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Richard Miller, M.Ed.Professor of Physical Education,
Emeritus
Henry Eugene King, Ph.D.Professor of Psychology, Emeritus
Carlyle Westbrook Barritt, Ph.D.Professor of Romance Languages
Emeritus
Sidney Mathias Baxter Coulling,Ph.D.
S. Blount Mason, Jr., Professorof English, Emeritus
Henry Sharp, Jr., Ph.D.Rupert and Lillian Radford
Professor of Mathematics,Emeritus
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr., Ph.D.Professor of Biology, Emeritus
William Joseph Watt, Ph.D.Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus
H. Robert Huntley, Ph.D.Professor of English, Emeritus
Odell S. McGuire, Ph.D.Professor of Geology, Emeritus
Severn Parker Costin Duvall, Ph.D.Henry S. Fox, Jr., Professor
of English, Emeritus
Theodore J. Sjoerdsma, Ph.D.Professor of Computer Science,
Emeritus
Edward Buck Hamer, Ph.D.Professor of Romance Languages,
Emeritus
Joseph Ramsey Martin, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy,
Emeritus
Edgar Winston Spencer, Ph.D.Ruth Parmly Professor of Geology
Harrison Joseph Pemberton, Jr.,Ph.D.
Professor of Philosophy
Louis Wendell Hodges, Ph.D.John S. and James L. Knight
Professor of Journalism Ethics
Jefferson Davis Futch III, Ph.D.Professor of History
J. Brown Goehring, Ph.D.Professor of Chemistry
H. Marshall Jarrett, Ph.D.Professor of History
Leonard Everett Jarrard, Ph.D.Robert Lee Telford
Professor of Psychology
William Barlow Newbolt, Ph.D.Professor of Physics
John Maurice Evans, Ph.D.Professor of English
Robert Winter Royston, Ph.D.Professor of Mathematics,
Emeritus
James Joseph Pollard, M.S.Professor of Engineering Sciences
and Applied Mathematics,Emeritus
Charles Wilson Turner, Ph.D.Professor of History, Emeritus
Charles Wiley Williams, Ph.D.Professor of Mathematics,
Emeritus
William Alexander Jenks, Ph.D.William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor
of History, Emeritus
George Francis Drake, Ph.D.Professor of Romance Languages,
Emeritus
Henry Louis Ravenhorst, C.A.Professor of Engineering,
Emeritus
David Worth Sprunt, Th.D.Fletcher Otey Thomas Professor
of Bible, Emeritus
Norman Franklin Lord, M.S.Professor of Physical Education,
Emeritus
I-Hsiung Ju, M.A.Professor of Art and
Artist-in-Residence, Emeritus
THE COLLEGE
John William Elrod, Ph.D.President of the University
Laurent Boetsch, D.M.L.Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the College
Steven G. Desjardins, Ph.D.Associate Dean of the College
FACULTY
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77
George Washington Ray III, Ph.D.Professor of English
Walker Dabney Stuart III, A.M.S. Blount Mason, Jr.,
Professor of English
Albert Claude Gordon, Ph.D.Professor of Theatre
Herman Ward Taylor, Jr., Ph.D.Professor of Ancient Languages
Robert Stanley Johnson, Ph.D.Cincinnati Professor of
Mathematics
Robert Willard McAhren, Ph.D.Professor of History
Thomas Gordon Nye II, Ph.D.Professor of Biology
Joseph B. Thompson, Ph.D.Professor of Psychology
Sidney James Williams, Ph.D.Professor of Romance Languages
David Gordon Elmes, Ph.D.Professor of Psychology
Frederic Lyon Schwab, Ph.D.Professor of Geology
Ronald Hebert MacDonald, B.S.Professor of Journalism and
Mass Communications
James Joseph Donaghy, Ph.D.Professor of Physics
John Kelley Jennings, Ph.D.Professor of Journalism and
Mass Communications
Henry Powell Porter, Jr., Ph.D.Professor of History
Michael A. Pleva, Ph.D.Professor of Chemistry
Irwin Taylor Sanders II, Ph.D.Professor of History
Lamar John Ryan Cecil, Jr., Ph.D.William R. Kenan, Jr.,
Professor of History
Harold Clinton Hill, Ph.D.Professor of East Asian Languages
Edwin David Craun, Ph.D.Henry S. Fox, Jr.,
Professor of English
William Lad Sessions, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy
Thomas O. Vinson, Jr., Ph.D.Professor of Mathematics
Halford Ross Ryan, Ph.D.Professor of English and Speech
Harry Thomas Williams, Ph.D.Edwin A. Morris Professor of
Physics
John William Elrod, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy
David Bruce Dickens, Ph.D.Professor of German
John Milton McDaniel III, Ph.D.Professor of Anthropology
Pamela Hemenway Simpson, Ph.D.Ernest Williams II Professor of Art
Barbara J. Brown, M.S.Professor
Owen Kendall White, Jr., Ph.D.Professor of Sociology
Roger Bailey Jeans, Jr., Ph.D.Elizabeth Lewis Otey Professor
of East Asian History
Hampden Harrison Smith III, M.A.Professor of Journalism and
Mass Communications
John Holt Merchant, Jr., Ph.D.Professor of History
Gordon Philip Spice, Ph.D.Professor of Music
Ronald Lane Reese, Ph.D.Professor of Physics
Thomas P. Whaley, Ph.D.Professor of Computer Science
Charles Thomas Boggs, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy
Barry Francis Machado, Ph.D.Professor of History
David Robert Novack, Ph.D.Professor of Sociology
Harlan Ray Beckley, Ph.D.Professor of Religion
Thomas Joseph Ziegler, M.A.Professor of Theatre
Robert Joseph de Maria, M.S.Professor of Journalism and
Mass Communications
John Jay Wielgus, Ph.D.Professor of Biology
Michael F. Walsh, B.B.A.Professor of Physical Education
Robert E. Akins, Ph.D.Professor of Physics and
Engineering
Alfred Garrett Fralin, Jr., Ph.D.Professor of Romance Languages
Roger A. Crockett, Ph.D.Professor of German
Edwin M. Yoder, Jr., M.A. (Oxon.)Professor of Journalism and
Humanities
Laurent Boetsch, D.M.L.Professor of Romance Languages
Larry M. Stene, M.F.A.Professor of Art
Winston B. Davis, B.D., Ph.D.Jessie Ball duPont
Professor of Religion
Heather R. Miller, M.F.A.Professor of English
Nancy Adele Margand, Ph.D.Professor of Psychology
Wayne M. Dymacek, Ph.D.Professor of Mathematics
Michael J. EvansRupert and Lillian Radford
Professor of Mathematics
Lawrence E. Hurd, Ph.D.Professor of Biology
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78
Krzystof Jasiewicz, Ph.D.Professor of Sociology
Timothy Gaylard, Ph.D.Professor of Music
Richard G. Marks, Ph.D.Professor of Religion
James Perrin Warren, Ph.D.Professor of English
John Stockton Knox, Ph.D.Professor of Biology
Kenneth A. Lambert, Ph.D.Professor of Computer Science
Kenneth E. Van Ness, Ph.D.Professor of Physics and
Engineering
Paul S. Bourdon, Ph.D.Professor of Mathematics
Tyler S. Lorig, Ph.D.Professor of Psychology
Arthur Bernhard Scharff, Ph.D.Associate Professor of
Romance Languages, Emeritus
Emmett Graham Leslie, Jr., B.A.Associate Professor of
Physical Education, Emeritus
Joseph Francis Lyles, M.S.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Verne Dean Canfield, M.A.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Robert Billington Youngblood,M.A.
Associate Professor of German
Norris Templeton Aldridge, M.Ed.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Thomas Henry Jones, M.Ed.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Gary Ray Franke, M.S.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
George Chester O’Connell, M.Ed.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Russell Clarence Knudson, M.A.Associate Professor of
Romance Languages
Joseph Martinez, B.A.,Dip. R.A.D.A.
