The Code of Hammurabi:

Annotated Bibliography

Keshav Shah, Jay Talati, Shivam Shukla,

Saharsh Agrawal

Senior Division

Group Website

Works Cited

Primary Sources:

Audio Source:

Roth, Martha. "The Codex Hammurabi, Prologue, I.1-49, Read by Albert Naccache."

SOAS.AC.uk. SOAS: University of London, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.soas.ac.uk/baplar/recordings/the-codex-hammurabi-prologue-i1-49-read-by-

albert-naccache.html>.

This audio clip is the recording of Albert Naccache reciting part of the prologue

from the Code of Hammurabi. A chart is also provided by the website. This

recording gives the listener an idea of how the Babylonian language sounded.

Translation Sources:

"Code of Ur-Nammu." Wikipedia.com. Wikipedia, 22 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu>.

This website has a translation of the oldest law code in the world, the Code of Ur-

Nammu. It provides an interpretation of the first thirty two laws in this set of laws.

Harper, Robert F. "Hammurabi, The Code of Hammurabi." LibertyFund.org. Online Library of

Liberty, 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

<http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=

1276&layout=html>.

This website contains King’s original translation of the Code of Hammurabi. In

addition to the well-known 282 laws on the stele, this website also provides an

interpretation of the prologue and epilogue.

King, Leonard W. Code of Hammurabi: Translated by Leonard W. King. N.p.: n.p., n.d.

GlobalGrey.co.uk. Global Grey. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

<http://www.globalgrey.co.uk/Pages/Books-Near-East/Code-Of-Hammurabi.html>.

This eBook also contains King’s original translation of the Code of Hammurabi.

However, unlike the previous website, it helped us gain insight on the layout of the

laws, along with the discrimination present in the set of laws.

King, Leonard W. "The Avalon Project : Code of Hammurabi." Yale.edu. Lillian Goldman Law

Library, 2008. Web. 25 Jan. 2014. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp>.

This website shows Francis Robert Harper’s original translation of the Code of

Hammurabi. It differs from King’s translation in a few slight ways, most notably by

not mentioning Hammurabi as a white man.

Kramer, Samuel. "Code of Ur-Nammu." Polk.K12.GA.us. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2014.

<http://www.polk.k12.ga.us/userfiles/644/Classes/3083/Code%20of%20Ur-

Nammu.pdf>.

This website contains an English translation of the Code of Ur-Nammu, which

predates the Code of Hammurabi by nearly three centuries. It is considered one of

the world’s earliest surviving law codes.

Steele, Francis R. The Code of Lipit-Ishtar. 3rd ed. Vol. LII. Philadelphia: American Journal of

Archaeology, 1948. UChicago.edu. The University Museum|University of Pennsylvania;

Philadelphia, Summer 1948. Web. 19 May 2014.

<http://aniba.uchicago.edu/books/steele_code_of_lipit-ishtar.pdf>.

This book contains an English translation of the Code of Lipit-Ishtar, another set of

laws that was made before the Code of Hammurabi. It’s laws may have influenced

those found in the Code of Hammurabi, but today, only parts of it have been found.

The rest of it has been claimed by history.

Speech Sources

Iraq. The Code of Hammurabi. By Rosamond E. Mack and Hammurabi. Baghdad: Republic of

Iraq, Ministry of Culture and Information, State Organization of Antiguities and Heritage,

1979. Print.

This speech, made by an Iraqi diplomat, deals with the excavation of the Stele of

Hammurabi. It also mentions the importance of the Code of Hammurabi as a

precedent to other legal systems in today’s world.

Secondary Sources:

Website Sources

"Ancient Man and His First Civilizations." RealHistoryWW.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

<http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Sumer/HAMMURABI.htm>.

This website compares both King’s and Harper’s translations, along with

mentioning how racism is present in King’s analysis of the famous law code.

Claire, Iselin. "Law Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon." Louvre.fr. The Louvre Museum,

n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/law-code-hammurabi-

king-babylon>.

This website contains an article about the Code of Hammurabi explaining its

contents and its significance.

"A Closer Look at the Code of Hammurabi." Louvre.fr. The Louvre Museum, n.d. Web. 27 Feb.

