UniversityofUtah
Co-InvestigatorsStephenNesbitt,UniversityofIllinois
PaolaSalio,UniversidaddeBuenosAiresEdwardZipser,UniversityofUtah
SusanvandenHeever,ColoradoStateUniversityGregMcFarquhar,UniversityofIllinoisPaulDeMott,ColoradoStateUniversity
SoniaKreidenweis,ColoradoStateUniversityRobertHouze,Jr.,UniversityofWashington
KristenRasmussen,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchMichaelJensen,BrookhavenNationalLaboratory
Pavlos Kollias,McGillUniversityRubyLeung,PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory
DavidRomps,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryDavidGochis,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch
Eldo Avíla,UniversidadNacional deCórdobaChristopherWilliams,UniversityofColorado-Boulder/NOAA
OverviewTiming:15August2018– 30April2019
Location:VillaYacanto,Argentina(32.1°S,64.75°W)
SecuredResources:AMF-1(reconfigured),C-SAPR2,INPandstereocamerameasurements
PotentialResources:G-1aircraft,OtherPIinstrumentation
IOPiscoincidentwithRELAMPAGO(NSF)fieldprogram(1November– 15December2018)
CourtesyNASA
ExperimentRationale– RepeatedOrographicCumulus
FigurescourtesyofNASA
FigurescourtesyofU.Wyoming
ExperimentRationale–VariableAerosolandLandSurfaceProperties
FigurescourtesyofNASA
ExperimentRationale–RepeatedDeepConvectiveInitiation
FigurescourtesyofNASA
FigurescourtesyofU.Wyoming
ExperimentRationale–RepeatedCumulusand
DeepConvectiveInitiation
WebcamtimelapsevideosviewingSWtowardAMF1site:
https://www.wunderground.com/webcams/ClaudioLU9HOA/4/show.html
CourtesyWunderground
ExperimentRationale– “Extreme”Convection
ThesenumbersarefortheareaobservablebytheAMF-1(<25kmaway)fromoneseasonestimatedfromMODISimages.
Themost“extreme”stormobservedbyTRMMoccurreddownstreamofourproposedlocation.Ithada40dBZ echoreaching18.8km,a85-GHzPCTdownto44K,a37-GHzPCTdownto68K,anda
minimumIRTb of-111.6C.
MostExtremeLightningFlashRates(Zipser etal.2006)
SevereHailFrequencyEstimatedfromAMSR-E(CecilandBlankenship2012)
ExperimentRationale– MesoscaleOrganizationSolman etal.(2013)
FigurecourtesyofSteveNesbitt
ExperimentRationale– ”Extreme”Organization
Systemrainfall>300,000m3/s
VidalandSalio (2014)
ExperimentRationale– VariableEnvironmentalConditionsandForcings
RasmussenandHouze,2016
Jetstream
ColdFront
OrographicFlowsandGravityWaves
LowLevelJet
ScienceQuestion#1
Howarethepropertiesandlifecyclesoforographically generatedboundarylayerclouds,includingcumulushumulis,mediocris,congestus,andstratocumulus,affectedbyenvironmentalkinematics,thermodynamics,aerosols,andsurfaceproperties?Howdothesecloudstypesalterthelowerfreetropospherethrough
detrainment?
- Measurethescalesandvelocitiesofindividualcloudupdraftanddowndraftsincludinghowtheyevolveintime,andrelatethesetomeasurementsofcloudmicrophysicalandmacrophysical features.
- Investigatethewaysinwhichaerosolpropertiesandclouddynamicsimpactprecipitationandiceinitiationinagrowingcongestus cloudincludingthewaysthattheseinitiationsimpactsubsequentcloudandprecipitationevolution.
- Explorethepredictabilityofcloudcoverage,depth,andradiativepropertiesgivenlarge-scaleenvironmentalconditions
- Investigatetheimpactsofmesoscalecirculationsandlandsurfaceinteractionsonlocalenvironmentalconditionsandcloudlifecycles.
- Quantifycloudeffectsontheenvironment.
ScienceQuestion#2
Howdoenvironmentalkinematics,thermodynamics,andaerosolsimpactdeepconvectiveinitiation,upscalegrowth,mesoscale organization,andsystemlifetime?
