Upload
alexandra-tucker
View
217
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Colon
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE COLON
Physiological Function
• Fluid re-absorption– reabsorbs 1.5-2 litres per day
• Storage• Elimination• Enteric flora
Symptoms & Signs in Colon Diseases
Symptoms of Colonic Diseases
• Diarrhoea
• Constipation
• Incontinence
• Flatulence
• Pain
• Blood per rectum
• Systemic symptoms
ALARM SYMPTOMS
• Later age of onset
• Weight loss
• Anaemia
• Blood loss
• Nocturnal symptoms
• Family history colon cancer
Origin of Abdominal Pain
Intestinal structures
Embryological origin
Spinal segments Pain location
Oesophagus, gastric, duodenal
Foregut T5-6 to T8-9 Epigastric
Small intestine to transverse colon
Midgut T8-11 to L1 Peri-umbilical
Transverse to recto-sigmoid
Hindgut T11 to L1 Suprapubic
Common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding
• Anatomical– Diverticulosis
• Vascular– Haemorrhoid– Angiodysplasia– Ischemic– Radiation-induced telangiectasia
• Inflammatory– Infectious– Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease
• Neoplastic– Polyp– Carcinoma
• Others– Ulcer– Post biopsy or polypectomy
Vascular Ectasia
Signs of Colonic Disease
• Tenderness
• Rebound, guarding
• Mass
• Systemic signs
• Digital Rectal Examination
Investigations
• Radiology
• Endoscopy
Barium Enema
Barium Enema
Barium Enema
Sigmoidoscopy
Endoscopy
Diseases of the Colon
Diverticular Disease
Diverticular Disease
• Very common - >50% in over 50’s
• 90% asymptomatic
• Symptomatic >10%
– Haemorrhage 25% sts massive
– Diverticulitis 75%
NATURAL HISTORY OF DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
Symptomatic Simple Diverticular Disease
• Colicky LIF pain
• Constipation
• STS rectal bleeding
• Treatment:– Fibre – Stool softeners
Complicated Diverticular Disease
• Mucosal inflammation – diverticular colitis
• Subserosal inflammation – diverticulitis
– Abscess
– Bleeding
– Obstruction
– Perforation/fistula
ISCHEMIC COLITIS
• Elderly arteriopaths
• CV risk factor profile
• Often after hypotensive episode
• Pain first, often mild
• Bleeding & diarrhoea
BLOOD SUPPLY OF COLON
Investigations
• PFA – “thumb printing”• Endoscopy
– rectal sparing– segmental involvement
• CT scanning
ISCHEMIC COLITIS
Ischemic Colitis
Management
• Conservative approach
• iv fluids, treat anaemia
• Nutrition
• 10% later stricture
• Surgery for gangrene of colon
C. difficile
• Anaerobic gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-producing bacillus 1935
• 1978 - c. diff identified as cause of antibiotic related diarrhoea – mostly clindamycin
• fecal-oral route
• Toxins A & B
• Recently hypervirulent strain – 027
• Exponential increase
RISK FACTORS
– antibiotic use– hygiene/handwashing– hospitalisation/overcrowding– advanced age– PPIs– GI surgery– enteral feeding
ANTIBIOTICS & CDAD
Frequently associated
Occasionally associated
Rarely associated
fluoroquinolones macrolides aminoglycosides
clindamycin trimethoprim tetracyclines
Penicillin (broad spectrum)
sulphonamides chloramphenicol
cepalosporins metronidazole
vancomycin
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Spectrum: asymptomatic to toxic megacolon
• Watery diarrhoea cardinal feature
• Offensive
• Often prominent systemic features
• Pseudomembranes on endoscopy
MANAGEMENT
• Stop antibiotics
• Infection control
• Supportive therapy
• Treat on suspicion
• Metronidazole or vancomycin
• Rarely surgery
• Relapses
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Crohn’s disease
• Microscopic colitis– Lymphocytic colitis– Collagenous colitis
Ulcerative Colitis
• Ulcerative colitis is characterized by recurring episodes of inflammation limited to the mucosal layer of the colon. It almost invariably involves the rectum and may extend in a proximal and continuous fashion to involve other portions of the colon
Crohn’s Disease
Crohn's disease is characterized by transmural rather than superficial mucosal inflammation and by skip lesions rather than continuous disease. The transmural inflammatory nature of Crohn's disease can lead to stricture formation, microperforations and fistulae. Crohn's disease may involve the entire gastrointestinal tract from mouth to perianal area.
Comparisons of various factors in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Crohns UC
rectum involved uncommom yes
anus involved yes no
TI involved often no
colon involved often always
PSC less common more commom
Endoscopy Ulcers continuous
Inflammation Transmural superficial
Inflammation Skip continuous
fistulae/stenoses Yes no
Granulomas Often no
Smoking increases risk lowers risk
Surgical cure no yes
Appendicectomy No influence protective
Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s Disease
Distribution of Crohn’s Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn’s Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn’s Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Causes of Diarrhoea in Crohn’s Disease
Consideration Treatment
mucosal inflammation anti-inflammatory Rx
bacterial overgrowth antibiotics
bile salt diarrhoea cholestyramine
bile acid deficiency low fat diet
lactase deficiency avoid latose
short bowel low fat diet
internal fistulae surgery
antibiotics (c. diff) treat
Colon Carcinoma
COLORECTAL CANCER
• Polyp-dysplasia-cancer sequence
– genetic– environmental
Clinical Features
– Depends on site of tumour
– 1/3 proximal to splenic flexure
– Bleeding
– Change in bowel pattern
– Fe deficiency anaemia
– Pain non-specific
– Systemic features late
– Metastatic
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Abdominal pain — 44 percent
• Change in bowel habit — 43 percent
• Hematochezia or melena — 40 percent
• Weakness — 20 percent
• Anemia without other gastrointestinal symptoms — 11 percent
• Weight loss — 6 percent
Investigation
• Sigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy• Biopsy• Barium studies• CT scanning
Colon Carcinoma
Dukes classification
Dukes A - limited to bowel wall
Dukes B - extends thro’ muscle wall
Dukes C - LN involvement - C1 & C2
Dukes D - outside bowel wall
Treatment
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
Screening
• To detect cancer at treatable stage
• Age > 50 years
• Targeted screening
Screening
• Faecal occult blood• Sigmoidoscopy• Colonoscopy• Virtual colonoscopy
Colon Polyp
Colon Polyp
Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual Colonoscopy