2014. <http://musee.louvre.fr/oal/code/indexEN.html>.

This website provides much information regarding the Code of Hammurabi, along

with pictures. Close-up and distant pictures, a diagram showing the height of the

slab, and a tutorial complete with in-depth interpretations of the various aspects of

the Stele of Hammurabi accompany this site.

Eastwold, Watson. "Write Your Name in Cuneiform – Just like a Mesapotamian!"

WordPress.org. Word Press, 24 Feb. 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

<http://watsoneastwoldblog.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/write-your-name-in-cuneiform-

just-like-a-mesapotamian/>.

This website provides information about the writing styles of various Mesopotamian

empires. Pictures on the website explain how cuneiform evolved over time, and an

interactive allows one to see how to write his or her name in Babylonian cuneiform.

Gill, N. S. "Code of Hammurabi." About.com. About.com, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

<http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/law/g/021208Hammurabi.htm>.

This website gives the physical description of the Stele of Hammurabi, such as its

height (2.3 meters) and composition (either basalt or diorite). Furthermore, this

website describes the history of the Stele of Hammurabi, including its discovery.

Gill, N. S. "Cuneiform - Ancient Wedge-Shaped or Cuneiform Writing." About.com. About.com,

n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/g/cuneiform.htm>.

This website provides general information on cuneiform, along with the empires

that used utilized it.

Giokaris, Amalia. "Hammurabi, King of Babylon." ThenAgain.info. David W. Koeller, 12 Mar.

2003. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

<http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/MiddleEast/Hammurabi.html>.

This website summarizes important events that occurred during Hammurabi’s

reign, such as his military campaigns, building of public works, and defensive

fortifications.

“Hammurabi’s Code: What Does it Tell Us About Old Babylonia?.” Edsitement.neh.gov.

Edsitement! Web. 19 May 2014. <http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/hammurabis-

code-what-does-it-tell-us-about-old-babylonia>.

This video consists of a lesson plan for the Code of Hammurabi. While it did not

provide much information for us to use in the website, it did alert us to what the

general population knows and does not know about the King Hammurabi, his code,

and the Babylonian Empire.

"Hammurabi's Impact on Today's Laws." StudyMode.com. Studymode.com, June 2002. Web. 26

Jan. 2014. <http://www.studymode.com/essays/Hammurabi%27s-Impact-On-

Today%27s-Laws-43108.html>.

This essay analyzes the historical significance of the Code of Hammurabi, along

with its pertinence to and influence on modern law.

History.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Web. 19 May 2014.

<http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hammurabi>.

This website provides much detail about the Stele of Hammurabi, along with its

actual set of laws. The videos found in a separate tab allow for the context of

Hammurabi’s rule to be understood.

Kreis, Steven. “Ancient Western Asia and the Civilization of Mesopotamia.” HistoryGuide.org.

The History Guide, 26 Feb. 2006. Web. 19 May 2014.

<http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture2b.html>.

This website, which contains the written transcript of a lecture, illustrates life in

Ancient Mesopotamia, including the Babylonian Empire under King Hammurabi.

Sasson, Jack M. “King Hammurabi of Babylon.” Vanderblit.edu. Vanderblit. Web. 17 Apr.

2014.

<http://discoverachieve.vanderblit.edu/bitstream/handle/1803/3863/King_Hammurabi.pd

f?sequence=1>.

This excerpt from an online book gives a wealth of knowledge about Hammurabi,

his empire, and his citizens, along with the Code of Hammurabi. It describes the

disagreement between the two spellings of Hammurabi’s name and much, much

more.

Thompson, James C. "Women in Babylonia Under the Hammurabi Law Code."

WomenintheAncientWorld.com. James C. Thompson, July 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

<http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/hammurabilawcode.htm>.

This website provides much information on the role of women in ancient

Babylonian society. It mentions their rights along with relative social status.

Additionally, this website illustrated the amount of rights that people possessed

based on their social status. Finally, it discusses the influence of the Code of

Hammurabi’s principles on modern law.

"Watch Code of Ur-Nammu Video." OVGuide.com. Online Video Guide, n.d. Web. 26 Jan.

2014. <http://www.ovguide.com/code-of-ur-nammu-

9202a8c04000641f8000000005ab2a53#>.