Associate Professor of Drama
Richard F. Grefe, M.S.L.S.Associate Professor of
Library Science
John David Parker, Ph.D.Associate Professor of History
Kathy Jo Koberstein, Ph.D.Associate Professor of
Romance Languages
Mario Pellicciaro, A.B.Associate Professor of
Ancient Languages
Cecile West-Settle, Ph.D.Associate Professor of
Romance Languages
Cinda L. Rankin, M.A.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Gwyn E. Campbell, Ph.D.Associate Professor of
Romance Languages
John A. Lambeth, Ph.D.Associate Professor of
Romance Languages
Kathleen Olson-Janjic, M.F.A.Associate Professor of Fine Arts
Steven G. Desjardins, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Chemistry
Ann Tutwiler Rogers, M.A.Associate Professor of
East Asian Languages
Barry H. Kolman, D.A.Associate Professor of Music
David A. Badertscher, M.Ln.Associate Professor
Rolf G. Piranian, B.A.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Lisa T. Alty, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Chemistry
Richard M. Bidlack, Ph.D.Associate Professor of History
Alexandra R. Brown, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Religion
Janine M. Hathorn, M.A.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Roberta H. Senechal, Ph.D.Associate Professor of History
Brian E. Richardson, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Journalism
and Mass Communications
Joan H. O’Mara, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Fine Arts
Darcy L. Russell, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Biology
Maryanne C. Simurda, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Biology
Ken’ichi Ujie, M.A.Associate Professor of
East Asian Languages
Jeffrey C. Barnett, Ph.D.Associate Professor of
Romance Languages
James V. Stagnitta, B.A.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
John A. Tucker, M.S.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Frank S. Miriello, B.S.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
Yolanda D. Warren, M.A., M.L.S.Associate Professor
M. Jeffries Stickley, M.Ed.Associate Professor of
Physical Education
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79
Marcia B. France, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Jeanine Stewart, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Psychology
Pamela J. Vermeer, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of
Computer Science
Lesley Wheeler, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of English
Winnifred F. Sullivan, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Religion
Theodore C. DeLaney, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of History
Helen I’Anson, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Biology
Kevin M. Moore, B.S.Assistant Professor of
Physical Education
Marc Conner, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of English
Francoise Frégnac-Clave, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of
Romance Languages
Jack A. Wilson, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Philosophy
John W. Tombarge, M.L.S.Assistant Professor
Terry Vosbein, D.M.A.Assistant Professor of Music
Claudette Artwick, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Journalism
and Mass Communications
Lisa Celovsky, M.A.Assistant Professor of English
Gregory Dresden, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Mathematics
Elizabeth P. Knapp, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Geology
Timothy Lubin, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Religion
Ellen C. Mayock, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Romance
Languages
Alan McRae, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Mathematics
James L. Pospichal, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Geology
Andrew Pulsifer, M.S.Assistant Professor of Physical
Education
Robert Stewart, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Psychology
Marshall Kirkland Follo, M.A.Instructor in German
Greta McCaughrin, M.A.Instructor in Russian
Dennis G. Manning. M.A.Instructor in English
Alison Bell, M.A.Instructor in Anthropology and
Sociology
Scott Williamson, M.M.Instructor in Music
Kristin L. Jacobs Moore, M.A.Associate Professor of Physical
Education
Hugh A. Blackmer, M.L.S., Ph.D.Associate Professor
Suzanne Keen, Ph.D.Associate Professor of English
J. Gavin Colliton, M.Ed.Assistant Professor of
Physical Education
Kary D. Smout, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of English
Bill Oliver, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of English
David Jorgensen Harbor, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Geology
Domnica V. Radulescu, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of
Romance Languages
C. Vaughan Stanley, M.A., M.A.Assistant Professor
Edward Adams, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of English
George R. Bent, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Art
Terri A. Dadio, B.A.Assistant Professor of
Physical Education
Erich S. Uffelman, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Chemistry
Anna Brodsky, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Russian
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psychology, interdepartmental natural sciencesand mathematics, or in Independent Work, orthe B.S. with Special Attainments in Chemis-try. Interdepartmental majors are planned toprovide concentration in a field rather than ina single department.
A major in Independent Work, leading to aB.A. or B.S., is available to students who beforethe beginning of their junior year receive specialpermission from the Committee on Courses andDegrees. (See “Major in Independent Work.”)The work may be in the humanities, the socialsciences, the natural sciences, or any combina-tion of these fields. There are also combined-planprograms in engineering in cooperation withRensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Columbia Uni-versity, and Washington University and a com-bined plan program in forestry in cooperationwith Duke University.
THE BACCALAUREATEDEGREE
The curriculum at Washington and Lee Uni-versity permits students flexibility and indi-vidual responsibility in their choice of courses.With the help of a faculty adviser, studentschoose a series of courses that will lead themalong one of several routes to a Bachelor ofArts or a Bachelor of Science degree.
A student qualifies for a degree by complet-ing the following requirements of the Faculty:
1. The General Education Requirements(see “General Education Requirements,” page82). These will usually be met during the fresh-man and sophomore years.
2. A minimum of 121 credits with passinggrades, including one credit (five courses) for100- and 200-1evel work in physical educa-tion. A student must achieve at least the fol-lowing cumulative grade-point averages: 1.900on all work attempted at Washington and Lee;2.000 on all Washington and Lee work used tomeet degree requirements; and 2.000 on thework of the major, both as a whole and in themajor subject.
PURPOSES OFTHE COLLEGE
The purposes of the College are several: toprovide the essentials of a liberal education toall undergraduates before they separate intotheir fields of specialization; to offer coursesand majors leading to the degrees of Bachelorof Arts and Bachelor of Science; to encourageindependent work and scholarly investigation;and to present courses preliminary to profes-sional training in such fields as engineering,journalism, law, and health.
All freshmen in the University are membersof the College. Their work will be taken inthose studies which, in the opinion of thefaculty, provide the fundamentals of a liberaleducation. The prescriptions of this first yearmake possible an intelligent freedom in lateryears of study and a wise choice of a majorfield. During the May registration for the fallterm of their sophomore year, all freshmenwho wish to enter the Ernest Williams II Schoolof Commerce, Economics, and Politics willregister in the office of the dean of that school.All other freshmen will consult with their fac-ulty advisers in the selection of their coursesfor their sophomore year.
The aim of the work of the first two years isthe achievement of breadth; the work of thejunior and senior years is directed toward themastery of a particular study. Students whoexpect to receive the degree of Bachelor ofArts will do their major work in the liberal artsand humanities, the social sciences, or thenatural sciences; the student who expects toreceive the degree of Bachelor of Science willtake specialized work in the natural sciences.
The College offers the Bachelor of Arts de-gree, the Bachelor of Science degree, and theBachelor of Science degree with Special Attain-ments in Chemistry. A student may work towardeither a B.A. with a major in a single department,or a B.A. in an interdepartmental grouping or inIndependent Work. A student may also worktoward a B.S. in biology, chemistry, chemistry-engineering, computer science, geology, math-ematics, neuroscience, physics-engineering,
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3. 30 to 50 credits in a major. Majors may bedepartmental, interdepartmental, independent, orin one of the special programs. (See “The Ma-jor.”) The work of the major, both as a whole andin the major subject, must be completed with agrade-point average of 2.000 or better.
THE BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE
The candidate for the degree of Bachelor ofArts must, before graduation, complete thefollowing requirements of the faculty:
1. A student must submit a minimum of 121credits (See “The Baccalaureate Degree”) withpassing grades, including one credit (fivecourses) for 100- and 200-1evel work in physi-cal education. A student must achieve at leastthe following cumulative grade-point aver-ages: 1.900 on all work attempted at Washing-ton and Lee; 2.000 on all Washington and Leework used to meet degree requirements; and2.000 on the work of the major, both as a wholeand in the major subject.
2. A distribution of courses according tothe specifications given under “General Edu-cation Requirements.”
3. The work in a major as outlined by thedepartment or interdepartmental program con-cerned.
If admitted to the School of Law the studentmay elect to meet these requirements of the B.A.degree in conjunction with first-year law studies.
THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE
The degree of Bachelor of Science is con-ferred upon those students who have com-pleted a course of study with concentration (50credits) in the field of the natural sciences,mathematics, and computer science, and whohave fulfilled the above requirements of thefaculty. The degree is designed for those whoare attracted by scientific work, whether or nottheir plans involve its direct application, andfor those who intend to pursue graduate studyin certain scientific fields.
Students should seek advice from a memberof the appropriate departments in planningtheir schedules. Opportunities for concentra-
tion include biology, chemistry, chemistry-engineering, computer science, geology, math-ematics, neuroscience, physics, physics-engi-neering, psychology, or the interdepartmentalmajor in the natural sciences and mathematics.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCEWITH SPECIAL ATTAINMENTSIN CHEMISTRY
The requirements for the degree of Bach-elor of Science with Special Attainments inChemistry are flexible enough to meet theneeds of all undergraduate students who areseriously interested in chemistry. The curricu-lum affords an excellent basis for graduatework, either with a view to teaching or re-search, or for chemical engineering. It alsoprovides the full training ordinarily expectedof college graduates at the bachelor’s levelwho seek positions as chemists in industry.Upon satisfactory completion of this course ofstudy, the student is offered associate member-ship status in the American Chemical Society.(See Chemistry in the “Courses of Study.”)
THE FRESHMAN YEAR
Entering freshmen are expected to selectcourses which will enable them to begin satis-fying the general education requirements, toexplore possibilities for a major and, perhaps,to continue study in a field of special interest tothem. To assist in the selection of courses,freshmen are assigned faculty advisers withwhom they confer during the first week of theacademic year and who remain available forconsultation until a major is chosen. In certainfields placement tests will be offered on anoptional basis to entering freshmen, and theirresults, along with any advanced placementreports, will be used in determining the level ofwork which should be pursued.
In choosing courses freshmen should con-sider that the skills in mathematics and lan-guage study they have acquired may deterio-rate if they do not continue work in themimmediately. They should also be sure to takethe courses prerequisite to later work they
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desire. If they are interested in working for thedegree of Bachelor of Science or for the Bach-elor of Arts with a major in science, includingpremedical work, they should register for math-ematics and science in their freshman year.Chemistry is required for majors in biology,chemistry or chemistry-engineering, and forthose planning careers in medicine. Physics108, 109 is the normal choice for freshmenintending to major in physics or physics-engi-neering. Students planning to major in geologyor related earth sciences should take geology,and chemistry or physics. Students planning tomajor in biology should, if qualified, take bothchemistry and biology in the freshman year.Students planning to major in business admin-istration, business administration and account-ing, or economics are advised to take math-ematics; those planning to major in politics areadvised to take statistics. All students, in plan-ning their first year, should examine the re-quirements for any major of potential interestlisted under “Courses of Study.”
Students considering graduate work shouldconsult their advisers with regard to possiblelanguage and mathematics requirements foradvanced degrees.
