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Background Info
1776 – Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence ignored the issue of slavery
1776 – 1783 13 Colonies fought for independence from GB
1789 – USA adopted the ConstitutionConstitution ignored the issue of
slavery
1787 Northwest Ordinance
organized land north of the Ohio River into 5 territories (OH, IN, IL, MI, WI)
land north of the Ohio R. was to be “free” territory/states
land south of the Ohio R. was to be “slave” territory/states
More Expansion
1803 – Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory from France
west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, north of Texas
Slave owners began to take their “property” west of the Mississippi River
1812 – 1815 War of 1812
USA hoped to gain Canadian territory
Missouri Statehood
1819 MO applied for statehood as a slave statetwo problems:part of Missouri was north of the Ohio Riveradmission of Missouri as a slave state would
alter the “balance of power” in the Senatethe issue:North did not want slavery to spread, South didNeither section wanted to lose power in
Congress
A
Missouri Compromise
1820 Congress approved Clay’s plan
Missouri admitted as a slave state
Maine admitted as a free state
36o 30’ line of latitude drawn to determine future slave and free territories and states
kept USA together but the slavery issue was not resolved…neither side was completely happy
B
…stuff…
1800 – 1850 USA economy developed through the Industrial Revolution
1820 – 1850 US settlers moved west in search of new lands…“manifest destiny”
1828 – 1836 USA experienced “Jacksonian Democracy” and “Indian Removal”
Second Great Awakening
1810–1850 USA experienced a religious revivalProtestant Christian camp meeting movement
to revitalize Christian attitudes and spiritpeople returned to church and “traditional
values”became concerned with the evils of alcoholbecame concerned with immorality of slaveryAbolitionists began strong protests to end
slavery
C
Turner’s Rebellion
1831 Nat Turner (VA slave and preacher) started a revolt
killed c. 55 white people
were arrested two days later, tried, and executed
c. 200 innocent slaves were also killed
white communities passed stricter slave codes
Southern states tried to prevent abolitionists and abolitionist materials from entering their states
D
the Underground Railroad
c. 1000 slaves escaped to the North and Canada each year (north = the Ohio River)
many slaves traveled alonemany used the Underground Railroad
systemmost famous “conductor” was Harriet
TubmanSouthern states demanded that Congress
prevent the loss of their “property”
E
Congressional “Gag Rule”
for years, Congress argued about what to do about slavery
1836 Congress decided to “table” all discussions about slavery
“table” means not to discuss an issue
abolitionists called this the “gag rule”
in force from 1836 - 1848
Texas
1820s Americans began moving into TX, some took their slaves
1836 Americans in TX declared (and fought for) their independence from Mexico
1846 US annexed TX
1846 – 1848 US fought the Mexican War
1848 Mexican Cession gave America TX plus CA, NM, AZ, UT, NV
California Statehood1849 CA applied for statehood as a free
state
two problems:
CA was both north and south of the 36o 30’ line
CA would alter the “balance of power” in the Senate
the issue:
North did not want slavery to spread
neither side wanted to lose power in Congress
the South was running out of “new” land
F
Compromise of 1850
1850 Congress approved Clay’s plan
California admitted as a free state
New Mexico & Utah could be slave territories
Slave trade was banned in Washington, DC
new, tougher Fugitive Slave Law passed
kept USA together but it did not resolve the slavery issue again…neither side was completely happy...again
G
Fugitive Slave Law
Northern government officials must help catch runaway slaves & return them to the South
failing to stop a runaway = $1,000 fine and 6-months of jail time
ex slaves felt unsafe in the North, moved to Canada if they could
slave hunters roamed about to catch runaways
most Northerners disliked law, refused to obey it, some continued to help runaways
H
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852 written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
a novel about the South & the cruelty of slavery
HBS lived in New England and in Cincy, OH
HBS was an abolitionist; married an abolitionist
HBS visited KY, never visited the deep South
book infuriated the South, enflamed the North
I
the Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act
tried to organize the territory west of MO
wanted to build a railroad from IL to CA ($)
K-N Act based on theory of “popular sovereignty”
the people of Kansas and Nebraska could decide whether to be slave or free…vote
J
Popular Sovereignty
three problems:
Kansas and Nebraska were both north of 36o 30’
North did not want slave states north of 36o 30’
South did not want more free states in Senate
the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed
Results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
farmers looking for good soil rushed into KS
Abolitionists paid Northern farmers to move in
Southerners paid slave-owners to move in
another problem:
1855 a pro-slavery legislature was elected
1856 an anti-slavery legislature was elected
K
Bleeding Kansas
May 21, 1856 pro-slavery men raided Lawrence, KS
May 24, 1856 anti-slavery men raided Pottawatomie, KS
fighting was called “Bleeding Kansas”
Fall of 1856 President Pierce ordered US Army to stop the “civil war”
The Dred Scott CaseDred Scott was a slave owned by a US
Army doc
in 1830s Scott was taken by his master to Illinois and Wisconsin
IL was a free state, WI was a free territory
doctor moved to MO then LA, two slave states
1847 Scott (with help from some abolitionist lawyers) sued for his freedom
case eventually went to the US Supreme Court
M
Supreme Court Decision1857 Supreme Court Chief Justice
Roger Taney wrote the majority opinion:
slaves (African-Americans) were not citizens … therefore they could not sue in a US Court
slaves were “property”…therefore owners could take them anywhere, anytime
Congress cannot forbid slavery in any territory
the South rejoiced, the North went ballistic
N
1858 Illinois Senate Election
Democratic candidate was Stephen Douglas
well-known, politically powerful
believed in popular sovereignty
Republican candidate was Abraham Lincoln
unknown, politically weak
believed slavery should not spread
O
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Candidates held seven debates in seven cities
to help people of IL decide whom to vote for
the speeches of both men were printed in newspapers around the country
Douglas won the election…but…
Lincoln gained national fame and recognition
John Brown’s Raid
1859 abolitionist, John Brown wanted to start a slave rebellion
Brown and 18 men attacked US Army arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA
Col. Robert E. Lee, and US Marines sent to stop Brown
Brown’s team was arrested, tried, and executed
Northern abolitionists applauded Brown’s efforts, Southerners went ballistic
P
Election of 1860
Four candidates ran for president
Abraham Lincoln, Republican from IL won
within weeks, 7 Southern states declared their independence (formed the Confederate States of America)
Election of 1860
some historians suggest the election of Lincoln as president was a cause of the Civil War…