This website explains that while the Code of Hammurabi is old, others do predate it,

including the Code of Ur-Nammu.

"What's so Important about the Code of Hammurabi?" HowStuffWorks.com. How Stuff Works,

Inc., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/code-

of-hammurabi1.htm>.

This website discusses why Hammurabi chose to write his law code, along with

details pertaining to the Code of Hammurabi. It also explains in detail the different

sections of the Code of Hammurabi, including laws on familial issues, commerce,

and punishments. The website introduces the concept of lex talonis, or the law of

retribution, along with social class discrimination.

Video Sources:

101 History-changers (12) CODE OF HAMMURABI. Dir. Epicmarkhistory. YouTube.com.

YouTube, 21 July 2012. Web. 19 May 2014.

<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHLkRLJxCXs>.

This video gives a brief background of Mesopotamia and then delves into the Code

of the Hammurabi, along with lex talonis and social class discrimination.

Ancient Near Eastern Law. Dir. Heterodoxy. YouTube.com. YouTube, 16 Oct. 2010. Web. 19

May 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvGeX2wXZNE>.

This video examines the early codes of law, mainly from the Mesopotamia and

surrounding regions. It also compares and contrasts these codes.

AP World History - Who Was Hammurabi? YouTube.com. YouTube, 7 May 2012. Web. 19 May

2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UswgDCIecas>.

This video examines the life of Hammurabi, along with the Babylonian Empire. It

mainly focuses on his conquests of Mesopotamia.

Archae-Facts: Hammurabi's Laws. Dir. Archaeosoup Productions. YouTube.com. YouTube, 27

Aug. 2012. Web. 19 May 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vDi25Fonqo>.

This video analyzes the context in which the Babylonian Empire existed. It also

describes the concept of lex talonis, and more generally, the Code of Hammurabi.

Babylonian Empire. Dir. Caesarfabella. YouTube.com. YouTube, 31 July 2012. Web. 19 May

2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmjj3rLjDUA>.

This video illustrates the achievements of the Babylonian Empire and its most

famous ruler, King Hammurabi.

Early Dynastic Period And Hammurabi | Mesopotamian Civilization | Mesopotamian History.

Dir. HistoricalTV. YouTube.com. YouTube.com, 7 Aug. 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nor-5z5ZkPk>.

This video illustrates the background of the Babylonian Empire both before, during,

and after Hammurabi’s reign. It also describes the geography and history of the

kingdom.

Hammurabi's Code. Dir. CCMSCougarcast. YouTube.com. YouTube, 22 Nov. 2010. Web. 19

May 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO1r2dvLSKo>.

This video provides a wealth of information about the Code of Hammurabi. It

initially states the significance of law and introduces how Hammurabi was a pioneer

in the modern field of justice. The video then goes on to explain the punishments

found in the law, social class discrimination, and then general facts about the

contents of the Stele of Hammurabi.

Jade. Video: Profile of Hammurabi. About.com. About.com. Web. 19 May 2014.

<http://video.about.com/ancienthistory/Profile-of-Hammurabi.htm>.

This video details the reign and conquests of King Hammurabi. Portions of it are

used throughout our website to supplement the textual information present.

Law Code Stele of Hammurabi. Dir. Smarthistory, Art History at Khan Academy. YouTube.com.

YouTube, 20 July 2011. Web. 19 May 2014.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_w5NGOHbgTw>.

This video analyzes the Stele of Hammurabi as found in the Louvre Museum. It

describes the discovery of the Stele of Hammurabi and the importance of the set of

laws, among other things.

Mesopotamia: Crash Course World History #3. Dir. CrashCourse. YouTube.com. YouTube, 9

Feb. 2012. Web. 20 May 2014.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sohXPx_XZ6Y&list=PL8I6CO_s8bYugBAbg5f1v-

YyGanoTuTBd>.

This video illustrates the different punishments present in the Code of Hammurabi,

such as the penalty for constructing a faulty house.

Mrmelvin. Development of Writing. TeacherTube.com. Teacher Tube, 2011. Web. 19 May 2014.

<http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=250885>.

This video analyzes the history of writing, including the beginnings of cuneiform

and its early uses in the ancient world.