GENERAL EDUCATIONREQUIREMENTS
The goals of a liberal education include bothbreadth of knowledge (general education) andcompetency in a specialized discipline or fieldof knowledge (the major). The general educa-tion component seeks to expose students tovarious modes of thought and to the variety ofideas and values in today’s world. Studentsneed to demonstrate particular proficiencies toassure their general education and have a rea-sonable degree of choice in making courseselections to meet these requirements. In everycase the requirement can be satisfied by stu-dents’ placement examinations or by taking acourse or courses. No single course may satisfymore than one general education requirement.The requirements are:
1. English Composition.Students will receive extensive practice in
critical reading and writing; will be introduced toconventions governing appropriateness and per-suasiveness in writing; learn the conventions ofstandard English; learn to choose words moreprecisely, to write clearer sentences and moreeffective paragraphs, to argue a workable thesis,to use an effective voice, and to integrate thework of others into their own work properly; and,overall, learn to increase precision, fluency, andconfidence with written language.
The English department will assess theproficiency of entering students by a placementexamination. The most proficient will be exemptfrom the composition requirement. Others maydemonstrate their proficiency by completing suc-cessfully one of the following courses—English101 or 105.
2. Foreign Language.Students will acquire oral and written skills
in at least one foreign language; begin to definethe differences between their own culture and aforeign culture; acquire basic tools that will pro-vide access to broader cultural knowledge; andgain a deeper and more thorough knowledge oftheir own language and culture.
Entering students who demonstrate, onplacement tests administered by the languagedepartments, that they are qualified to enter third-year language courses have met this foreignlanguage requirement. All others may meet it bycompleting satisfactorily one of the followingcourses—Chinese 262, French 162 or 164, Ger-man 262, Greek 202, Japanese 262, Latin 202,Russian 262, or Spanish 162 or 164.
3. Literature.Students will acquire knowledge about the
cultural context of literature; learn to analyzecomplex, ambiguous and difficult language; learnto read with imagination and to respond to litera-ture orally and in writing; learn new ways ofthinking about literature; and acquire an aes-thetic interest to pursue in later life.
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Music—all courses below the 400level except Music 100, 101, 108,109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117, 361, 362and the applied music coursesTheatre—all courses below the 400 levelexcept Theatre 142, 242 and 397.
b. History—Students will acquire knowl-edge about the past; learn to read textscritically; acquire an appreciation ofthe importance of evidence in reach-ing conclusions; acquire an apprecia-tion for the historical approach to un-derstanding the present; and improvehis or her writing style and learn towrite an historical essay.Classics 300History—all courses below the 400
level except History 190c. Philosophy—Students will acquire
knowledge about political and ethicaltheory or about fundamental questionsin metaphysics or epistemology; de-velop the ability to scrutinize theirunquestioned assumptions about real-ity, the right and the good, and the sortof life they ought to live; acquireknowledge about the history of phi-losophy; acquire insight into dispar-ate positions taken by well-knownthinkers of our past; and develop ab-stract reasoning skills and ability toidentify faulty reasoning and makesound arguments.Classics 221Greek 302Philosophy—all courses below the 400
level except Philosophy 305d. Religion—Students will learn about one
or more of the historic or living reli-gious traditions, the thought, beliefs,institutions, worship, ethical implica-tions of such traditions, and their inter-action with other social and culturalforms, including other religious tradi-tions; learn about one or more methodsused in religious studies, e.g. histori-cal, sociological, comparative, theo-logical, philosophical, anthropologi-cal, hermeneutical, textual; and learn to
To meet this requirement a student musttake two courses (six credits of work) fromamong the following:
a. Chinese 312 and 400-level courses ifthe subject matter is literary
b. Classics 203, 204, 300 (History 300)c. English—all 200- and 300-level
courses except 201, 203, 204, 301,303, 307, 308, 370, 385, and 386
d. French 262 and all 300-level coursese. German—all 300-level courses except
301, 302, 303, 311, 312, 321, 325,332, and 334. German 321 is accept-able if the subject is literary.
f. Greek—all 300-level courses except307 and 308
g. Italian—400-level courses if the sub-ject matter is literary
h. Japanese 311, 312 and 400-levelcourses if the subject matter is literary
i. Latin—all 300-level coursesj. Literature in Translation—all coursesk. Religion 206 (Literature in Transla-
tion 206)l. Russian 315, 316m. Spanish 207, 208, and all 300-level
courses
4. Fine Arts, History, Philosophy,and Religion.A student must take at least 12 credits,
which may include Interdepartmental 101 andmust include courses from at least two of thefollowing four areas:
a. Fine Arts—Students acquire historicalknowledge about artistic, musical andtheatrical traditions; are introduced toworks representative of both historicaland contemporary traditions; gain prac-tical experience in the creative, musicaland theatrical arts; acquire skills in us-ing words, concepts and methods toanalyze past and contemporary art,music and theatre; and learn ways toexpress personal creativity and employtheir imaginations.Art —all courses below the 400 levelClassics 200, 287 and 288Medieval and Renaissance Studies 110
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Computer Science 111Mathematics 101, 121
c. Additional courses in mathematics orscience
Any of the courses listed above not usedto meet requirement “5a” or “5b”
Biology 230, 231, 235, 240Chemistry 104, 105, 106, 112Computer Science 112Engineering 160Geology 102, 104, 108, 135, 140, 146,
150, 160, 195, 201, 210, 247Mathematics 102, 118, 122, 195Physics 104, 110
6. Social Sciences.Students will acquire knowledge about
human beings and their economic, political andsocial institutions; become familiar with the ana-lytical skills employed in any one of these disci-plines; and acquire knowledge useful in discuss-ing and evaluating anthropological, economic,political, psychological and sociological issues.
A student must take at least nine credits,which may include Interdepartmental 110 andmust include courses from at least two of thefollowing four areas:
a. Economics 101, 102b. Politics 100, 101, 104, 111, 201, 203
(Journalism 203), 214, 233c. Cognitive Science 110, Psychology 111,
112, 113, 240d. Anthropology 101, 205, 207, Sociology
102, 200 (Religion 200), 202, 225
7. Physical Education.Students will improve physical fitness and
dexterity; develop skills in various sports andactivities; and acquire knowledge or skills usefulin the pursuit of physical fitness and recreationafter college. A student is required to pass aproficiency test in swimming and to completefive terms of physical education activity classesselected from Physical Education 101 to 214.(See page 183 for additional information.)
think about religious ways of life toler-antly, sympathetically and yet critically.Religion—all courses below the 400level except Religion 200 and 206Sociology 221, 315
5. Science and Mathematics.A student is required to complete 10 cred-
its in science and mathematics, including at leastfour credits of laboratory science from require-ment “5a” and a course chosen from requirement“5b” below:
a. Laboratory Science Courses—Studentswill understand the methods that scien-tists employ in seeking to understandthe natural world; gain an appreciationfor the character of the evidence used inscience, and the methods used to gatherand interpret data; obtain a basic under-standing of the language and proce-dures involved in at least one of thenatural sciences; learn how to make andinterpret observations of natural phe-nomena; and acquire a better under-standing of the operation of natural pro-cesses and phenomena.Biology 100, 111 or 112Chemistry 100 or 111Geology 100 or 101Physics 101 and 103; 111 and 113; 112
and 114; 150; or 151b. Mathematics and Computer Science—
Students will gain experience modelingreal-world problems in the precise lan-guages of mathematics or computer sci-ence; acquire problem-solving skills andstrategies for obtaining mathematicalor computer solutions for a variety ofproblems; achieve an understanding ofhow theoretical results and conceptscan be developed and then used forproblem solving or for further investi-gation; gain appreciation of how com-plex systems are formed from simplersystems; and develop understanding ofcriteria such as efficiency and eleganceby which alternate solutions to prob-lems might be compared.
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The requirements for departmental majors aredescribed at the beginning of the course listingsfor each department. (See “Courses of Study.”)
Students who wish to follow a program notoutlined in this catalogue may choose an ad-viser prior to the beginning of their junior yearand present an “independent work major” pro-gram for approval by the Committee on Coursesand Degrees. Such a major may be used foreither the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor ofScience degree. Application for an indepen-dent major will not be accepted after the firstterm of a student’s junior year. (See “Major inIndependent Work.”)
Students may major in more than one de-partment by completing the requirements ofeach department. Those who find a doublemajor more attractive should recognize thecosts in constrained breadth of education (i.e.fewer electives) and consider the option of asecondary emphasis without fulfilling formallythe requirements of a second major.
DECLARATION AND CHANGEOF MAJOR
When a student decides upon a major, he orshe works out a course of study with the headof that department. A student who elects morethan one major must work out a course of studywith the heads of departments involved. Whenmajors involve two different schools or twodifferent degrees, the University Registrar mustbe informed of the student’s preference as toschool and degree. This must be done by thetime of registration for the fall term of thestudent’s junior year, at which time a “Decla-ration of Major and Adviser” form must befilled out and filed in the University Registrar’sOffice. Failure to do so constitutes incompleteregistration and will be subject to a late regis-tration fee. Each subsequent registration weekthe student confers with his or her adviser(s)on progress toward the major(s) and makes anyappropriate revisions.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrarycontained in the catalogue, the faculty maychange the requirements to satisfy any majorafter a student has commenced studies at the
Archaeology andAnthropology
Art HistoryBiologyChemistryClassicsCognitive ScienceComputer ScienceEast Asian StudiesEconomicsEnglishEnvironmental Studies in
GeologyForestry and Environ-
mental Studies (3-2)FrenchGeologyGerman LanguageGerman LiteratureHistoryIndependent Work
The College
THE MAJOR
The Bachelor of Arts degree is given withmajors in the following departments and spe-cial programs:
The Bachelor of Science degree is given withmajors in the following departments and specialprograms:
Biology Independent WorkChemistry MathematicsChemistry-Engineering Natural Sciences andChemistry-Engineering Mathematics (3-2) NeuroscienceComputer Science PhysicsForestry and Environ- Physics-Engineering mental Studies (3-2) Physics-Engineering (3-2)Geology Psychology
The Bachelor of Science degree with Spe-cial Attainments in Chemistry is a special pro-gram designed primarily for those who wish topursue graduate work in chemistry or chemis-try-engineering.
