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THE COLD WAR
READINGS: Smith, et al., 950-955, 959-985
WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR? Undeclared War
between Two Superpowers• United States
Democracy Capitalism
• Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) Communism
Theatres of Battle:• Proxy wars in other
countries• Nuclear Arms Race• Space Race• Economic Competition
COLD WAR IN EUROPE Fear of Communism in
Greece, Italy, and France
Fear of Revival of Fascism in Germany• July 1947 – Marshall
Plan• April 1949 – Creation of
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Orga1nization)
• August 29, 1949 – Soviets detonate Atomic Bomb
• 1955 – Soviets form Warsaw Pact
• October 4, 1957 – Soviets launch Sputnik
KOREAN PROBLEMS End of World War II: North Korea (Soviet Zone):
• Soviets turn North Korea into militarized Communist State under Kim Il-Sung
South Korea (U.S. Zone):• Korean’s Create “People’s
Republic” U.S. refuses recognition
• Economy so tied into Japan’s not sure want to separate it
• Don’t want to give land confiscated by Japanese back to Koreans
• Reluctantly agreed to back South Korea as United Nations recommended Korea’s independence
NORTH KOREA Kim Il-Sung
• Born into Christian family
• Organized anti-Japanese resistance movement from USSR in 1930s
• Proclaimed “People’s Democratic Republic” (September 9, 1948)
• Institutionalized dictatorship modeled on Stalin’s
Repressed/killed thousands and created a police state
SOUTH KOREA Rhee Syngman
• Nationalist and Christian
• Politically conservative• Spent many years in
the U.S.• Unpopular with many
non-Christians• Unpopular with Koreans
opposed to U.S. influence
Led to leftist movements
• He imprisoned thousands and created police state
KOREAN WAR (1950-1953) Both Koreas wanted Reunification
– with force if necessary United Nations passed resolution
in favor of democratic unified Korea
North Korea (with Soviet and Chinese support) invaded South Korea (June 25, 1950)• U.S. General Douglas
MacArthur ordered U.N. invasion of North Korea
With the successful invasion of North Korea, MacArthur wanted to push into China
• Threatened by U.N./U.S. invasion, China supported North Korean Advance into South Korea
With stalemate, armistice signed restoring division at 38th Parallel (June 27, 1953) – nothing changed, no treaty signed
North Korea Kim Il-Sung: “Thinking about
reunification makes it impossible for me to sleep at night”
In 1961 – North Korea per capita income twice that of South Korea
Many students in South envious of northern brothers
But North Korea could not sustain development without Soviet help, which gradually, then suddenly disappeared
North Korea won of poorest nations in world today
Leaders (Kim Jong-Il and Kim Jong-sun) have been among most dangerous
South Korea Syngman Rhee: “An armistice
without national unification [is] a death sentence wthout protest.”
With US aid, South Korea has become one of Asia’s “Little Tigers,” a modern industrial nation that produces
appliances, electronics, and automobiles for export
Boasts 98% literacy and claims highest digital literacy in the world
Remains a solid US ally
Right-slide at 1988 Olympics
NORTH KOREA 2014
South Korea Brothers Memorial
THE CHINESE REVOLUTION
Sun Yat-sen – Father of Modern China? (Elected President Dec. 30, 1911)
May 4th Movement (May 4, 1919)
1920 – 1949 Civil War between Nationalists and Communists
CHINESE NATIONALISTS
Kuomintang (KMT) Under leadership of Chiang
Kai-shek• Allied with Shanghai business
community Formed United Front with
Chinese Communists to unify country between 1926 and 1928
1928 - Expelled communists and killed thousands
Chiang ran the Republic of China from 1928-1937 from Capital in Nanjing
Attempted to modernize China along western lines• Received significant public
and private aid from the United States
CHINESE COMMUNISTS Mao Zedong
• Peasant who saw base of Communists in Peasantry
• Used violence to redistribute property
1935 – “Long March” with 100,000 soldiers• Fought 6,000 miles
on foot• Moved into Northern
Shensi Province• Set up Headquarters
in Yenan - 1936
JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA, 1937
Communists and Nationalists form uneasy front against Japan
Communists build up peasant support in Northern China
Communists build mass-based party
Communists foster cult of people/peasants
END OF WORLD WAR II IN CHINA
U.S. wants Nationalists and Communists to form coalition government• Nationalists refuse
Have more U.S. weapons Thought could easily
defeat CCP Had no cause Had no economic program Many KMT generals
warlords who fought each other for territory
CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1946-1949
Communists had millions of peasants, few weapons
Gradually defeated KMT • Confiscated weapons
October 1, 1949, victorious Mao proclaims “The People’s Republic of China”
Chiang Kai-Shek, KMT flee to Taiwan
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1957
Communists consolidate power
Economy a disaster at end of war• Rebuilt it rapidly with
Soviet assistance, but still backward
• Collectivized agriculture• Tried to industrialize
along Soviet lines Failed – too backward
“Great Leap Forward” - 1958 Urban population up
30% 1952-1957• Grain production
stagnant Mao solution –
industrialize on the collectives• Put factories in rural
areas• Worked at first• Failed without Soviet
Assistance 1959 Huge Famine
“THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION” 1960-1978
Famine challenged communist myths• Peasants, workers
turned against Mao and the CCP
The Cultural Revolution• Reeducate masses
Universities closed Dissidents attacked Millions killed, tortured,