Turning Points in History - Hammurabi's Code of Laws. YouTube.com. YouTube, 29 Sept. 2009.

Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDALXORbtR4>.

This video analyzes the various parts of the Code of Hammurabi, along with its

historical significance. In other words, it shows why the Code of Hammurabi is a

turning point in history.

World History: 8000 BCE to 600 BCE: Ancient River Valley Civilizations, Part 1. Dir.

APTestPrep. YouTube.com. YouTube, 12 Nov. 2013. Web. 20 May 2014.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv-L3PzmHYA>.

This video illustrates the various examples of social stratification present in the

Code of Hammurabi.

Writing Cuneiform. Dir. Getty Museum. YouTube.com. YouTube, 16 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 May

2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbZ2asfyHcA>.

This video details the origins of cuneiform, along with its many uses. It also provides

an example of different sounds from the Babylonian Empire adapted to cuneiform.

Book Sources:

Brown, Dale M. Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1996. Print. Lost

Civilizations.

This book provides information on the various empires present throughout

Mesopotamia’s history. Hammurabi’s reign and unification of the region, along

with several early law codes, are discussed in depth.

Bulliet, Richard W., Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, Johnson, and Northrup. The Earth and Its

People: A Global History. Boston, MA: Cengage Wadsworth, 2011. Print.

This book, which incidentally happens to be our world history textbook, provides an

early history of Mesopotamia, including the rise and fall of several major empires.

In the beginning of the book especially, the dominance of the Old Babylonian

Empire and Neo-Babylonian Empire, along with the rule of Hammurabi and the

creation of his law code, is asserted. The influence of other major civilizations is also

discussed in detail.

Hunter, Erica C. D. Ancient Mesopotamia. New York: Chelsea House, 2007. Print.

This book illustrates the daily lives of ancient Mesopotamian peoples, including

Hammurabi’s Babylonians. With this story, our group was able to look inside the

daily lives of the citizens of this great empire.

Kriwaczek, Paul. Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization. New York: Thomas

Dunne /St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

This book chronicles the history of Mesopotamia from the Sumerians to the

Persians. More importantly, the book describes virtually everything regarding the

Old Babylonian period, including the location of Babylon, a summary of

Hammurabi’s life, his conquests and death, and the ultimate fate of the city.

Landau, Elaine. The Babylonians. Brookfield, CT: Millbrook, 1997. Print.

This book contains numerous maps, pictures, and diagrams regarding Babylonian

life. At the end is a timeline which summarizes the major events that happened

during the empire’s existence. The Code of Hammurabi, along with Hammurabi’s

reign and the fall of the empire are discussed in great detail in this book.

Mieroop, Marc Van De. King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography. 1st ed. Malden, MA:

Blackwell, 2004. Print.

This comprehensive historical record contains numerous details on the life of King

Hammurabi. It discusses his conquests, the legacy of his legal code, and other

aspects of his life and accomplishments. This nonfiction book is especially useful as

it is the first comprehensive English biography of King Hammurabi.

Nardo, Don. Empires of Mesopotamia. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 2000. Print. Lost Civilizations.

This book incorporates information from a wide variety of sources, such as the

comments of notable historians, in order to effectively communicate the history of

the empires of Mesopotamia. In regards to Babylon, the life of Hammurabi and the

development of the empire are explained. Furthermore, in the back of the book,

additional sources of information are listed, and we used some of these in order to

more effectively create our website.

Saggs, H.W.F. Babylonians. Norman: University of California, 2000. Print. Peoples of the Past.

This volume is packed with information about life in the Babylonian Empire. Some

of the topics that this book discusses include the development of the empire,

technological advancements, and its legacy.

Schomp, Virginia. Ancient Mesopotamia: The Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. New

York: Franklin Watts, 2004. Print.

This book focuses on the major aspects of the various empires in Mesopotamia,

including the lives of the commoners and the rise of each kingdom. Furthermore, a

brief summary of each of the major empires present in Mesopotamia is provided in

this book.

Journal Sources

Itakura, K. "Slaves in the Code of Hammurabi." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies

in Japan 3.9-12 (1960): 113-18. Print.

This journal entry gives information on the use of slaves in Babylon. It also show

how people can become slaves if they violate the Stele of Hammurabi as well as the

discrimination imposed against slaves compared to wealthy noblemen.