The Bachelor of Science degree with Spe-cial Attainments in Commerce is given withmajors in the following disciplines and specialprogram:
Business AdministrationBusiness Administration and Accounting
Journalism and MassCommunications
MathematicsMedieval and
Renaissance StudiesMusicNatural Sciences
and MathematicsPhilosophyPhysicsPoliticsPsychologyPublic PolicyReligionRomance LanguagesRussian StudiesSociology and
AnthropologySpanishStudio ArtTheatre
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University. In this case, the student, upon de-claring a major, may be required to satisfy themajor requirements as revised.
Change of major requires approval of the headof the new department on a “Declaration ofMajor and Adviser” form. Before the beginningof the winter term of the senior year, the studentmay not change his or her declared major (or thedegree of which that major is a component),except that a student with two or more majorsmay drop all but one with permission of theFaculty Executive Committee if that student hasnot failed a comprehensive examination.
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATIONS
A comprehensive examination is given toall seniors majoring in classics, English, geol-ogy (leading to a Bachelor of Science degree),and German literature. The examination isgiven on a date in the winter or spring term setin advance by the department concerned.
Grades given on the examination will be Ex-cellent, Pass, or Fail. A student receiving a failinggrade must re-take and pass the comprehensiveexamination before being permitted to graduate.
A student working toward a combinationdegree (3-3 law or 3-2 forestry) will not take acomprehensive examination.
MAJOR IN INDEPENDENT WORK
Students who have achieved a minimum cu-mulative grade-point average of 2.750 by the endof the sophomore year and who believe theywould benefit educationally from a major notoutlined in this catalogue may prepare a proposalfor a major of independent work. The Dean of theCollege has guidelines and forms for preparingsuch a proposal. Working with faculty advisersfrom at least two disciplines, the student shoulddevelop a clear and coherent plan of study thatpromises benefits unobtainable from an estab-lished major. The program should consist of 30 to50 credits and must be the only major the studentis pursuing. The proposal should be submitted tothe Committee on Courses and Degrees prior to thebeginning of the junior year but in no case later thanOctober 15 of the junior year. Once approval is
granted, any subsequent changes must be approvedby the Committee on Courses and Degrees.
Students majoring in independent work are al-lowed to apply for an honors program. The majorwill be noted on transcripts as, for example, “Inde-pendent Work (International Affairs).”
HONORS IN THE MAJOR
In order to encourage independent work andscholarly investigation by students and to fos-ter their intellectual curiosity, a number ofdepartments have established programs lead-ing to a degree “with honors” in the major.Such programs provide an enhancement of theregular program for departmental majors andalso of interdepartmental and independentmajors. Featuring a special profundity andintensity, and characterized by a close rapportbetween student and mentor, the honors pro-grams are designed as an enrichment opportu-nity for students who demonstrate superioraptitude and self-discipline in the pursuit oftheir major study.
Descriptions of the honors programs of in-dividual departments may be obtained fromthe department heads. Interested studentsshould make inquiry by the time of declarationof major, in order to identify any special ad-mission requirements or related standards thathave been set by the department for its particu-lar honors program.
Participants in the University Scholars pro-gram, in meeting the requirements of that spe-cial program, are encouraged to undertake hon-ors work in their chosen major.
Admission into Honors Work
A prospective honors student applies in writ-ing to the departmental head or major adviser. Ingeneral, application must be made by May 1 ofthe junior year; in certain departments, earlierapplication is required (often to accommodatespecial course work in the junior year).
In all departments, admission into honors workis subject to availability of advisory staff andassessment of the individual’s ability to profitsignificantly from the program’s special demands.
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Minimum eligibility for honors candidacy is a3.000 cumulative grade-point average by thetime of enrollment in the honors thesis courses(numbered in the 490s). Many departments haveestablished additional eligibility requirementsfor their own honors programs, such as specialacademic standing within the department, andthese criteria must also be met.
Requirements for Honors in the Major
All Honors programs require an HonorsThesis during the senior year, involving 6credits (no more, no less) of independent work,such as a significant report based upon field orlaboratory research, a creative accomplish-ment in the arts, or a comparable scholarlyundertaking demonstrating more than simply amastery of subject matter.
The student must begin work on the thesis atthe start of the fall term of the senior year.Background work on the thesis topic normallyis expected to be in progress by the end of thejunior year, and the subject and approach forthe thesis should already be established beforethe start of the senior year’s thesis work. Workon the thesis is to be accompanied by periodicconferences with the adviser and the submit-ting of interim reports showing the progressachieved to that point. (Only under extraordi-nary circumstances—not general practice—may the thesis work be assigned entirely to asingle term, and in such an instance the studentmust be prepared to begin intensive work onthe thesis itself by the first week of the term,the subject and approach already having beenestablished in preliminary study.)
The final draft of the thesis is due by May 1(or by the end of the winter term in certaindepartments). A permanent copy of the thesismust be deposited in the Leyburn Library.
Remaining credits in the major are gained inregular course work, honors seminars, intern-ships, directed individual study or tutorials, ora combination of these as prescribed in thedepartment’s program. Many departments re-quire a comprehensive examination (writtenand/or oral) and/or a formal oral presentationand defense of the completed thesis.
Upon successful completion of an approvedhonors program, the student is awarded abachelor’s degree “with honors” in the major,and, for those also participating as UniversityScholars, the additional citation of “Univer-sity Scholar.”
An Honors program may prescribe no morethan 3/4 of a normal course load for a studentin the junior and senior years, so that adequatetime for free electives is permitted.
Credits and Grades
Degree credits and grades for the thesiswork will be awarded on completion of thethesis and any honors examinations, in themanner customary for completed projects andcourses. These credits will be spread over thefall and winter terms of the senior year, underthe rubric 493 (3-3), Honors Thesis.
A student’s continuing eligibility as an hon-ors candidate will be determined by subjectingthat student’s work to periodic review basedon the level of work to that point.
A student who resigns or is dropped from anhonors program will not ordinarily be readmitted;completed work would in such cases be translatedby the student’s advisers into alternate coursecredits, with grades, appropriate to a regular ma-jor. In this manner, a student not successfullycompleting all the requirements for the honorscitation might still be able to graduate with theclass, but without receiving an honors citation.
INTERDEPARTMENTALMAJORS
MAJOR IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE
An interdisciplinary cognitive science ma-jor gives students the opportunity to investi-gate the nature of the human mind from theperspectives of computer science, philosophy,and psychology. The bridge areas of artificialintelligence, logic, linguistics, and neuro-science are of particular importance in devel-
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oping models of the cognitive capacities underly-ing intelligent behavior. Memory, language, vi-sion, concept formation, and problem solving aresome of the areas currently under investigation.
The required core curriculum of the cognitivescience major provides a background in com-puter science, philosophy, and psychology. Stu-dents then choose one of four areas of specializa-tion for additional course work and a seniorthesis: Formal Systems in Cognitive Science(computer science), Philosophical Foundationsof Cognitive Science (philosophy), Experimen-tal Cognitive Science (psychology), or Cogni-tive Neuropsychology (psychology). The seniorthesis is an original research project and may becentered around computer programming, a re-search paper, or a laboratory experiment accord-ing to the student’s interests and area of special-ization. The Bachelor of Arts degree in cognitivescience prepares students for graduate work incognitive science, computer science, philoso-phy, and psychology, as well as for careers in arange of areas in the information technologyindustry.
The Cognitive Science Program faculty in-cludes Lambert (computer science), Pemberton(philosophy), and Elmes, Jarrard, Lorig, Margand,and Thompson (psychology). The Leyburn Li-brary has extensive holdings in cognitive scienceand the computer science and psychology de-partments have excellent facilities for artificialintelligence and laboratory research.
Further information concerning the major maybe obtained from the above faculty or the head ofthe Cognitive Science Program Committee, Pro-fessor Joseph Thompson (Parmly Hall).
MAJOR IN EAST ASIAN STUDIES
The East Asian Studies major is interdiscipli-nary and involves seven departments of the Uni-versity. It includes work in Chinese or Japanese,as well as courses in a wide variety of fields tointroduce the student to the civilizations of Chinaand Japan. The student should begin languagework as early as possible, preferably in the fresh-man year, since proficiency in one of the lan-guages is both a requirement for the major andvital preparation for study abroad. Depending
upon the language selected, the student usuallyfocuses on either China or Japan.
East Asian majors are strongly encouraged toparticipate in Washington and Lee’s study andexchange programs in China and Japan or inanother approved study abroad program. Infor-mation and applications for these programs areavailable through the Office of International Edu-cation. Adjustments in the major requirementswill be made where necessary to allow the stu-dent to take advantage of these opportunities.Non-language spring term programs are alsooffered in China and Japan.
The major is encouraged to apply for selectionas an exchange student at Chung Chi College ofThe Chinese University of Hong Kong (aca-demic year program), at Rikkyo University inTokyo (for one or two semesters), or at TheKansai University of Foreign Studies near Kyoto(for one or two semesters). Prior study of Chi-nese is not required, but is recommended for theHong Kong program; elementary Japanese isrecommended for both programs in Japan.
By arrangement with the University of Mas-sachusetts, Washington and Lee students whohave had two years of Chinese (one year for thesummer program alone) and a 3.000 cumulativegrade-point average may study Chinese for thesummer at Tunghai University in Taiwan and/ormay spend one or two semesters at Tunghai, atBeijing Normal University, or at Shaanxi Nor-mal University (People’s Republic of China).Students in these programs pay University ofMassachusetts fees. Participation requires priorconsultation with the head of the East AsianStudies committee.