Howaresoilmoisture,surfacefluxes,andaerosolpropertiesalteredbydeepconvectiveprecipitationeventsandseasonalaccumulationofprecipitation?
- Quantifythemechanismsthattransitioncongestus todeepconvectionwhilerelatingdeepconvectivedynamicalmotionstomicrophysicalsignaturesandmacrophysical characteristicsofthecloudsandprecipitation.
- Investigatethepredictabilityofdeepconvectivecloudandprecipitationpropertiesincludingmesoscale organizationgivenknowledgeoflarge-scaleenvironmentalconditions,anddeterminethemechanismsmostimportantforcontinuedgrowthand/ororganizationofdeepconvection.Thisincludesthewaysinwhichcoldpoolpropertiesdependonenvironmentalandprecipitationcharacteristics.
- Investigatetheimpactofdeepconvectiveprecipitationonboundarylayeraerosolandcloudpropertiesthroughalterationofsurfaceconditionsacrossarangeoftimescalesfromhourlytoseasonally.
AMF-1/MAOS/C-SAPR2/GuestInstrumentation
LandSurface/PBLSoundings,SurfaceMet,ECOR,SEBS,AERI,DopplerLidar,SODARFreeTroposphereSoundings,MicrowaveRadiometers,RWPAerosolsMPL,DopplerLidar,MFRSR,SunPhotometer,SizeDistribution(UHSAS,SMPS,APS?),CCN,UCPC,CPC,INPFilterCollections,Extinction(PSAP,Aethelometer,AmbientNepholometer),Growth(HDTMA),composition(ACSM),CO/N2O/H2O/O3Notincluded: Wet/DryNepholometer,SP2,PTRMS,NOx/NOy/SO2Clouds/PrecipitationX/Ka-SACR,C-SAPR2,KAZR,RWP,ACDC,Ceilometer,TSI,MicrowaveRadiometers,LaserDisdrometer,TippingBucketandOpticalRainGauges,WACR?RadiationMicrowaveRadiometers,AERI,MFRSR,Ground/SkyRadiometers
WehopetohavetheG-1aircraftparticipateforanIOPinNovember-Decemberaswellsothatinsitucloudandfreetroposphericaerosolpropertiescanbeobtainedandextendedusingremotesensing.IOPrequestsforadditionalinstrumentationmayalsobeintheworks.
ProposedCACTIAMF-1SiteandLogistics
ProposedCACTIAMF-1SiteandLogistics
Lookingsoutheasttowardproposedsite
Lookingnorthatproposedsite
Lookingsouthatproposedsite
Roadtoridgetop
Roadtoridgetop
Lookingbacktositefrom~2000-melevation
Siting
View:https://www.google.com/maps/@-31.9069276,-64.7725012,636m/data=!3m1!1e3!5m1!1e4
25km
46km
37km
16km
43km
C-SAPR2?1420m
C-SAPR2?1140m
AMF11140m
SoundingSite2560m
MeasurementStrategy
MeasurementStrategy
CombinedCACTI-RELAMPAGOResourcesFigurecourtesyofSteveNesbitt
MeasurementStrategy– Environment
Strategyistomeasureinteractionsbetweenalllocalenvironmentalvariables withcloudsandprecipitation
Measuretheinflowtocloudbasewithinsitu/radarcloudmeasurementsanddetrainedairintothefreetroposphereoverthesite
Operationswillbelimitedtodaytimewith1.5-3hourlyAMFsitesoundingsdependingonthesituation,and3-6hourlyupstreamsoundings
G-1MeasurementStrategy
OpenQuestions
• IOPRequests(UAS,met.stations,raingauges/disdrometers?)• APSDeployment? WACRDeployment?• UUandUIPre-CACTIResearch• ObservingStrategies– Especiallysoundingsandscanning
radars
• PreliminarySciencePlantobereleased
ExtraSlides
ResearchusingCACTImeasurements
• INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT– LandSurfaceProperties– BoundaryLayerCirculations– FreeTroposphericInteractions– AerosolEffects– ModelValidationandImprovement
• DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATION– TransitionfromCongestus toCumulonimbus– Dynamical,Microphysical,andMacrophysical Relationships– FactorsControllingMesoscale Organization– ImpactsonAerosolsandLandSurfaceProperties
INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT
LandSurfaceProperties
• Howdosurfaceconditionssuchassoilmoistureandvegetation,aswellasatmosphericconditionssuchasatmosphericrelativehumidityandwindspeed,impacttheBowenratio?