Johns, C. H. W. "Notes on the Code of Hammurabi." The American Journal of Semitic

Languages and Literatures 19.2 (1903): 96-107. JSTOR. Web. 21 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/527807>.

This journal entry provides information on the historical significance of the Code of

Hammurabi along with how society burgeoned with its implementation.

Langdon, S. "The Sumerian Law Code Compared with the Code of Hammurabi." The Journal of

the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland No. 4 (1920): 489-515. JSTOR.

Web. 21 Feb. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25209655>.

This journal entry compares earlier Sumerian law codes with the Code of

Hammurabi, emphasizing how much more in-depth and influential the latter is.

Mcneil, Donald G. "The Code of Hammurabi." American Bar Association Journal 53.5 (1967):

444-46. JSTOR. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25724017>.

This journal entry reveals the personality of King Hammurabi, as well as details

about his reign. Additional comments on the legal code provide information on its

content and justness.

Prince, J. Dyneley. "Review: The Code of Hammurabi." The American Journal of Theology 8.3

(1904): 601-09. JSTOR. Web. 21 Feb. 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3153895

This journal entry simplifies some of the laws in the original code of Hammurabi. It

also provides interpretations of these rules and gives the citizens’ input on the

nature of the laws.

Slanski, Kathryn E. "The Law of Hammurabi and Its Audience." Yale Journal of Law & the

Humanities 24.1 (2012): 97-110. Web. 20 Feb. 2014.

<http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjlh/vol24/iss1/3>.

This online journal mainly focuses on the Law Stele of Hammurabi, otherwise

known as the Code of Hammurabi. It states its current whereabouts, along with its

discovery and the legacy of the 282 laws listed.

Newspaper Sources

"Ancient Laws and Old Judges." Manila Bulletin. N.p., 7 Sept. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2014.

This newspaper explains some of Hammurabi’s laws and the difference between his

legal code and those that predate it.

Image Sources

Apps Publisher. The Code of Hammurabi. Digital image. Play.Google.com. Google Play Store,

13 Nov. 2009. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

<https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=indiaNIC.android.TheCodeofHammurabi

>.

This image provides a picture of the book written by L. W. King translating the

various laws in the Code of Hammurabi.

Art & Culture 104. 2010. Photograph. The Louvre, Paris. CulturedArt.Blogspot.com. Art &

Culture 104, 3 Dec. 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2014.

<http://culturedart.blogspot.com/2010/12/stela-of-hammurabi.html>.

This picture gives yet another view of the entire Stele of Hammurabi. We used it as

a base to create an interactive about the physical qualities of the Stele of

Hammurabi.

Babylon. Digital image. <http://www.the-ten-commandments.org/images/tower-of-babel.jpg>.

This is another picture of the Tower of Babel and how Babylon flourished under

Hammurabi’s rule.

Babylonian Empire (1950-1600 BC). N.d. Photograph. Fournel.org. The Nexus. Web. 26 Feb.

2014. <http://www.fournel.org/history/history.htm>.

This picture illustrates the extent of the Babylonian Empire. We used it to create an

interactive describing a few qualities of the kingdom.

A balance and gavel. Digital image. RocketSwag.com. Rocket Swag, 2012. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.rocketswag.com/law/international-law/Historical-Development-Of-

International-Law.html>.

This photograph of a balance and gavel are symbolic of the legal impacts of the

Code of Hammurabi. It was the basis for an interactive that we created to discuss

the importance of the Code of Hammurabi on modern law.

Blatner, Adam, Ph.D. N.d. Photograph. Blatner.com. Adam Blatner, 30 Jan. 2009. Web. 26 Feb.

2014. <http://www.blatner.com/adam/consctransf/historyofmedicine/1-

overview/brief.html>.

This painting depicts Hammurabi’s arrival into court. As his ministers and citizens

are kneeling down to him, it shows their immense respect for him.

Brown, Robert W. Stele With Hammurabi's Law Code. Digital image. UNCP.edu. Robert W.

Brown, 23 Jan. 2006. Web. 26 Feb. 2014.

<http://www2.uncp.edu/home/rwb/lecture_ancient_civ.htm>.

