THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

Eastern Europe is the first area where Eastern Europe is the first area where the communist/capitalist conflict arosethe communist/capitalist conflict arose

The creation of satellite nations forced The creation of satellite nations forced Truman and Churchill to actTruman and Churchill to act

Churchill uses the phrase “iron curtain” to Churchill uses the phrase “iron curtain” to describe the barrier between Western describe the barrier between Western Europe (non-communist) and Eastern Europe (non-communist) and Eastern Europe (communist) Europe (communist)

Policy of ContainmentPolicy of Containment

US policyUS policy Restricts communism into its current Restricts communism into its current

bordersborders Issued in 1940sIssued in 1940s

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

President Truman says the US will help President Truman says the US will help any non-communist country combat any non-communist country combat communismcommunism

i.e. Turkey and Greecei.e. Turkey and Greece

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

Economic plan to rebuild western EuropeEconomic plan to rebuild western Europe Developed by US Sec. of State George Developed by US Sec. of State George

Marshall Marshall Will win the Nobel Peace Prize for this actionWill win the Nobel Peace Prize for this action

A Germany Divided…A Germany Divided…

Germany and Berlin divided between: Germany and Berlin divided between: US, Soviet Union, France, GBUS, Soviet Union, France, GB

When GB and FR entered into Marshall When GB and FR entered into Marshall Plan and began to join democratic forces, Plan and began to join democratic forces, Stalin got angryStalin got angry

THUS….THUS….

Berlin Blockade and Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift (1948)Berlin Airlift (1948)

The Soviets want all of Berlin (since it is The Soviets want all of Berlin (since it is in their zone) so they blockaded the in their zone) so they blockaded the western portionwestern portion

They did this hoping to make the Allies They did this hoping to make the Allies give up this sectiongive up this section

In response, supplies, food, medicine, etc In response, supplies, food, medicine, etc were sent in by air for over 11 monthswere sent in by air for over 11 months

In 1949 Stalin lifts the blockade In 1949 Stalin lifts the blockade

NATO vs. Warsaw PactNATO vs. Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) developed in 1949(NATO) developed in 1949

It is designed as a military alliance to It is designed as a military alliance to defend US, Western Europe and Canada defend US, Western Europe and Canada from outside attackfrom outside attack

In response, communist nations develop In response, communist nations develop the Warsaw Pactthe Warsaw Pact

Arms RaceArms Race

Also in 1949 the Soviets successfully Also in 1949 the Soviets successfully tested their own atomic bombtested their own atomic bomb

Now it was a race between the USSR Now it was a race between the USSR and the US to see who could develop and the US to see who could develop and strengthen weapon systemsand strengthen weapon systems

KhrushchevKhrushchev

Becomes leader after Stalin dies in 1953Becomes leader after Stalin dies in 1953 He wants to “destalinize” the Soviet He wants to “destalinize” the Soviet

Union (reverse some polices that Stalin Union (reverse some polices that Stalin started)started)

A Peaceful CoexistenceA Peaceful Coexistence

Khrushchev calls for this policy to avoid Khrushchev calls for this policy to avoid war with the westwar with the west

Encourages nations to follow Encourages nations to follow communism and improves societycommunism and improves society

A special emphasis is put on A special emphasis is put on technological researchtechnological research

Sputnik, ICBM and a Sputnik, ICBM and a Space RaceSpace Race

The Soviets launch The Soviets launch Sputnik ISputnik I, world’s first , world’s first space satellite space satellite

Both USSR and US test Intercontinental Both USSR and US test Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) which are long Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) which are long range rocketsrange rockets

The need to be one step ahead of the The need to be one step ahead of the other country with space technology other country with space technology development is known as the space racedevelopment is known as the space race

SputnikSputnik

ICBMICBM

Soured Relations Lead to Soured Relations Lead to Problems in CubaProblems in Cuba

Relations are good for a while between US and Relations are good for a while between US and USSR until the USSR shoots down a US spy USSR until the USSR shoots down a US spy planeplane

USSR denounces US and America retaliates USSR denounces US and America retaliates by cutting off trade w/ Cuba, as they are by cutting off trade w/ Cuba, as they are harboring Soviet nuclear missilesharboring Soviet nuclear missiles

Cuba turns to USSR for helpCuba turns to USSR for help Cuba already communist due to Castro coming Cuba already communist due to Castro coming

to power in 1959to power in 1959

Bay of Pigs Bay of Pigs 19611961

The US decides to get Castro out of The US decides to get Castro out of power by taking Cuban exiles in America, power by taking Cuban exiles in America, having the CIA train them, put them back having the CIA train them, put them back in Cuba, have them start a revolt and in Cuba, have them start a revolt and overthrow Castrooverthrow Castro

