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The Computer
• Gears and cams• Water powered factories• Printing press• Automata toys• Programmable (Jacquard) loom• 1890 US census tabulator• WWII & the Mark I
14 BC – First reference to Hellenistic gearing system.
• Vitruvius – “Machines that are rarely used.”
• Was it high slave population of Greeks and Romans at this time?
• Or, diminished need for multiple mills in a centralized imperial administration? Donkey powered grain mill
250 AD – Roman imperial grain mills at Barbegal, Fr.
• Built on hillside using eight sequential overshot water wheel grain mills.
• Supplied all of Arles, France with grain.
The Overshot Water Wheel
250-400 AD – Fall of Rome
• After the “cash cow” Constantinople separated from the West.
• The W. Empire forced to raise taxes to finance its huge bureaucracy.
• The mills survived and were run by monasteries and the church.
The water powered cam• Invented 200-300 BC.
First water powered reference in Alps.
• This triggered the Medieval Industrial Revolution 900AD-1400AD.
• Binary instruction; Yes/no, on/off, up/down, etc.
• Used for mass production of beer, steel, paper, fulling-mills, etc.
Gears
• Gears control speed like the gears in your automobile, bicycle or clock.
1098 AD – Cistercians left the Benedict abbey.
• Forming new abbeys ‘far from the haunts of men.’
• Instituted ‘lay brothers,’ & corporate culture.
• Masters at making marginal land productive.
• 530 such profitable abbeys established all over Europe in a period of 100 years.
• Cistercian wool was the best available.
11th Century – Horizontal loom to W. Europe.
• This was much faster (using foot pedals) than the vertical loom of the time and made Flanders rich
• Led to a shortage of hand spun wool.
1114 AD – Begin the Champagne Fairs
• The first international center of exchange.
• Letter of credit established.– Allows buyer and seller exchange of
money through their respective banks.
Champagne Province is E. of Paris
Map of FranceIn 1326
1280 AD – Introduction of spinning wheel
• Increased spun wool in Flanders.
• This led to a ten-fold increase in cloth production.
• Go to http://www.joyofhandspinning.com/wheel-parts.html
1300 AD – ‘Little Ice Age.’
• Grain harvests fell short
• Uncertain weather
• Widespread famine fostering a weakened state.
1347 AD – The Black Plague in Europe
• A Genoese galley carrying immigrants from Caffa spread the plague to Europe.
• The cause of the disease was unknown at the time. It killed off 1/3 of Europe’s population in 3 years.
• The Bubonic Plague is now known to be a bacterium carried by a flee on its host.
1450 AD – Economic Boom
• After the epidemic there was a tremendous economic boom resulting in much discarded linen
• Discarded linen found use in making inexpensive high quality paper.
• Scribes were too slow and costly. This triggered Gutenberg to make the printing press.
1457 AD – 1st dated publication from press
• This was a book of psalms. • The printed word increased communication
dramatically.• Specialization of knowledge• Democratization of knowledge• Increased literacy• Easier to read• Increased accuracy, spelling and grammar
Aldus Manutius printed The Aldine Editions
• The first pocket books.
• Printed the classic Greek literature.
These books were published in 1500
18th Century – Bouchon’s programmable loom
• First application of punched hole paper to act as instructions for silk pattern.
1741 AD – Jacques de Vaucanson’s loom
• In Lyons, France. Vaucanson, an automata maker improved the loom using a ratcheted hole punched cylinder with punched paper over it.
• This threatened the weavers livelihoods.
1805 – Jacquard loom
• Jacquard made minor improvements to Vaucanson’s loom to, finally, an accepting public.
• 1847 – Whole punched paper guides to control riveting machines for ship building
1880 – Herman Hollerith’s data processing.
• John Billings, head of US health statistics department asked Herman Hollerith, an engineer, to make a tabulating machine for the 1890 census.
• His punch card tabulating machine was used in the 1890 census. Cut time in half.
• Hollerith is also know for starting International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
“The Next Pandemic”
• 60% of 400 emerging diseases identified since 1940 are “zoonotic” – from animals.
• From 50,000 known vertebrate species there may be 1MM unknown infectious viruses.
• Once a virus become contagious between us >100MM may die before a vaccine is made
• Worse case scenario is H5N1, the avian flu virus with a 60% kill rate.
Automatic Sequence Control Calculator “The Mark 1”
• 1944 – Built at IBM for Harvard Univ.
• Built to calculate cannon shell trajectories for the US Navy.
• Weighed 5 tons carried 500 miles of wire and was very slow.
• Used electromechanical switches
The Mark 1
The Eniac Computer
• Eniac computer used vacuum tube switches
• Edsac computer built in 1949 used binary code.
• 1956 – the transistor replaced the cumbersome vacuum tube.
The Eniac Computer
The Edsac Computer Being Built
Binary Numbers
• Each digit is based on 2n, where n is the column number
• 24 23 22 21 20, etc. Where these numbers represent 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 respectively.
• The number 1011 in binary code is equivalent to 8+0+2+1 = 11 in base 10.
• The number 25 in base 10 code is equal to 11001 in binary code (16+8+0+0+1).
Binary Numbers
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
Value
=8=8+1=9=8+2=10=15
2n
=271 1 0 1 1
Base 10 & Binary Equivalent
Base 10 Binary
32 100000
27 11011
31 11111
60 111100
15 1111
What you should know
• How does a water wheel work and what it was used for?
• What do gears and cams do?
• Compare the vertical & horizontal looms.
• Connection between mini-iceage and paper production.
• Weaving advances discussed during the 11-18th century
• Kinetic energy used for milling, grinding, sawing, etc. P89 #3-4
• Control speed/power and binary instructions. P86-89 & slide #6-7
• Foot pedals on horizontal. #9-10
• Discarded linen #16
• Slides #9,10,13 & 23-24
What you need to know
• How did the printing press affect the spread of knowledge?
• How was plaque spread?
• What is a fulling mill?
• Binary decimal
• Give the binary and decimal sum of binary 1011 + 1100
• Pg. 104-106 & slides 16-17
• A bacterium carried by a flea.
• Wool washing pg. 89
• slides 32-34
• 10111 or 23