This image of the Stele of Hammurabi is the foundation for an interactive that we

created describing the different types of laws in the Code of Hammurabi.

Clay Tablet of Law. Digital image. <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-j4PaCQQT_7w/UGtxQ6p-

jDI/AAAAAAAAADo/RaVCfzgXeL4/s1600/clay_tablet_of_law.gif>.

This image of a clay tablet is preserved at the Louvre Museum and contains a

translation of the Code of Hammurabi.

Close up of Stele of Hammurabi. Digital image. Education-Portal.com. Education Portal, n.d.

Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/stele-of-hammurabi-

definition-lesson-quiz.html#lesson>.

This image provides an interesting side-view of the Stele of Hammurabi. We used it

to create an interactive about the different translations of the Code of Hammurabi

by Francis Harper and L. W. King.

The Code of Hammurabi. Digital image. World History Blogs. <http://world-

history.nmhblogs.org/files/2012/09/FileCode-de-Hammurabi-1.jpg>.

This picture is a close-up of the cuneiform inscribed upon the Stele of Hammurabi.

It is read from top to bottom.

The Code of Hammurabi. Digital image.

<http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH200/politics/hammurabi_det.j

pg>.

This picture depicts the bas relief on the Stele of Hammurabi. We can see Shamash,

the Sun God, giving Hammurabi his law code.

Cuneiform. Digital image. <http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/code-of-hammurabi-1.jpg>.

This picture shows the cuneiform that is inscribed on the Stele of Hammurabi at the

Louvre Museum in Paris.

"Cuneiform tablet with a bilingual hymn [Seleucid]" (86.11.286a) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art

History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/86.11.286a. (October 2006)

This image provides a picture of what a portion of the Code of Lipit-Ishtar might

have looked.

Dear, Neville. King Hammurabi. 1964. Tumblr.com. All Mesopotamia, 28 Feb. 2012. Web. 26

Feb. 2014. <http://allmesopotamia.tumblr.com/post/18452004477/king-hammurabi-

artist-neville-dear-medium>.

This painting depicts a scene in which Hammurabi returns from one of his many

successful military campaigns.

Hammurabi and his Code. Digital image.

<http://vivienmasters.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html>.

This picture represents the civilians of Babylon reading the Stele of Hammurabi and

becoming aware that this law code will promote justice throughout the land.

An image of the Stele of Hammurabi. Digital image. UNVienna.org. University of Vienna, n.d.

Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.unis.unvienna.org/images/visitors_service/hammurabi02_large.jpg>.

This image of the Stele of Hammurabi provides a view of the stone with two

information placards next to it.

An Image of the Code of Hammurabi. Digital image.

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Prologue_Hammurabi_Code_Lou

vre_AO10237.jpg>.

This picture shows the remains of an ancient tablet that has the Code of

Hammurabi inscribed on it.

"Iraq: 2500BC - 1500BC." Map. TimeMaps.com. Time Maps, Ltd., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.timemaps.com/history/iraq-3500bc>.

This map depicts the extent of the Babylonian Empire, along with its cunning

neighbors. We used it as a basis for an interactive detailing Hammurabi’s

conquests.

Jarus, Owen. Detail of the Code of Hammurabi. The laws were chiselled into the basalt stele in

cuneiform. Digital image. LiveScience.com. LiveScience, 3 Sept. 2013. Web. 27 Feb.

2014. <http://www.livescience.com/39393-code-of-hammurabi.html>.

This image provides a close-up of the Code of Hammurabi, revealing the cuneiform

language chiseled onto the basalt stele.

"Karte Mesopotamien (Map of Mesopotamia)." Map. Wikimedia.org. Wikimedia, 5 Feb. 2008.

Web. 26 Feb. 2014.

<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_Mesopotamien.png>.

This map shows the modern-day boundaries of Iraq and the ancient boundaries of

Mesopotamia.

Kjeilen, Tore. "Hammurabi." LookLex.com. Looklex Encyclopedia, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

<http://looklex.com/e.o/hammurabi.htm>.

This image shows a bust of Hammurabi, allowing the viewer to picture a physical

description of the great king.

Little, Shayla. Hammurabi's Code of Laws. Digital image. TravelBlog.org. Travel Blog, 24 Sept.