This was a This was a HUGEHUGE failure and an failure and an embarrassment to JFKembarrassment to JFK

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 19621962

Since the US found Soviet missiles pointed Since the US found Soviet missiles pointed at America in Cuba they needed to actat America in Cuba they needed to act

The Soviets put their missiles in Cuba to The Soviets put their missiles in Cuba to offset US missiles in Turkey pointed at the offset US missiles in Turkey pointed at the USSRUSSR

In response, the US blockaded Cuba and In response, the US blockaded Cuba and Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles if Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles if the US did not invade Cubathe US did not invade Cuba

Results of Cuban Missile Results of Cuban Missile CrisisCrisis

This crisis is one of the most important This crisis is one of the most important events of Cold War…Why????events of Cold War…Why????

Each side knew better relations were key Each side knew better relations were key and set up a “hotline” so they could talk and set up a “hotline” so they could talk before missiles were launchedbefore missiles were launched

The US removes its missiles from TurkeyThe US removes its missiles from Turkey Leads to policy of Leads to policy of détentedétente, or relaxing of , or relaxing of

tensions between US and USSRtensions between US and USSR

SALTSALT

SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Nixon was the first to meet with the Nixon was the first to meet with the

Soviets and they basically agreed to limit Soviets and they basically agreed to limit their nuclear weaponstheir nuclear weapons

This also is an example of détente or the This also is an example of détente or the beginning of the end of the Cold Warbeginning of the end of the Cold War

Soviet Satellite NationsSoviet Satellite Nations

The USSR kept a close guard on its satellite The USSR kept a close guard on its satellite nationsnations

The people resented this, though could not do The people resented this, though could not do much against the powerful Soviet forcesmuch against the powerful Soviet forces

Some countries include:Some countries include: PolandPoland CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia HungaryHungary East Germany and East Berlin (city)East Germany and East Berlin (city)

IRAN HOSTAGE CRISISIRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS

The US tried to keep the Shah of Iran in power The US tried to keep the Shah of Iran in power as he wanted to westernize Iran and also as he wanted to westernize Iran and also wished to get rid of religious influence in the wished to get rid of religious influence in the governmentgovernment

Another political group had the support of the Another political group had the support of the people, who wished to see religion remain in people, who wished to see religion remain in governmentgovernment

This group used their power to take over Iran This group used their power to take over Iran and wanted the Shah to be tried for treasonand wanted the Shah to be tried for treason

The Shah (supported by the US) would not The Shah (supported by the US) would not return from exile. return from exile.

IRAN HOSTAGE CRISISIRAN HOSTAGE CRISISCONT’DCONT’D

In 1979, a group of militants stormed the US In 1979, a group of militants stormed the US embassy and held hostage all of the embassy embassy and held hostage all of the embassy workers for almost two years with the workers for almost two years with the permission of the new Iranian gov’tpermission of the new Iranian gov’t

They demanded return of the Shah for trial in They demanded return of the Shah for trial in exchange for the hostages, but the US would exchange for the hostages, but the US would not complynot comply

The hostages were eventually let go (1981), The hostages were eventually let go (1981), but the relationship between Iran and US but the relationship between Iran and US remains strained even todayremains strained even today

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Many people had begun to migrate over to Many people had begun to migrate over to West Berlin in search for better jobs, economy, West Berlin in search for better jobs, economy, or to get away from communismor to get away from communism

This was an embarrassment to the Soviet This was an embarrassment to the Soviet Union so they began to build a massive wallUnion so they began to build a massive wall

This wall was to keep westerners out and This wall was to keep westerners out and easterners ineasterners in

People faced dogs, electric wire, etc trying to People faced dogs, electric wire, etc trying to get acrossget across

It was the most visible and powerful symbol It was the most visible and powerful symbol representing the iron curtainrepresenting the iron curtain

Fall of Berlin WallFall of Berlin Wall

In November 1989 the government of In November 1989 the government of East Berlin announced that crossing the East Berlin announced that crossing the border (wall) would be permittedborder (wall) would be permitted

In the next few weeks that followed, the In the next few weeks that followed, the wall was dismantled wall was dismantled

German unification (east and west German unification (east and west united) was finally completed on October united) was finally completed on October 3, 19903, 1990

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

Series of demonstrations led by students in Series of demonstrations led by students in China in the summer of 1989China in the summer of 1989

These students were protesting the communist These students were protesting the communist governmentgovernment

The military cracked down on the protesters, The military cracked down on the protesters, leaving many dead and woundedleaving many dead and wounded

The violence the protesters met was The violence the protesters met was broadcasted around the world and angered broadcasted around the world and angered many democratic nationsmany democratic nations