imprisoned Only ended with Mao’s
Death
U.S. AND CHINA Both Chiang Kai-Shek and
Mao Zedong committed to “One China”
Before 1971, U.S. recognized Nationalist Taiwan as “official” China
July 1971 – President Richard Nixon sends Henry Kissinger to China
October 1971, Taiwan Kicked out of U.N., “People’s Republic of China” brought in
May 1973 – Chinese and U.S. “normalize” all relations• Nixon agrees Taiwan should
be reunified with China January 1, 1979 President
Jimmy Carter recognizes “People’s Republic of China” as “official” government of China
CHINA UNDER DENG XIOAPING (1978-1997)
Under Deng Xioping, China moves rapidly in a capitalist direction• Encourages trade,
especially with the U.S. Limited Democracy –
much official repression
Tiananmen Square Massacre• Brings tanks in to fire
on students protesting for Democracy, Liberal ideals of French and American Revolution
CONTEMPORARY CHINA
With Baoding English Class
CHALLENGES CHINA FACES
TAIWAN
Island largely populated by Malay peoples
Taiwan only annexed by Qing Dynasty in 17th Century• Encourage Chinese migration
1894/1910 Taiwan becomes Japanese Colony• Fostered Industrialization• Fostered Mass Education
1944 – 71% Chinese Literate• Only 10% Literate in Dutch East
Indies and French Indochina• Restricted Taiwanese university
education• Allowed Taiwanese farmers to own
land Main Point: Taiwan’s 20th
Century History very different from that of Mainland China
END OF WORLD WAR II
Taiwan Reunified with China• KMT ruled Taiwan as
conquered colony• Taiwanese Rebellion
1947 10,000 Taiwanese
killed
DEFEAT OF KMT - 1949 Communists defeat
Nationalists (KMT) in Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-shek and 2 million KMT soldiers flee to Taiwan• Brutally chase
Taiwanese out of homes, factories, land
• Thousands more killed• Taiwanese believe
Chinese Nationalists worse than Japanese
UNITED STATES AND TAIWAN 1949 - U.S. recognizes
Taiwan as “true” China• Taiwan admitted to
United Nations Taiwan grew
economically The KMT dictatorship
morphs into democracy
U.S. invested capital U.S. provided military
support
IS TAIWAN A SEPARATE NATION OR A PROVINCE OF CHINA?
Improved U.S. Relations with Mao -> Taiwan no longer recognized
• Tensions persist between China and Taiwan
Lee Teng-hui – member of KMT – first elected President of Taiwan 1996
• Proclaims Taiwan will deal with mainland China on the basis of “special state-to-state relations”
China rejects “two-state theory”• Chen Shui-bian, head of Democratic
Progressive Party, native Taiwanese elected President March 2000
Platform calls for Independent Taiwan First victory of native Taiwanese over KMT
Significant and often escalating tensions between China and Taiwan
Ma-Ying-Jeou, ardent KMT, becomes President in March 2008
IS ONE CHINA POSSIBLE? President Bush stands firm on
U.S. Commitment to “One China” but…• Taiwan very democratic, little
democracy in China• 1992: China’s per capita GNP
$560.00, Taiwan’s $9,300• 2006: China’s per capita GNP
$7,700,• Taiwan’s $29,000 • U.S. ignores many human
rights abuses in China, but… China has 3rd largest economy
in the world U.S. has many economic
interests in both Taiwan and China
Much of Chinese investment comes from Taiwanese
VIETNAM
Under French colonial control from 1880s• Created plantation
economy in hands of French
Destroyed Vietnamese families
Took Vietnamese land
Used Vietnamese as forced laborers
Much resentment
Ho Chi Minh One of Many Vietnamese
nationalists opposed to French rule
Went to Paris seeking national self-determination for Vietnam in 1919-1920• No one would talk to him
Founded French Communist Party
Studied in the Soviet Union Launched nationalist
uprisings from China in 1930s• French put down uprisings,
killing thousands• Had little influence in
country
JAPANESE ACQUIRE VIETNAM Germans make France
give Vietnam to Japan 1940
When obvious would lose, Japanese attacked French in Vietnam
U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh, who creates Viet Minh to liberate Vietnam
General Vo Nguyen Giap occupies Hanoi after Japanese surrender• Proclaims Provisional
Government with Ho Chi Minh as President
Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam – September 2, 1945
VIETNAMESE WAR AGAINST THE FRENCH French insist on
keeping Vietnam leading to war 1946-1954
Ho Chi Minh controls North
French create puppet regime under Bao Dai, last of Nguyen emperors in South
War with France ends when Vietnamese devastate French troops in Battle of Dien Bien Phu - 1954
THE VIETNAM WAR Geneva Conference
• U.S. originally backed Ho Chi Minh, but scared by development of Communism in Korea and China
“The Domino Theory” Recognized French
government of Bao Dai Gave government $4 billion in
aid 1950-1954• Now U.S. backed division of
country at 17th Parallel Ho Chi Minh controlled North Ngo Dinh Diem backed by
U.S. controlled the Republic of Vietnam in the South
Soviets and China sent material aid but no soldiers to North Vietnam
U.S. sent half a million soldiers to South by 1969
DEFEAT OF SOUTH VIETNAM South difficult to govern
• Multiethnic • Divisions between Buddhists and
Catholics• Corruption in Government• Ho Chi Minh sometimes popular as
nationalist Terrain difficult
• U.S. dropped more tons of bombs on Vietnam than they did on Japan in World War II
• U.S. used napalm to destroy foliage
Atrocities led much U.S. public opinion against war, many demonstrations
U.S. withdraws after much protest – 1973• Two years later, Saigon falls• Vietnam becomes Communist• Those who could, left• Vietnam communist, but moving
in Capitalist direction like China• Still one of poorest countries in
Asia