Modest financial aid may be available forstudy in Asia. Students accepted for study atRikkyo University may apply for the RikkyoUniversity International Scholarship.
The East Asian Studies faculty includesO’Mara (art), Hill (Chinese), Smitka (econom-ics), Jeans (history), Ujie (Japanese), Sessions(philosophy), and Davis (religion).
Further information concerning the major, thepossibility of its combination with other majors,and opportunities to study abroad may be ob-tained from the head of the East Asian StudiesCommittee, Joan O’Mara.
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MAJOR IN MEDIEVAL ANDRENAISSANCE STUDIES
The major in Medieval and Renaissance Stud-ies allows students to engage in examinations ofthe history and culture of European society fromthe fall of the Roman Empire to the end of the16th century. Majors will develop an under-standing of a broad range of period aspects andthe ability to consider the era from a number ofperspectives. This interdisciplinary major en-ables an examination of issues of art, economics,literature, music, philosophy, politics, religion,and social hierarchies and an understanding ofspecific problems within the context of an entiresociety.
The requirements for the major are describedon page 175 and involve faculty and courses inart (Bent), classics (Craun, Pellicciaro), English(Craun, Evans, Ray), French (Fralin), German(Crockett), history (Cecil, Futch, Sanders), mu-sic (Spice), philosophy (Pemberton, Sessions),physics (Reese), politics (Velásquez), religion(Brown, Marks), and Spanish (Campbell, Will-iams).
MAJOR IN NATURAL SCIENCESAND MATHEMATICS
The Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Artsdegree is awarded subject to meeting graduationrequirements of the University, including thefollowing:
1. The general education requirements for allstudents.
2. One year of mathematics, including Math-ematics 101, 102 or higher courses. Any math-ematics elected in the categories below must bein addition to this requirement.
3. Major Concentration: 36 credits in naturalsciences (biology, chemistry, geology, or phys-ics) and mathematics distributed as shown be-low. Courses meeting this requirement are theequivalent of courses taken in a major depart-ment with respect to regulations concerning sum-mer school courses.
A. 16 credits in one department. This de-partment will ordinarily provide thestudent’s adviser.
B. 12 credits in another department.C. Eight credits, the introductory se-
quence, in a third department.4. Cognate Requirements: 14 additional
credits in the above departments or engineer-ing. Within University limitations, courses ful-filling this requirement may be taken in sum-mer school.
MAJOR IN NEUROSCIENCE
An interdisciplinary major leading to a Bach-elor of Science degree in neuroscience is avail-able to interested students. The central themeof neuroscience is an understanding of thestructure and function of the brain and how itis involved in controlling behavior. Thus, thearea draws heavily from biology, chemistry,psychology, mathematics, and the computa-tional sciences. The major in neuroscience isintended to prepare students to pursue gradu-ate studies in the biomedical sciences, includ-ing graduate training in neuroscience, biology,chemistry, and psychology, as well as medicalschool.
The requirements for a major in neuro-science are described on page 179, but gener-ally involve courses from the departments ofbiology, chemistry, physics/engineering, andpsychology. An essential element of the neu-roscience program at Washington and Lee isthe opportunity for the student to become in-volved in laboratory research with a facultymember. While the areas of research may dif-fer from year to year, they generally includeneurochemical research on mechanisms of neu-ral excitation, involvement of the brain in learn-ing and memory, preparation of neurotoxicagents for possible use in insect control, andevaluation of electrical activity recorded fromhuman brains.
The Neuroscience Program faculty includesI’Anson and Wielgus (biology), Alty (chemis-try), and Jarrard, Lorig, J. Stewart, and R.Stewart (psychology).
Further information concerning the majorcan be obtained from the head of the Neuro-science Program Committee, Dr. LeonardJarrard, or from any of the above faculty.
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1. All but 28 degree credits toward the Bach-elor of Arts degree, including completion of allGeneral Education requirements. A studentmust achieve at least the following cumulativegrade-point averages: 1.900 on all work at-tempted at Washington and Lee; and 2.000 onall Washington and Lee work used to meetdegree requirements.
2. 24 credits toward a major, at least 18 ofwhich must be in one subject. The work of themajor, both as a whole and in the major sub-ject, must be completed with a grade-pointaverage of at least 2.000.
3. In completing the first year of work in theSchool of Law, a student must pass all lawcourses with a grade-point average of at least2.000 and no grade lower than 1.0. Faculty regu-lations further require that all undergraduate worktoward the combination degree must be com-pleted before any work in law is undertaken, andmay not be done concurrently.
COMBINATION DEGREE PROGRAMIN ENGINEERING
For students interested in entering engineer-ing and allied professions, Washington and Leeoffers combined-plan programs with RensselaerPolytechnic Institute (RPI), Columbia Univer-sity, and Washington University. Through theseprograms the students are given the opportunityto broaden their academic background at a liberalarts college before beginning professional studies.
A 4-2 program is offered whereby a studentwho has graduated with a major in chemistry-engineering or physics-engineering (See “Pre-Engineering”) will, when so recommended bythe Dean of the College, be enrolled in a two-year course of instruction at RPI, Columbia, orWashington leading to a Master’s Degree inany designated field of engineering. To berecommended in this program, the studentshould have a 3.000 or better average on allwork completed at Washington and Lee.
Under the 3-2 plan students who completethree years’ work at Washington and Lee andare recommended may enroll at RPI, Colum-bia, or Washington for a two-year course in
MAJOR IN RUSSIAN STUDIES
The Russian Studies major is interdiscipli-nary and offers instruction in Russian lan-guage, literature (both in Russian and in trans-lation), art, history, politics, sociology, andeconomics. The requirements for the major aredescribed on page 202. Students should beginRussian language instruction as early as pos-sible, preferably in the freshman year, sincethird-year language proficiency is required forthe major. Language courses are taught by twocore faculty members, who are assisted by avisiting Russian professor.
Majors are encouraged to study the Russianlanguage in Russia for a spring term or a longerperiod. Russian 363 (Supervised StudyAbroad), a six-credit course, is taught duringthe spring term at a Russian university.
Other features of the Russian Studies pro-gram include: a state-of-the-art language labo-ratory, computer-aided language instruction,guest lectures, various library collections forfaculty and student research, a Russian filmseries, and daily television and Internet trans-missions from Russia.
Further information concerning the major,the possibility of its combination with othermajors, and opportunities for study abroadmay be obtained from the head of the RussianStudies committee, Richard Bidlack.
SPECIAL DEGREEPROGRAMS
THE BACHELOR OF ARTSIN COMBINATION WITHFIRST-YEAR LAW STUDIES
Students of Washington and Lee Universitymay apply in the junior year for admission tothe School of Law. If accepted for admission,the student, upon completion in full of the firstyear of work in the School of Law, may substi-tute these law credits for the remaining freeelectives required for the Bachelor of Artsdegree, subject to the following requirements:
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their chosen field of engineering. Upon comple-tion of the five-year program the student isawarded a degree from Washington and Leeand an engineering degree from the affiliatedprofessional school. To be recommended forthis program the student should have com-pleted at least 86 credits exclusive of physicaleducation and should have a 3.000 or betteraverage in the science, mathematics, and engi-neering courses taken at Washington and Lee.
COMBINATION DEGREE PROGRAM INFORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES
The liberal arts program at Washington andLee offers an excellent opportunity for devel-oping the well-rounded undergraduate educa-tion necessary to understanding the study offorest resources and the environment.
In cooperation with the School of Forestryand Environmental Studies at Duke University,Washington and Lee is able to offer a combinedplan in this area of study. Students may enter a 3-2 program which may ultimately culminate ineither a Master’s Degree in Forestry or a Master’sDegree in Environmental Management.
Under this program the first full year ofwork in the School of Forestry and Environ-mental Studies at Duke University, regardedas a unit and totally completed, may be substi-tuted for the remaining free electives neces-sary for either the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelorof Science degrees at Washington and Lee.The following must also have been completedprior to leaving Washington and Lee.
1. All but 28 degree credits toward either theBachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree,including the completion of all General Educa-tion requirements. A student must achieve atleast the following cumulative grade-point aver-ages: 1.900 on all work attempted at Washingtonand Lee; and 2.000 on all Washington and Leework used to meet degree requirements.
2. 60 percent of the credits required for themajor, at least 80 percent of which must be in onesubject. The work of the major, both as a wholeand in the major subject, must be completed witha grade-point average of at least 2.000 or better.
3. One credit (five courses) in 100- and200-level physical education which counts to-ward the total required credits.
4. Recommended preparatory courses mayvary according to student interest and accord-ing to the program of study the student intendsto enter in the School of Forestry and Environ-mental Studies at Duke. The following coursesrepresent the minimum courses required forthe program.
Biology 112, 230, 231, and 245, andeither 235 or 330
Chemistry 111 and 112Computer Science 111Economics 101, 102Mathematics 101, 102, and either 118 or
Management/Economics 201Physics 111, 112, 113 and 114
Additional electives which have been sug-gested by Duke include Economics 120 (Eco-nomics, Ecology and Resource Conservation),Economics 210 (Microeconomic Theory), andGeology 100 or 101 (General Geology).
Students should be aware that admission tothe School of Forestry and Environmental Stud-ies at Duke University is not guaranteed underthis program and that admissions requirementsare not necessarily fulfilled by simply com-pleting the above requirements. (See Bulletinof Duke University School of Forestry andEnvironmental Studies.)
In completing the first year of study at DukeUniversity the student must pass all courses witha minimum average of 2.000 on the year’s work.
