THE THE COLD COLD WAR WAR BEGIBEGI

NSNS

●●World War II veterans (GI’s) World War II veterans (GI’s) get to attend college for freeget to attend college for free

THE G.I. BILLTHE G.I. BILL

● ● Millions of GIs bought homes, Millions of GIs bought homes, attended college, started attended college, started businesses, or found jobsbusinesses, or found jobs

THE G.I. THE G.I. BILLBILL

● ● The GI Bill made The GI Bill made new homes very new homes very

affordable to affordable to returning soldiersreturning soldiers

● ● Between 1945 and 1954, Between 1945 and 1954, the U.S. added 13 million the U.S. added 13 million

new homesnew homes

President Franklin Roosevelt signs the GI Bill in 1944President Franklin Roosevelt signs the GI Bill in 1944

Truman and civil Truman and civil rightsrights● ● One of the major acts made One of the major acts made

by Truman was when he made by Truman was when he made an executive orderan executive order

to end segregation into end segregation in the armed forcesthe armed forces

● ● Truman also asked Truman also asked Congress to pass a civil Congress to pass a civil

rights bill that would make rights bill that would make lynching a federal crimelynching a federal crime

ELECTION of ELECTION of 19481948

Thomas Dewey

Harry S Truman Strom Thurmond

● ● Many people didn’t think Many people didn’t think he would be re-electedhe would be re-elected

● ● Truman angered Truman angered many Southern many Southern

Democrats by Democrats by supporting integrationsupporting integration

IntegrationIntegration – mixing of groups – mixing of groups previously separated: equal previously separated: equal treatment for all ethnic groupstreatment for all ethnic groups

United States

Democracy

● ● The era of confrontation and competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union when the threat of

nuclear war created constant world tension

vs.

Soviet Union

Communism

The Cold WarThe Cold War

• Believed in democratic forms of Believed in democratic forms of governmentgovernment•Believed the free enterprise system Believed the free enterprise system was necessary for economic growthwas necessary for economic growth

• Believed in a communistic Believed in a communistic forms of government forms of government • Believed in workers revolting Believed in workers revolting (striking) against business (striking) against business owners and taking control of owners and taking control of governmentgovernment

United States Russia

Soviets Soviets take take over over Eastern Eastern EuropeEurope

Soviet troops move into Germany near the end of World War II

● ● As World War II ended, As World War II ended, the Soviet army occupied the Soviet army occupied the countries of Eastern the countries of Eastern

Europe that Germany had Europe that Germany had conquered during the warconquered during the war

The Iron The Iron CurtainCurtain

““An An iron curtain iron curtain has descended across the has descended across the Continent” Continent”

– – Prime Minister Winston ChurchillPrime Minister Winston Churchill

Poland, Poland, Romania, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary Hungary Bulgaria and Bulgaria and East Germany East Germany became satellite became satellite nations of nations of Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Peep under the Iron curtain

March 6, 1946

Who is “Joe”?

What part of Europe is sealed off?

What does the wall symbolize?

Letter from U.S. diplomat Letter from U.S. diplomat George Kennan that led to George Kennan that led to

the U.S. policy of the U.S. policy of containment of containment of

communism.communism.

Kennan said the Russians were concerned Kennan said the Russians were concerned about invasions from the west and wanted a about invasions from the west and wanted a

buffer zone buffer zone Russians wanted to spread communism

world-wideU.S. should use diplomatic, economic and U.S. should use diplomatic, economic and

military actions to keep communism military actions to keep communism containedcontained

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine● ● U.S. foreign policy established by President Truman saying

the U.S. would protect democracies throughout the world

““It must be the policy of It must be the policy of the United States to the United States to support free peoples support free peoples who are resisting who are resisting attempted subjugation attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by armed minorities or outside pressures” outside pressures” -- -- Harry TrumanHarry Truman

● ● It pledged that the United States would fight Communism worldwide

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

American tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine roll through TurkeyAmerican tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine roll through Turkey

● ● Secretary of State Secretary of State George Marshall George Marshall toured Western toured Western Europe.Europe.

Aid for EuropeAid for Europe

Children in a London suburb, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home

●●Marshall feared Marshall feared that poor that poor Europeans would Europeans would turn to turn to CommunismCommunism

MarshalMarshall Planl Plan

● ● U.S. plan for rebuilding Western Europe, and stopping communism after World War II

● ● Plan pumped billions of dollars into Western Europe for food and supplies

George C. Marshall

Marshall Plan aids Western Europe

The Marshall Plan proved to be a great The Marshall Plan proved to be a great successsuccess

The Potsdam Conference

The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Allied leaders during World War II to decide what to do with Germany

Germany Divided

● ● Berlin, the capital city, was divided

● ● After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops

British

French

American

Soviet

● ● In June of 1948, the In June of 1948, the French, British and French, British and American zones were American zones were joined into the nation of joined into the nation of West Germany after the West Germany after the Soviets refused to end Soviets refused to end their occupation of their occupation of Germany.Germany.

East and East and West West

Germany Germany formedformed

West Germany

East Germany

West Berlin

East Berlin

● ● In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.

Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift● ● President Truman President Truman

decided to avoid decided to avoid the blockade by the blockade by

flying in food and flying in food and other supplies to other supplies to the needy people the needy people

of West Berlinof West Berlin

Berlin Berlin AirliftAirlift

● ● The Berlin Airlift The Berlin Airlift saved the people of West saved the people of West Berlin from falling Berlin from falling under Soviet Union under Soviet Union controlcontrol

Birth of NATOBirth of NATONorth Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationOrganization

● ● Formed in Formed in 1949 to 1949 to protect protect Western Western

Europe from Europe from Soviet Soviet

aggressionaggression

The Warsaw The Warsaw PactPact● ● The Warsaw Pact was The Warsaw Pact was

the Soviet Union’s the Soviet Union’s response to the response to the

creation of the North creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization

Cold War spreads to Cold War spreads to AsiaAsia ● ● Communists Communists

take over in take over in ChinaChina

● ● The country of Korea became The country of Korea became the next battleground in the Cold the next battleground in the Cold WarWar

China Korea

The Korean The Korean WarWar

● ● Following World War II, the Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel

● ● Following World War II, the Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel

● ● Soviets controlled North Korea; U.S. sets up a democracy in South Korea

● ● Soviets controlled North Korea; U.S. sets up a democracy in South Korea

The Cold War gets HOTThe Cold War gets HOT

The Korean WarThe Korean War

●●““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

A “Police Action” (1950-1953)A “Police Action” (1950-1953)

If one country falls to If one country falls to communism, others around it communism, others around it

will fall as wellwill fall as well

The Korean WarThe Korean War● ● On June 25, 1950, North Korea invades

South Korea

● ● On June 25, 1950, North Korea invades

South Korea

● ● Communist forces push UN forces to

brink of defeat, but UN forces push back

● ● UN forces under Macarthur come to

the aid of South Korea

The Cold War gets HOTThe Cold War gets HOT

The Korean WarThe Korean War● North Koreans pushed back to border with China

● ● Chinese enter war on the side of North Koreans

● ● Macarthur calls for an invasion of China, wants to use the atomic bomb

An artillery officer directs UN troops as they drop white phosphorous on a Communist-held

post in February 1951.

The Korean The Korean WarWar● ● War ends in

a stalemate● ● Korean War Korean War endedended July 1953 July 1953

● ● U.S. began a major military build-up; U.S. began a major military build-up; began using military force to prevent began using military force to prevent spread of communismspread of communism

● ● Korea was Korea was divided at the 38divided at the 38thth parallelparallel

Red ScareRed Scare● ● U.S. citizens in 1950s feared

Communists wanted to take over the world. This fear was known as

the Red Scare.

Red ScareRed Scare

Movie stars Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart lead a protest during height of Hollywood Blacklist controversy

● ● People who were accused of being People who were accused of being Communists were often “blacklisted”Communists were often “blacklisted”

● ● If someone was If someone was blacklisted, it meant they blacklisted, it meant they were denied work or were denied work or ostracized from societyostracized from society

McCarthyismMcCarthyism● ● In 1952, U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy began holding Senate hearings

● ● McCarthy turned the hearings into witch-hunts, destroying people’s reputations

Russians launch Russians launch SputnikSputnik

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America into space—they have the into space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

The Space Race The Space Race BeginsBegins● ● In 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri In 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri

Gagarin blasted off into space, Gagarin blasted off into space, making the Soviet Union the first making the Soviet Union the first

nation to launch a human into nation to launch a human into spacespace

● ● Kennedy said he Kennedy said he wanted U.S. to land a wanted U.S. to land a man on the moon by man on the moon by the end of the 1960sthe end of the 1960s

● ● on July 20, 1969, when on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong became Neil Armstrong became the first human to step the first human to step

foot on the moonfoot on the moon

““That’s one small step for man, That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” – one giant leap for mankind.” –

Neil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong

The Space Race The Space Race BeginsBegins

Berlin Wall BuiltBerlin Wall Built● ● Soviets wanted to keep Soviets wanted to keep Germans from moving out of Germans from moving out of East Germany into West East Germany into West BerlinBerlin

Castro embraces Castro embraces CommunismCommunism

(1959) (1959)

Cuban dictator Fidel Castro embraces Soviet premier Nikita Cuban dictator Fidel Castro embraces Soviet premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

Bay of Pigs Bay of Pigs Debacle Debacle

● ● CIA-trained Cuban exiles led an attack at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba in an

attempt to overthrow Castro

● ● Invasion was a disaster and failed;

(1961)(1961)

Cuban Missile Cuban Missile CrisisCrisis● ● U.S. and Russia U.S. and Russia

came extremely close to came extremely close to nuclear war when nuclear war when Russians place nuclear Russians place nuclear missiles in Cuba in missiles in Cuba in November of 1962November of 1962

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis● ● United States places an embargo on incoming shipments to Cuba from the Soviet Union

● ● United States places an embargo on incoming shipments to Cuba from the Soviet Union

Cuban Missile Cuban Missile CrisisCrisis

● ● The Russians The Russians agreed to take their agreed to take their missiles out of Cuba missiles out of Cuba if the U.S. removed if the U.S. removed theirs from Turkeytheirs from Turkey

● ● The Russians The Russians agreed to take their agreed to take their missiles out of Cuba missiles out of Cuba if the U.S. removed if the U.S. removed theirs from Turkeytheirs from Turkey

● ● Kennedy threatens a Kennedy threatens a U.S. invasion of Cuba U.S. invasion of Cuba unless Soviet missiles unless Soviet missiles are removedare removed

President John F. Kennedy thinking in the Oval Office during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962