The Cold War The Cold War

Main Idea:

The conflicting aims between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led to global competition

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War

Yalta Conference occurred in February of 1945 in whichYalta Conference occurred in February of 1945 in which Great Britain, the U.S. and the Soviet Union attendedGreat Britain, the U.S. and the Soviet Union attended

Outcomes of the Yalta Outcomes of the Yalta ConferenceConference

Divide Germany into zones of Divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by occupation controlled by Allied forces.Allied forces.

Germany would compensate Germany would compensate for loss of life and property to for loss of life and property to the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

Eastern European nations Eastern European nations would conduct free elections would conduct free elections to determine its form of to determine its form of government.government.

The United NationsThe United Nations

The purpose is intended to protect the The purpose is intended to protect the members against aggression, to promote members against aggression, to promote world peace, and to provide emergency world peace, and to provide emergency relief.relief.

Any country could participate or join the Any country could participate or join the General Assembly.General Assembly.

The Security Council consists of 11 The Security Council consists of 11 countries by 5 countries would remain countries by 5 countries would remain permanent.permanent. U.S., Britain, China, Soviet Union, FranceU.S., Britain, China, Soviet Union, France

Comparing the U.S. and the Comparing the U.S. and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

The United The United StatesStates

The Soviet The Soviet UnionUnion

CasualtiesCasualties

CitiesCities

Type of Type of Gov’tGov’t

400,000 Soldiers 20,000,000 People

No cities were destroyed

1/3 of Russia’s cities were destroyed

Democracy Communism

Origins of the Cold War

The major goal of the Soviet Union was to shield itself from another invasion from the west

Germany was divided onto Allied Zones of Occupation

The Potsdam ConferenceThe Potsdam Conference

Great Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union attended the Potsdam conference to discuss the future of Communism and Democracy in Europe.

The Iron The Iron CurtainCurtain

Europe’s division between a mostly Democratic Western Europe and a Communist Eastern Europe.““satellite satellite nations” or nations” or countries countries dependent dependent upon & upon & dominated by dominated by the Soviet the Soviet UnionUnion

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Started in 1947, to Started in 1947, to

provide economic & provide economic & military aid to free military aid to free nations threatened nations threatened by internal or by internal or external opponentsexternal opponents

Was essential to Was essential to keeping the Soviet keeping the Soviet influence from influence from spreading in spreading in EuropeEurope

$400 million was $400 million was given to given to Turkey & Turkey & GreeceGreece

Truman adopted a foreign policy called containment. A policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and preventing expansion of Communism

Marshall PlanMarshall PlanProposed by Proposed by General George General George MarshallMarshallUS provide aid to US provide aid to all European all European nations thatnations that needed itneeded itWould supply Would supply economic aid to economic aid to European nations European nations to help them to help them rebuild after WWIIrebuild after WWII

327 day operation in which the U.S. & British planes flew food & supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city in 1948

Berlin Airlift

The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall

Escape from BerlinEscape from Berlin

A Cold War is the increasing diplomatic hostility between

two superpowers

NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization

An Alliance in which it promised to meet an attack on any NATO member

The Warsaw Pact was an alliance system formed in 1955 in response to NATO and

allowing West Germany to re-arm

Its Purpose: The world was divided between capitalismcapitalism and communismcommunism.

Christian DemocratsChristian DemocratsAfter WWII progressive Catholics revitalized Catholic Political Parties – The Christian Democrats

Christians began to see Europe as a COMMUNITY! They rejected authoritarian and narrow nationalism and placed their faith in democracy!

Common Market

In 1957 the Treaty of Rome was signed which created a single market almost as big as the U.S.

The treaty reduced a gradual reduction of tariffs among the six nations and thrived economically but remained a union of independent states.

Nationalism Putters

A resurgence of nationalism returns to France under Charles De Gaulle

France defends its imperialistic stake in Algeria and a war breaks out. (controversial back home)

De Gaulle withdrew all military forces from NATO because he viewed the U.S. as a threat to French independence.

The Hydrogen BombThe Hydrogen Bomb

Russian resented being left out of the development Russian resented being left out of the development of the Atomic Bomb project during World War II.of the Atomic Bomb project during World War II.