2013. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.travelblog.org/North-America/United-

States/Illinois/Chicago/blog-808777.html>.

This image provides a glimpse of the Stele of Hammurabi, along with a close-up of

the cuneiform writing.

Mackenzie, Donald A. 1915. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Wikimedia. Web. 26 Feb. 2014.

<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Khashkhamer_seal_moon_worship.jpg>.

This image provides an idea of what a sculpture or bas-relief from the time of King

Ur-Nammu may have looked. We used it as the basis for an interactive about the

background of the Code of Ur-Nammu.

MapMaster. "Hammurabi's Babylonia." Map. Wikipedia.org. Wikipedia, 18 Feb. 2008. Web. 26

Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg>.

This map shows the difference in land area of the Babylonian Empire before and

after Hammurabi’s reign.

N.d. Photograph. AffordableHousingInstitute.org. Affordable Housing Institute, 2014. Web. 26

Feb. 2014. <http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2011/12/out-of-zonings-

straitjacket-part-1-the-past-is-ever-with-us.html>.

This picture provides a view of the bas-relief atop the Stele of Hammurabi in close

detail.

Stela of Ur-Nammu. 1900s. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Wikimedia. Web. 26 Feb. 2014.

<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stela_of_Ur-Nammu_detail.jpg>.

This photograph of a Stele of Ur-Nammu depicts a scene in which Ur-Nammu is

making an offering to Namar, the Moon God.

The Stele of Hammurabi. Digital image.

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Code_of_Hammurabi_replica_ste

le_REM.JPG>

This bas relief depicts Hammurabi with his hands over his mouth, indicating that he

is a mere servant of God transferring His laws to the people of Babylon.

The Stele of Hammurabi at The Louvre. Digital image.

<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_N6IFoS5MzpI/TPkBWrM9u5I/AAAAAAAAAMg/kcQ9AC

DrqMU/s1600/SteleOfHammurabi.jpg>.

This picture shows the Stele of Hammurabi at the Louvre Museum in France.

The Tower of Babel. Digital image. <http://www.hudsonfla.com/artempiresbabel.JPG>.

This picture depicts the Babylonia Tower of Babel that mysteriously vanished.

Archaeologists have not been able to pinpoint its exact location.

Miscellaneous Sources

"American English Dictionary for Students of ESL, EFL, and the TOEFL® Test." Merriam-

Webster's Learner's Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb.

2014.<http://www.learnersdictionary.com/>.

This online dictionary was used to obtain the definitions for the vocabulary words in

the key terms section of our website.

Clip Converter. Computer software. ClipConverter.cc. Web. 19 May 2014.

<http://www.clipconverter.cc/>.

This program was utilized to convert multimedia clips online to MP4 files.

Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. <http://dictionary.reference.com/>.

Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. <http://www.merriam-

webster.com/>.

This online dictionary was used to obtain the definitions for the vocabulary words in

the key terms section of our website.

GarageBand. Vers. 10.0.2. Apple, 2014. Computer software.

This piece of computer software cut and trimmed audio clips to suit our purposes.

iMovie. Vers. 10.0.3. Apple, 2014. Computer software.

This piece of computer software aided us in cutting videos to comply with the NHD

rules.

iPhoto. Vers. 9.5.1. Apple, 2014. Computer software

This piece of computer software allowed us to create the collage found in the home

page of our website. We also created banners and cropped photos with it.

Quizlet.com. Quizlet, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <quizlet.com>.

This website allowed us to list, categorize, and analyze numerous laws in the Code of

Hammurabi. It also provides a means of looking at these laws in many different

ways, whether it be with the traditional flashcards to various games.

ThingLink.com. Thinglink, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <www.thinglink.com>.

This website let us create our own interactives using a picture found on the internet

as a base. Upon starting our website, we discovered that not many diagrams and

charts which fulfilled our purpose could be found. As a result, we turned to this

website to create the perfect interactive for the appropriate webpage.

YouTube to MP3 Converter. Computer software. Flvto. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.flvto.com/>.

This software allowed us to crop videos we found to below forty-five seconds to

comply with the rules. Using videos from YouTube and other various sources, we

were able to make MP4 files which were later added to our website.