• HowdoestheBowenratioimpacttheevolutionofboundarylayertemperature,relativehumidity,depth,andturbulence?
• Howdoesthecouplingbetweensurfaceconditionsandboundarylayerstructureimpactboundarylayeraerosolandcloudproperties?
• CansinglecolumnandLESmodelsreproduceobservedsensitivitiesofboundarylayerevolutiontosurfaceconditions?Ifnot,whatcausesdifferences?
INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT
BoundaryLayerCirculations
• Howistheevolutionofupslopeflowaffectedbysurfacefluxesandthehorizontalandverticaldistributionsofatmospherictemperature,humidity,andwinds?
• Howdobackgroundmesoscale circulations,suchastheSALLJoracoldfront,interactwiththetopographyandalterthermalupslopeflows?
• Howdoboundarylayercirculationsandthermodynamicsimpactcloudlocationanddepthasafunctionoftime?
• Howwelldomulti-scalemodelsreproduceboundarylayercirculationsandobservedsensitivitiesofboundarylayergrowthandcloudformationtothesecirculations?Whataresourcesformodelbiases?
INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT
FreeTroposphericInteractions
• Howdoestheentrainmentratevaryasafunctionofenvironment,andwhatimpactdoesithaveoncumulusdynamics,microphysics,andmacrophysics?
• Howdoesclouddetrainmentmodifythelowerfreetropospherichumidityandstability?
• Howdoorographic,lowleveljet,andsynopticcirculationsmodifythefreetropospherichumidityandstability,andwhataretherelativetimescalesofthesemodifications?
• Howdoimpactsofcirculationsandcloudsontheenvironmentfeedbacktothecirculationandcloudevolution?
• Howwelldomulti-scalemodelsreproducetheinteractionsbetweencloudlifecycleandfreetroposphericevolution?Whendomodelsperformwellandwhendotheynotperformwell?Whataresourcesofmodelbiases?
INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENTAerosolEffects
• Asafunctionofmeteorology,howdoesthelowlevelCCNconcentrationimpactcloudmicrophysics,dynamics,macrophysics,andradiative forcing?
• HowdoesCCNcorrelatewithCNandAODfordifferentmeteorologicalconditionsandasafunctionofthediurnalcycle?
• Howdoout-of-cloud,in-cloud,andcloud-processedaerosolpropertiesrelatetooneanother?
• Howwelldosurfaceaerosolmeasurementspredictin-cloudaerosolandclouddropletproperties?
• Howwelldohigh-resolutionsimulationswithstateoftheartaerosolandmicrophysicsschemesreproduceobservedsensitivitiesofcloudstoaerosolproperties,particularlytheaerosolsizedistributionandCCNnumberconcentration?
INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT
ModelValidationandImprovement
• Howwelldodifferentcombinationsofsurface,boundarylayer,freetroposphere,andaerosolvariablespredictcloudmacrophysical,microphysical,anddynamicalpropertiesasafunctionoftimeinobservationsandmodels?
• CanidealizedandnestedLESsimulationsusinganensembleofphysicsschemesreproducerelationshipsbetweensurfaceconditions,boundarylayerstructure,aerosolproperties,andcloudpropertieswhengiventherangeofconditionsthatwereobserved?Whataretheprimarycausesfordifferencesbetweensimulationsandobservations?
• CanGCMandNWPsimulationsreproducecloudmacrophysical,dynamical,andmicrophysicalcharacteristicsasafunctionofenvironmentanddifferenttimescales(diurnalandseasonal)?Whataretheprimarycausesofmodelbiases?
ResearchusingCACTImeasurements
• INTERACTIONSBETWEENBOUNDARYLAYERCLOUDSANDTHEENVIRONMENT– LandSurfaceProperties– BoundaryLayerCirculations– FreeTroposphericInteractions– AerosolEffects– ModelValidationandImprovement
• DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATION– TransitionfromCongestus toCumulonimbus– Dynamical,Microphysical,andMacrophysical Relationships– FactorsControllingMesoscale Organization– ImpactsonAerosolsandLandSurfaceProperties
DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATIONTransitionfromCongestus toCumulonimbus
• Howpredictableisthetransitionfromcongestus tocumulonimbus,andwhichcombinationsofenvironmentalvariablesarethebestpredictorsofthistransition?