The Superpowers were determined to develop a more powerful weapon than

each other in case of war.

Effects of Nuclear WarEffects of Nuclear War

The Nuclear Arms Race

After each superpower had the technology to build a H-bomb then it became a “race” to see who could have the

most in its arsenal.

Weapons of the Cold WarWeapons of the Cold WarPROPAGANDAPROPAGANDA

Newspapers, radio, Newspapers, radio, television, street television, street demonstrations, demonstrations, U.N. protestsU.N. protests

DIPLOMATIC DIPLOMATIC MOVESMOVES

International International conferences and conferences and military alliancesmilitary alliances

SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC COMPETITIONCOMPETITION

Nuclear weapons, Nuclear weapons, missiles, and missiles, and space flightsspace flights

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC COMPETITIONCOMPETITION

Aid to Aid to underdeveloped underdeveloped countriescountries

ESPIONAGEESPIONAGE

Conducted by extensive Conducted by extensive spy rings, intelligence-spy rings, intelligence-gathering ships, and gathering ships, and data-gathering space data-gathering space vehiclesvehicles

SUBVERSIONSUBVERSION

Encouraging dissent Encouraging dissent and disruption and disruption within each other’s within each other’s spheresspheres

Stalin after World War II

“The war of fascism ends, the war on capitalism begins” Joseph Stalin

Stalin purged soldiers, culture, and art that had or came in contact with western ideological ways.

Nikita Khrushchev became Stalin’s successor

He started destalinization in which he denounced the treatment of his people by Stalin and purged the country of Stalin’s memory.

People in Eastern Europe (Poland and Hungary) Hungarian Revolt tried to remove Communist controlled areas in Eastern Europe because they see an opportunity for independence.

In 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.

Americans questioned whether their children were learning to read, write, and calculate well enough to succeed in an increasingly competitive world.The Soviets developed the first ICBM

(intercontinental ballistic missile) in 1957 which further made the U.S. invest in NASA (Space Race is ON!)

The Czech Revolt (1968)

The Prague Spring

Alexander Dubcek became the leader of the communist party in Czechoslovakia.

Dubcek was communist but thought he could reconcile with socialism, democracy, and individual rights. Largely supported in Czech. NOT MOSCOW!

Russians invaded with 500,000 soldiers and put down this revolution. Declared Brezhnev Doctrine (Soviet Union may intervene in any socialist country as it saw fit)

Prague SpringPrague Spring

Decline of Class Structure

Post WWII Europe saw a breakdown of class structure, thus gave more social mobility

Thanks to corporations, gov’t agencies, and a demand for powerful technology

Working class felt the impact do to service industry and increased social reform.

Woman’s reform movement

Four major forces helping women1. 1) The economic boom between

1950-1973 created a strong demand for labor.

2. 2) Economy took gradual shift away from physical labor to service, education, trade, and gov’t positions.

3. 3) More women were being educated and took full advantage of the office worker and well trained professionals.

4. 4) Precedent from WWII laboring

The Women’s Movement in the 1970’s Three reasons for this Three reasons for this

developmentdevelopment1) On going changes in underlying 1) On going changes in underlying

patterns of motherhood. (Marrying patterns of motherhood. (Marrying young and going to work)young and going to work)

2) Feminist intellectuals urged many 2) Feminist intellectuals urged many women to re-think their assumed women to re-think their assumed position in society.position in society.

3) Student uprisings and the Vietnam 3) Student uprisings and the Vietnam War protests gave them the idea War protests gave them the idea that they must band together to that they must band together to create change.create change.

Leading intellectuals in the women’s movement

Simone de BeauvoirSimone de Beauvoir was a French writer and philosopher that helped inspired women in her book The Second Sex.

Effects of the Women’s Movement

Women pushed for new rules in the workplace “equal pay for equal work” Maternity leave Sexual discrimination

Gender and family concerns Right to divorce Alimony Protection from rape and domestic abuse Legalized abortion

Détente is the policy of lessened Cold War tensions.

Ronald Reagan announces that he will escalate the U.S. (SDI) strategic defense initiativeThe fall of the Berlin Wall symbolizes

the end of the Cold War!