ADDITIONAL BACHELOR’S DEGREE
Students who have already received eitherthe B.A. or the B.S. degree may wish to obtainthe other degree. In order to receive the otherbachelor’s degree, the student must fulfill therequirements of each of the two degrees, eitherseparately or concurrently, and must present aminimum of 27 credits more than the baccalau-reate requirement for one degree for that year.A student must achieve at least the followingcumulative grade-point averages: 1.900 on allwork attempted at Washington and Lee; 2.000on all Washington and Lee work used to meet
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degree requirements; and 2.000 on the work ofthe major, both as a whole and in the majorsubject.
Students may not receive two B.A. or twoB.S. degrees.
SPECIAL ACADEMICOPPORTUNITIES
UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS
The faculty of Washington and Lee createdthe University Scholars program in order toprovide extra challenge and opportunity forsome of our best prepared, most able students.The program combines broad yet intensivestudies in the liberal arts with independentstudy leading to a thesis.
At the beginning of the winter term, a groupof up to 18 Scholars will be chosen. No morethan six of these may be sophomores, and therest will be freshmen. Students with an out-standing record are invited to apply in Januaryfor admission to the program. Applicationsshould be delivered to the Director of theUniversity Scholars Program, Professor JohnLambeth, in Tucker Hall. Selections are basedon the student’s record, an essay, faculty let-ters of recommendation, and personal inter-views. Students selected will be notified be-fore the Washington Holiday. A limited num-ber of juniors who complete at least two Uni-versity Scholars courses with a grade of B+ orbetter will be considered for the program bythe beginning of the winter term of the junioryear.
The academic program consists of the read-ing course, three seminars and a thesis. Thenew Scholars typically begin participation witha one-credit reading course in the second halfof the winter term, when they read a set ofchallenging works which they discuss in infor-mal meetings with faculty. During the springterm, Scholars enroll in a seminar on a topic inthe humanities coordinated with their winterterm reading. In their sophomore and junioryears, Scholars have a choice of seminars on
topics in the natural sciences and social sci-ences. A limited number of non Universityscholars may enroll in these seminars with thepermission of the instructor. During the senioryear, most Scholars participate in the Honorsprogram of their major department and preparean honors thesis. In special cases, the studentmay fulfill the thesis requirement with an inde-pendent study of at least three credits. Thecourses and thesis contribute fully to satisfy-ing degree requirements. In recent years, semi-nar topics have included the following: Art,Culture and Society in the 13th Century; MaxWeber; Negritude; Botany for Poets; Evolu-tion of Consciousness; Constitution of Civil-ity; Pilgrimage in Religious Traditions; Eco-nomic Themes in Literature and Film; andStatistics, Inference and the Normal Curve.
To graduate as a University Scholar, a stu-dent must complete the reading course andthree seminars, one in each discipline, achieveat least a 3.250 cumulative grade-point aver-age, and receive at least a B for the thesis work.“University Scholar” will be noted at Com-mencement and on the transcript.
Special academic opportunities supplementthe required courses. Scholars are eligible todesign their own independent seminars (Uni-versity Scholars 200) and may take as many astwo courses a year as tutorials. The exactnature of each tutorial will vary, as arrangedbetween the Scholar and the faculty member,but generally a tutorial allows the student towork independently under the instructor’s di-rection, to do extra or advanced reading, towrite essays more frequently, and to sharpenthinking in regular conferences with the in-structor.
The Scholars elect officers to serve on theUniversity Scholars Advisory Committee andto take charge of the program’s extracurricularfunctions. This may involve bringing in speak-ers, having special opportunities for personalinteraction with some of the numerous distin-guished visitors who are brought to campuseach year, monthly dinners, meetings, and re-treats. The director of the program and theUniversity Scholars Committee act as advisersfor the group.
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A major in any academic department (seedepartment concerned for requirements) or theinterdepartmental major in the natural sciencesand mathematics is acceptable for admission tomedical, dental or veterinary schools providedtheir entrance requirements are met.
The minimum admission requirements formost of these schools in the United States andCanada are a year of each of the following:general biology; general chemistry; organicchemistry; general physics; English; and math-ematics. These requirements should be takenas early as possible and completed by the endof the junior year. Additional courses may berequired. Since the entrance requirements varyfrom one school to another, pre-professionalstudents should acquaint themselves with theadmission requirements of the schools in whichthey are interested and select a course of studyaccordingly. This should be done before thejunior year.
As soon as a student becomes seriously inter-ested in a health professions career and not laterthan the end of the sophomore year, that studentshould visit the Coordinator of the Health Profes-sions Advisory Committee, Professor Lisa Alty.Her office contains information about specificschools as well as general requirements for ad-mission to most health professions programs,including medical, dental, veterinary, physicaltherapy, physician assistant, pharmacy and op-tometry schools.
A descriptive brochure on pre-medicine atWashington and Lee is available from the Officeof Admissions.
PRE-ENGINEERING
The work in pre-engineering is designed tomeet the needs of two classes of students:those who may desire, after graduation, toenter some professional engineering school;and those who do not expect to pursue furtherstudy but who wish a general education inengineering subjects, combined with advancedchemistry, physics, and mathematics.
A student in pre-engineering will usuallywork toward the Bachelor of Science or Bach-
PRE-LAW STUDENTS
Washington and Lee does not offer a “pre-law major” nor a “pre-law curriculum,” be-lieving instead—as does the Association ofAmerican Law Schools (as expressed in itsstatement on pre-legal education)—that nosingle series of courses can accurately be saidto be “right” for every student who intends toenter law school. Accordingly, a pre-law stu-dent at the University may select any majoroffered in the College or in the Williams School.
Washington and Lee views a broad-basedfoundation in the liberal arts, perhaps supple-mented by specific pre-professional training,as the best intellectual preparation for the studyof law. The University encourages pre-lawstudents to select courses which will pro-vide them with an understanding of the historyand nature of contemporary society, whichwill develop their critical abilities to theirfullest, and which will train them to articulateconclusions and reasons clearly, concisely,and precisely.
The University offers a course in legal eth-ics (Interdepartmental 342), designed specifi-cally for the undergraduate senior who intendsto enter the legal profession.
The pre-law student’s academic adviser willbe a faculty member in the department in whichthe student chooses to major. From time totime, however, the pre-law student will alsowant to consult with Professor Lewis John, theUniversity’s adviser on pre-legal studies.
HEALTH PROFESSIONS STUDENTS
The training represented by a bachelor’sdegree is strongly recommended for those stu-dents who are interested in a career in medi-cine, dentistry, or veterinary medicine as wellas other health careers. This degree allows forthe specific work in the sciences required foradmission to these schools and also provides asound general education focussing on the de-velopment of cultural interests and social con-sciousness as strongly urged by health profes-sions educators.
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elor of Arts degree with a major in chemistry-engineering or physics-engineering.
The courses to be scheduled for a student inthis area are determined in consultation withthe faculty adviser in engineering. Althoughsome freshmen may be placed in advancedclasses, generally the first year will includeMathematics 101, 102; Physics 111, 112, 113and 114 for physics-engineering or Chemistry111 and 112 for chemistry-engineering; andgeneral education requirements in other areasand physical education. The sophomore yearnormally includes Mathematics 221, 222, En-gineering 203, 301 and six additional credits inthe major requirements, and physical educa-tion. The third year will normally include ninecredits of electives, 12 credits of engineeringand physics, and six credits of mathematics.
PRE-MINISTERIAL STUDENTS
In cooperation with The American Associa-tion of Theological Schools, the Universityencourages pre-ministerial students to under-take a broad cultural preparation for their gradu-ate studies. Of the various possible areas ofmajor concentration, religion, English, his-tory, and philosophy are regarded as the mostdesirable. Individual courses of study shouldbe planned in consultation with the head of theDepartment of Religion.
PREPARATION FOR TEACHING
A liberal arts education gives excellentpreparation for elementary and secondaryschool teaching. Most states require certainprofessional education courses for certifica-tion to teach in public schools, although re-quirements differ from state to state. Any stu-dent who meets the requirements for a Virginiacertificate may receive initial certification toteach in more than 35 states through reciprocalagreements among State Directors of TeacherEducation. Students should be aware that pri-vate secondary schools now tend to favor ap-plicants who have been certified through a state-approved program.
Students interested in attaining a Virginiastate certificate should plan to take Psychology
113 at Washington and Lee and to complete partof their requirements at Mary Baldwin Collegethrough the EXCHANGE Program. (Applicantsmust have a 2.500 cumulative grade-point aver-age. Applications for EXCHANGE are availablefrom the University Registrar.) In order to assurethat they may meet all the various requirementsfor certification, students should see the Associ-ate Dean of the College early in their freshmanyear.
Students hoping to teach in college shouldexpect to do graduate study.
PREPARATION FOR A CAREERIN SOCIAL WORK
Washington and Lee University, in conjunc-tion with Mary Baldwin College, offers a pro-gram which prepares students for careers in so-cial work. The Washington and Lee student maytake the recommended courses drawn from soci-ology, psychology, politics, and economics, onthe Washington and Lee campus. A specificlisting of recommended courses may be foundunder Sociology and Anthropology in the Coursesof Study section of this catalogue. All inquiriesshould be addressed to the head of the Depart-ment of Sociology and Anthropology. Studentsinterested in the possibility of a career in socialwork should begin planning their program ofstudy in consultation with members of the de-partment as soon as possible, certainly no laterthan the sophomore year.
AREA STUDIES
In addition to the traditional courses empha-sizing European and North American cultures,Washington and Lee offers the following courseswhich will allow students to concentrate on aparticular area of study. These do not constitutemajors.