• Doeswarmrainformincongestus clouds,andifso,whatenvironmentalconditionssupportwarmrainformation,andhowdoeswarmrainimpactsubsequentcloudandprecipitationevolution?
• Whenandwhereincongestus cloudsdoesiceinitiate,howdoesiceinitiationdependonINPpropertiesandotherenvironmentalconditions,andhowdoesiceinitiationimpactsubsequentcloudandprecipitationevolution?
• Howdomodelswithdifferentgridspacingandphysicsparameterizationsperforminpredictingdeepconvectiveinitiation?Whatmodelaspectsproducethebestandworstpredictability?Areenvironmentalpredictorsofinitiationthesameinmodelsandobservations?Ifnot,whynot?
DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATIONDynamical,Microphysical,andMacrophysical Relationships
• Whatsizeandstrengthareconvectiveupdraftsanddowndraftsincongestusandcumulonimbusclouds,andhowdodraftpropertiesdependonenvironmentalconditions(boundarylayerdepth,convectiveavailablepotentialenergy,verticalwindshear,andfreetropospherichumidity)?
• Howdosub-cloudscalemicrophysicalfeatures(e.g.,regionsoflargeprecipitationrate,supercooled water,orspecificiceproperties)relatetocloudupdraftsanddowndrafts?
• Howdoclouddynamicalandmicrophysicalfeaturesco-evolveintime,andwhatimpactsdotheyhaveoncloudmacrophysical evolution?
• HowdoCCNandINPpropertiesindirectlyimpactdeepconvectivedynamicsandicemicrophysicsthroughloftingofsupercooled waterandiceinitiation,andhowdoesthisaffectcloudtopheight,anvilexpanse/thickness,andrainfall?
• Howdorelationshipsbetweensimulateddeepconvectivecloudmacrophysics,microphysics,anddynamicscomparetoobservedrelationshipsasafunctionoftheconvectivelifecycle?Howdocomparisonschangewithmodelsetup(gridspacing,physicsschemes,etc.)andwhataspectsofparameterizationscausedifferencesbetweensimulationsandobservations?
DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATIONFactorsControllingMesoscale Organization
• Howpredictableistheupscalegrowthandmesoscale organizationofdeepconvection,andwhichcombinationsofenvironmentalvariablesarethebestpredictorsoftheseprocesses?
• Whichcombinationsofcoldpoolstrength/depthandambientenvironmentalconditionspromoteupscalegrowthandorganizationofconvectiontotheeastofthemountainsandwhichdonot?HowimportantaretheSALLJandgravitywaves?
• Whichenvironmentalpropertiesbestpredictconvectivemode?• Whatimpactsdoaerosolshaveonmesoscale convectivepropertiessuch
ascoldpoolstrength,andhowdoesorganizeddeepconvectionalterthedistributionofaerosols?
• Aremulti-scalemodelsabletopredictwhendeepconvectionorganizesordoesn’torganize?Whichmodelsperformbestandwhy?Howcanmesoscale convectiveorganizationberepresentedinGCMs?
DEEPCONVECTIVEINITIATIONANDORGANIZATIONImpactsonAerosolsandLandSurfaceProperties
• Howdoesdeepconvectiverainfallimpactsoilmoistureandvegetationondailyandseasonaltimescales?
• HowdoconvectivedowndraftsfeedingcoldpoolsandprecipitationalterCCNandINPpropertiesatthesurfaceandintheboundarylayer?
• Howdosurfaceconditionsthatchangeasaresultofprecipitationfeedbacktoboundarylayercloudpropertiesandprobabilityoffurtherprecipitation(e.g.,throughthealteredprobabilityofconvectiveinitiation)?
• Doaerosolandsurfaceschemesinmodelsaccuratelyreproduceobservedchangesinsurfaceconditionsandaerosolsthatresultfromprecipitationondailyandseasonaltimescales?