AFRICA/AFRICAN HERITAGEAnthropology 207—Physical AnthropologyEconomics 380—Economic Development
of Low Income CountriesEnglish 209—Southern American
LiteratureEnglish 350—Postcolonial Literature
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English 351—Commonwealth FictionEnglish 365—African-American LiteratureFrench 397—Séminaire AvancéHistory 109—History of Ancient EgyptHistory 133—Survey of Brazilian HistoryHistory 158—Seminar in 19th and 20th Cen-
tury Africa for Freshman andSophomores
History 359—History of African-AmericanPeople to 1877
History 360—History of African-AmericanPeople since 1877
History 362—The Old South to 1860History 366—Slavery in the AmericasHistory 374—History of Southern Africa
from the 17th CenturyHistory 375—European Imperialism in East
and Central Africa in the 19th and 20thCenturies and the Successor States
History 389—Topics in Asian or AfricanHistory
Politics 221—The British Political SystemPolitics 250—African-American PoliticsReligion 105—Introduction to Islam and
JudaisimSociology 228—Race and Ethnic Relations
EAST ASIAN STUDIES(See pages 88 and 131.)
GENERALHistory 335—Canada Since 1837History 370—Australia and New Zealand
LATIN AMERICAHistory 130—Survey of Colonial Latin
AmericaHistory 131—Survey of Latin America,
1750 to the PresentHistory 132—Case Studies in Latin Ameri-
can NationalismHistory 133—Survey of Brazilian HistoryHistory 330—Colonial Latin AmericaHistory 331—Latin American NationsHistory 332—The Dynamics of Political
Change in Latin AmericaLiterature in Translation 253—Contemp-
orary Spanish-American Prose Fiction inTranslation
Spanish 111-112—Elementary SpanishSpanish 161-162—Intermediate SpanishSpanish 164—Advanced Intermediate
SpanishSpanish 207—Introducción a la literatura
hispanoamericanaSpanish 212—Spanish-American Civiliza-
tion and CulturesSpanish 315—The Spanish-American Short
StorySpanish 317—The Contemporary Spanish-
American NovelSpanish 396—Spanish-American Seminar
RUSSIAN STUDIES(See page 90.)
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Environmental issues have become increas-ingly important for government, business, andsociety. Students interested in these issues havea number of options at Washington and Lee. TheGeology Department offers a major in environ-mental studies (see page 147). Students majoringin other areas who wish to supplement theircourse of study with courses on environmentalissues may wish to enroll in a series of seminarsdesigned to complement each other and empha-size the interdisciplinary nature of environmen-tal problems: Geology 150: Water Resources;Philosophy 260: Philosophy of Nature; and Poli-tics 233: Environmental Policy. (See the depart-mental listings and Environmental Studies onpage 144).
There are also two co-curricular programs.The A. Paul Knight Memorial Program in Con-servation provides financial support to studentswho undertake internships with non-profit envi-ronmental and outdoor recreation programs. TheOuting Club organizes several recreational andeducational programs that enable students tobecome familiar with the local environment.
SHEPHERD PROGRAM FOR THE INTER-DISCIPLINARY STUDY OF POVERTY
This program of study and experiential learn-ing supplements an undergraduate major or course
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to business and the professions. The program stud-ies ethics in four fields: business, journalism, law,and medicine. The goal is to raise for undergradu-ates the critical questions of social responsibilityinherent in the occupation they are about to enter.(For course listings in the ethics of business, jour-nalism, law, and medicine refer to the Interdepart-mental course listings.)
The program in Society and the Professionscreates a close association between undergraduatestudents and visiting practitioners in each of thefour fields. For a two-day period students engage inan intensive schedule of seminars with visitingprofessionals.
The program brings nationally recognized schol-ars to Washington and Lee each year in each field.These visiting lecturers remain on campus for thetwo days, engage in classroom discussion, anddeliver a public lecture. At the end of each academicyear the text of these lectures is published anddistributed to interested alumni, friends, and librar-ies throughout the United States.
Further information on this program is availablefrom Ms. Adrienne Hall Bodie, Newcomb Hall.
INDEPENDENT SCHOLARS
Students who have achieved a bachelor’s degreeand wish to take additional work may, with theapproval of the Committee on Courses and De-grees, apply for admission to individual courses andpursue work on an independent basis.
EXCHANGE PROGRAMS
Washington and Lee University participates withHampden-Sydney, Hollins, Mary Baldwin,Randolph-Macon, Randolph-Macon Woman’s, andSweet Briar Colleges in a student exchange pro-gram. The program is designed primarily for jun-iors. Additional information and catalogues of theparticipating colleges are available in the Office ofthe University Registrar.
Washington and Lee also has an exchange agree-ment with Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. Ad-ditional information is available from the Office ofthe University Registrar.
Students must have a 2.500 cumulative grade-point average in order to apply for any exchangeprogram sponsored by the University.
of study in the law school. It offers courses at theintroductory and advanced levels, volunteer op-portunities in the Rockbridge County area, sub-sidized summer service-learning projects work-ing with poor people, and a variety of lecturesand seminars presented by national and interna-tional visitors. Students who have suitable coursepreparation (usually Interdepartmental 101) areeligible to apply for summer work with poorpeople in rural or urban areas of the UnitedStates, in Latin America, or, through specialarrangements, in other parts of the world. Ex-penses are reimbursable and some students willbe eligible for a stipend. This service-learningprogram is conducted in association withSpelman College in Atlanta, Georgia, and BereaCollege in Berea, Kentucky. All student vol-unteers will participate in an orientation priorto their work in the field and a concludingcolloquium to share knowledge gained duringtheir internships. During the academic year,students are invited to participate in lectures,seminars, and conferences sponsored by theShepherd Program and to join in volunteerwork in the local community, which the Shep-herd Program promotes.
Undergraduates are encouraged to integratetheir course work in poverty studies and theirexperiential learning through volunteer work withtheir major field of study. With permission fromdepartments or programs in which they major,students may combine Interdepartmental 423 withindependent studies or honors theses that counttoward their major requirements.
Made possible through the generosity of Tho-mas and Nancy Shepherd, this program, estab-lished in 1997, is a tangible means by which theUniversity seeks to promote important aspects ofits mission: to cultivate in its students “the re-sponsibility to serve society through the produc-tive use of talent and training” and the capacity“for self-sacrifice in behalf of their fellow citi-zens.”
SOCIETY AND THE PROFESSIONS:STUDIES IN APPLIED ETHICS
Washington and Lee recognizes an increasingsocial need for specific and systematic attentionto ethics, to questions of human value as they relate
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STUDY ABROAD
International experience is viewed as an im-portant part of a comprehensive Washington andLee education. There are numerous opportuni-ties to participate in an overseas project or studyprogram, during the academic year or the sum-mer. Students are encouraged to work withfaculty and the Office of International Educationto identify appropriate programs which willcomplement their academic, personal and pro-fessional goals.
Washington and Lee offers a number of courseswhich include overseas study during the springterm. Recently, these have included courses inChina, Costa Rica, England, France, Germany,Greece, Italy, Japan, Poland, and Russia. Stu-dents enroll for these as they would for any otherspring term course on campus and in most casesmay elect to split the required six credits betweenthe sponsoring department and a second depart-ment if prior approval is granted. As with manyupper-level courses, there may be specific pre-requisites.
Travel costs for these spring term courses willbe in addition to the regular comprehensive tu-ition and will be borne by the individual student.Students who qualify for financial aid may beeligible to receive a loan or other assistance tohelp cover the cost of the program.
Many Washington and Lee students also electto study abroad through programs offered byother U.S. institutions or through direct enroll-ment as a visiting student at an overseas univer-sity or college. They may study for a term, asummer, or a full academic year. Most studentsundertake such study during their junior yearalthough there are opportunities to study abroadat other points in a student’s Washington and Leecareer.
The Office of International Education main-tains a comprehensive library of catalogs ofstudy abroad programs and foreign institutions.The Office’s web site also provides links to manyof these locations (www.wlu.edu/~intled). TheDirector of International Education will workwith students individually to find a study pro-gram most suited to that student’s needs. Thefaculty’s Foreign Study Committee approves
FOREIGN EXCHANGE PROGRAMS
Washington and Lee has exchange programswith Chung Chi College of the Chinese Uni-versity of Hong Kong (elementary Chineserecommended), Rikkyo University in Tokyo,and the Kansai University of Foreign Studiesnear Kyoto (elementary Japanese recom-mended for both Japan programs). Under theseprograms, Washington and Lee students spenda year studying at Chung Chi and studentsfrom Chung Chi spend the same year studyingat Washington and Lee. Washington and Leestudents also have the opportunity to spendone or two semesters at Rikkyo or the KansaiUniversity of Foreign Studies; these institu-tions generally send students to Washingtonand Lee for the entire year.
For information on the Rikkyo UniversityInternational Scholarships, designed for stu-dents of the institutions with which Rikkyo hasexchange agreements, or for general informa-tion concerning Rikkyo and the Kansai Uni-versity of Foreign Studies, see ProfessorsRogers or Ujie. See Professor Hill for informa-tion concerning Chung Chi.
University College of Oxford University hasinvited Washington and Lee to send one studenta year as an exchange student for a year-longprogram in some area in which a tutor is availableon the University College faculty. The programis designed for students in their junior year but inexceptional cases a senior may be considered. Astudent is chosen by the Oxford Exchange Com-mittee each year to participate in this program.Nominations by faculty members are due byJanuary 15. They should be sent to ProfessorJarrard, who will also provide further informa-tion about the program.
Students with advanced Russian languagetraining may study for one year at a university orinstitute in the Commonwealth of IndependentStates. For further information, contact the Rus-sian Studies Committee chairman, ProfessorBidlack, in the history department.
Students interested in these or other foreignstudy programs should consult the head of theappropriate department or the foreign studyadviser.
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programs while individual Washington and Leedepartments authorize credit for courses takenabroad. With such approval, full academic creditmay be transferred to Washington and Lee forstudy abroad undertaken through a recognizedprogram.
A student must have a cumulative grade-pointaverage of at least 2.500 to undertake Washing-ton and Lee approved study at another institutionduring the academic year. To undertake summerstudy at another institution, a student must havea minimum cumulative grade-point average of2.000. Grades received for approved study abroadare not counted towards a student’s Washingtonand Lee cumulative grade-point average; gradesreceived while on an exchange program are in-cluded. Applications for receiving credit forstudy abroad as well as information on applica-tion deadlines are available through the Office ofInternational Education.
Washington and Lee also maintains specificarrangements or agreements with a number ofstudy abroad programs. By arrangement with theUniversity of Massachusetts, Washington andLee students who have had two years of Chinese(one year for the summer program alone) and a3.000 cumulative grade-point average may studyChinese for the summer at Tunghai University inTaiwan and/or may spend one or two semestersat either Tunghai or Bejing Normal University(People’s Republic of China). Students in theseprograms pay University of Massachusetts feesand assume the status of transient students. Par-ticipation in this program requires prior consul-tation with the head of the Department of EastAsian Languages and Literatures and the ap-proval of the East Asian Studies committee.
The University is also a coordinating insti-tution for Denmark’s International Study Pro-gram in Copenhagen. This program offers se-mester and academic year programs for stu-dents in the arts, humanities, social sciences,business administration, and architecture anddesign. Further information about the programmay be obtained from the Foreign Study Ad-viser.
Washington and Lee, along with three otherVirgina colleges, holds membership in the Inter-collegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome,
a one-semester program administered by StanfordUniversity. All students in the program must takean integrated and comprehensive course titled“The Ancient City.” Optional courses includeGreek and Latin language, Renaissance and Ba-roque Art History, and Elementary Italian. Stu-dents may attend either the fall or the spring term.Applicants must be majoring in classics, history,or archaeology and anthropology, or must be artmajors with strong classical interests and back-ground. All applicants must have at least a Baverage, and background in Roman history isadvised. Interested students should see ProfessorTaylor in classics for information and applica-tion forms. Applications must be submitted byMarch 15 for the fall term and by October 15 forthe winter term.
Washington and Lee is one of ten U.S. col-leges and universities affiliated with AdvancedStudies in England (ASE), an undergraduatehumanities program based in the city of Bathwhich offers qualified students a one- or two-semester experience. Students live in Georgiantownhouses near the city center. The seminar-sized classes taught by British faculty often in-clude study trips designed to deepen the stu-dents’ understanding of the particular curricularsubjects and English culture. ASE is formallyassociated with University College, Oxford Uni-versity where students study for a two-weekresidency each semester. Dr. Christopher Pelling,Fellow in Classics at University College, ap-points the Oxford faculty and oversees the fort-night in Oxford. Students also spend a week eachsemester in Stratford-upon-Avon while attend-ing the Royal Shakespeare Company produc-tions. Applicants to ASE should have a 3.000cumulative grade-point average. Interested stu-dents should see the Foreign Study Adviser orProfessor Ray, the U.S. Academic Adviser forASE, for further information, catalogs, and ap-plication forms.
There are also opportunities for Washingtonand Lee students to pursue internship, work, orvolunteer experiences abroad through a numberof program options. Several organizations areinvolved in exchanges that provide temporarywork permits for U.S. students to work in othercountries. There are numerous programs that
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offer hands-on teaching and other public serviceoptions for students. Business, technical andother professional internships may be availableto qualified students. Information and advisingon these programs is available through the Officeof International Education.
THE VIRGINIA PROGRAM AT OXFORD
Washington and Lee, along with five otherVirginia colleges, sponsors a six-week sum-mer program on Tudor-Stuart history, litera-ture, and society at St. Anne’s College, Ox-ford. The lecturers for the program are eminentBritish scholars; the tutors, Oxford dons. Stu-dents from Washington and Lee who completethe program will receive six credits, split evenlybetween English and history electives. (Cred-its earned under this program will be treated assummer school work, not as Washington andLee work.) Interested students should see Pro-fessor Simpson in the art department beforeMarch 1 of the year in which they would like toattend the program. Students are required tohave a cumulative grade-point average of atleast 2.000 by the end of spring term in the yearfor which they apply.
LUCE SCHOLARS PROGRAM
The Henry Luce Foundation has invitedWashington and Lee to participate as one of 60colleges and universities annually nominatingtwo or three candidates for Luce Scholarships.The candidates may be students or alumnibetween the ages of 21 and 28 who will havereceived a baccalaureate degree by the timethey begin their year as a Luce Scholar. WithLuce Foundation support, Luce Scholars spenda year in East Asia studying and working withpeople and firms in the field of their careerinterest. Persons with vocational interests inEast Asia are ineligible, as are persons whohave lived or who have traveled extensivelythere. Other qualifications include high aca-demic achievement, clearly defined career in-terests, and demonstrated leadership capacity.Further information is available from the Of-fice of the Associate Dean of the College.
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LEYBURN SCHOLARS PROGRAMIN ANTHROPOLOGY
The James G. Leyburn Scholars Program inAnthropology was established in 1981 by threeanonymous gifts totaling $135,000. Since theprogram’s inception, more than 100 formerstudents and friends of Dean Leyburn havemade additional gifts.
James G. Leyburn was named dean of theUniversity in 1947 after 20 distinguished yearson the sociology faculty at Yale. As dean, heoffered the University a series of bold chal-lenges, which were part of what became knownas the Leyburn Plan—a blueprint for strength-ening the University’s academic standards. Herelinquished his duties as dean in 1955, choos-ing to devote all his time to teaching. He washead of the sociology/anthropology depart-ment until 1967 and retired from active teach-ing in June 1972. In 1993, the University Li-brary was named the James G. Leyburn Li-brary in recognition of Dean Leyburn’s manycontributions to shaping the mission and char-acter of the University.
While his contributions to Washington andLee were myriad, one of Leyburn’s more im-portant contributions was his development ofteaching and research in anthropology. TheLeyburn Scholars program is designed to fur-ther the study of and research in anthropologyby enabling the University to provide stipendssupporting student research during both theacademic year and summer. Projects are struc-tured to provide the student with the opportu-nity to develop skills in research design, fieldwork, data collection and analysis, and reportpreparation. All Washington and Lee under-graduates and alumni working in anthropologyare eligible to compete for the stipends. Par-ticipants are encouraged to have as a goal thepublication of the findings their work gener-ates. In the context of publications, additionalgifts received during 1982 allowed an on-going publication series to be initiated in 1984.
In 1985, the Leyburn Scholars program re-ceived national recognition as an example of“collaborative learning” in The Forum for Lib-eral Education.
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MARINE SCIENCE EDUCATION
The Marine Science Education Consortiumwith the Duke University Marine Laboratorymakes it possible for Washington and Lee biol-ogy majors to spend one fall term at the DukeUniversity Marine Laboratory in Beaufort, NorthCarolina. Usually this term is during the junior orsenior year. All credits successfully completedwill apply toward the major in biology and thedegree from Washington and Lee.
THE MARSHALL UNDERGRADUATEPROGRAM
The George C. Marshall Research Founda-tion offers outstanding Washington and Lee stu-dents the opportunity to study and work at theMarshall Library, virtually next door to Wash-ington and Lee. Marshall scholars, jointly cho-sen by the University and the Foundation, pre-pare research papers at the Library, attend semi-nars, and participate in conferences and otherLibrary activities.
WRITING PROGRAM
The Washington and Lee Writing Programhelps students learn to write more effectivelyin college and prepares them for the personaland professional writing they will do later intheir lives. It includes various components thatsupport the faculty in helping students toachieve these goals. The component of theprogram that works with students directly isthe Writing Center.
THE WRITING CENTER
The Writing Center offers individual tutorialassistance to students on any college writing task,from papers and lab reports in any stage of comple-tion to resumés and application essays. Open eve-nings, the Center is directed by the coordinator ofthe Writing Program and staffed by upperclass
students in various major fields chosen for theirsuperior writing and teaching abilities. Writingtutors do not proofread or edit student work; rather,they teach students to recognize and correct theirown errors with the goal of making each student amore confident and self-sufficient writer. In keep-ing with the Honor System, students who come tothe Center must acknowledge assistance on anyproject they submit for a grade.
ROBERT E. LEE UNDERGRADUATERESEARCH PROGRAM
Under this distinctive program, funds are avail-able to encourage well-qualified and strongly mo-tivated students to become familiar with researchtools, techniques, and methodology. Participationis an enriching and broadening experience. It isparticularly valuable to students who intend topursue graduate work, for they are introduced to thekind of research activities they will encounter at thegraduate level.
Projects are chiefly of two types: assisting aprofessor in research, or carrying out a student-planned project under the supervision of a pro-fessor. In either case, the professor and studentbenefit from the joint participation.
Students are normally nominated for grants-in-aid by a professor with whom they are study-ing. Most recipients are known as Robert E. LeeResearch Assistants or, if they have and maintaina 3.000 average, as Robert E. Lee ResearchScholars; several outstanding students in thesciences will be designated Christian A. JohnsonScholars. While participants receive no academiccredit, the grants-in-aid enable them to earn apart of the cost of their education in work that hasexceptional educational value.
The Robert E. Lee Research Fund was estab-lished in 1960 through a gift from the late Dr.Gustavus Benz Capito, an 1899 graduate of Wash-ington and Lee. Additional support has comefrom various sources, including the Christian A.Johnson Foundation.
