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THE CONCEPT OF PROSE FICTION According Cleanth Brooks. Jr, and Robert Penn fiction is a story, a made-up story, about characters. They realized that the definition is oversimplified because they believe that such a definition would be necessarily complicated and abstract. For this reason, they believe that it will be more fruitful to work toward an understanding of fiction through an investigation of particular instances. Untuk alasan ini, mereka percaya bahwa akan lebih mudah jika memahami sebuah fiksi melalui penyelidikan kasus tertentu. Let us try to see prose fiction from another point of view. In broad sense, prose fiction is imaginative literature; it is literature that is not intended to be, and is not judged by the usual standard of truth and falsity. Dalam arti luas, prosa fiksi adalah sastra imajinatif, yang tidak dapat dinilai dari benar salahnya. It is imaginative, in the sense that it is a work of imagination, which is different from an essay, which also prose but not fiction. Hal ini imajinatif, dalam arti Bahwa itu adalah sebuah karya imajinasi, yang berbeda dari sebuah esai, Yang Juga prosa tapi bukan fiksi. In this chapter, we shall deal with literary truth which is different from historical or factual truth. It is only necessary to underline here that prose fiction has its own standard of truth, which can only be judged 1

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THE CONCEPT OF PROSE FICTION

According Cleanth Brooks. Jr, and Robert Penn fiction is a story, a made-

up story, about characters. They realized that the definition is oversimplified

because they believe that such a definition would be necessarily complicated and

abstract. For this reason, they believe that it will be more fruitful to work toward

an understanding of fiction through an investigation of particular instances. Untuk

alasan ini, mereka percaya bahwa akan lebih mudah jika memahami sebuah fiksi

melalui penyelidikan kasus tertentu.

Let us try to see prose fiction from another point of view. In broad sense,

prose fiction is imaginative literature; it is literature that is not intended to be, and

is not judged by the usual standard of truth and falsity. Dalam arti luas, prosa fiksi

adalah sastra imajinatif, yang tidak dapat dinilai dari benar salahnya. It is

imaginative, in the sense that it is a work of imagination, which is different from

an essay, which also prose but not fiction. Hal ini imajinatif, dalam arti Bahwa itu

adalah sebuah karya imajinasi, yang berbeda dari sebuah esai, Yang Juga prosa

tapi bukan fiksi.

In this chapter, we shall deal with literary truth which is different from

historical or factual truth. It is only necessary to underline here that prose fiction

has its own standard of truth, which can only be judged using all the information

contained in the fiction itself.

Using his imagination, that particular writer form a concept. That form can

be a poem, a play, or prose fiction, and each of these forms has its own unique

structure. A poem will consist of musical word written in lines or verse. A play

will be in dialogue. A short story will require a character put in a system of action

which consist beginning, middle, and end.

In narrower sense, prose fiction has five characteristics. First, it is fiction in

the broad literary sense. i.e something invented, so it is not the same as factual

truth. Pertama, adalah fiksi dalam arti sastra yang luas. adalah sesuatu yang

diciptakan, sehingga tidak sama dengan kebenaran faktual. Second, it is no

dramatic. Like drama, may have dialogue, as a means to convey the story and

character, but unlike drama, it also has narration and description. Every single

information in the story must be incoporated in the dialogue. Seperti drama,

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mungkin memiliki dialog, sebagai sarana untuk menyampaikan cerita dan

karakter, tapi tidak seperti drama, juga memiliki narasi dan deskripsi. Setiap

informasi tunggal dalam cerita harus dimasukkan dalam dialog. Third, it is

narrative, it is tell a story. The narration is used to tell the reader a story about a

certain setting (i.e. time and place) and also an action of character itself. Ketiga,

narasi, adalah bercerita. Narasi ini digunakan untuk memberitahu pembaca cerita

tentang pengaturan tertentu (waktu dan tempat yaitu) dan juga tindakan dari

karakter itu sendiri. Fourth, it is descriptive.tg the writer also use description to

Fifth, it is prose. Thus, a piece of prose fiction is prose, invented, has dialogue,

narration, and description. Dengan demikian, sepotong prosa fiksi adalah prosa,

diciptakan, memiliki dialog, narasi, dan deskripsi.

Based on length, complexity of theme and development of character and

plot, prose fiction can be classified into the short story, the novella or novelette,

and the novel. Berdasarkan panjang, kompleksitas tema dan pengembangan

karakter dan plot, fiksi prosa dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam cerita pendek, novel

atau roman, dan novel.

THE SHORT STORY

The short story is the essence of economy, consisting of approximately

2,000 words, but length is not the sole criteria for a short story. Cerita pendek

adalah inti dari ekonomi, yang terdiri dari sekitar 2.000 kata, tapi panjang bukan

kriteria tunggal untuk cerita pendek. Structurally, the short story must content

itself with few characters, few incidents, scenes, or episodes, few settings, and it

takes place in brief span of time. Secara struktural, cerita pendek harus mengisi

dirinya sendiri dengan beberapa karakter, beberapa insiden, adegan, atau episode,

beberapa pengaturan, dan itu terjadi dalam rentang waktu singkat. Stylistically,

the short story must make every word count and a short story writer must always

be aware of inconsistencies in style, in tone and point of view. Gaya, cerita

pendek harus membuat setiap kata dan penulis cerpen harus selalu menyadari

inkonsistensi dalam gaya, dalam nada dan sudut pandang.

Different from a novelist, he is not free to use different of view in one short

story. Short story writers agree in making every word in the story count. In other

words, if by deleting a word or phrase from the story it still maintains the desired

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effect, that particular word or phrase is counted as redundant. But, concerning the

use of different points of view story there seems to be some disagreements.

Steinmann and Willen, 1967 : 120: The short story must strive to achieve modest

effects-usually a single effect, it has “neither the resources nor the time to achieve

anything more” Steinmann dan Willen, 1967: 120: Cerita pendek harus berusaha untuk

mencapai efek sederhana-biasanya merupakan efek tunggal, ia memiliki "sumber daya

maupun waktu untuk mencapai sesuatu yang lebih"

Eugene C. Garcia and Walton R. Patrick in What is the short Story, 1961 : 5)

“He seems quite aware of the economy of word in the story, so that no word having no relation to the story can be printed in the story”

Eugene C. Garcia dan Walton R. Patrick Apakah Cerita pendek, 1961: 5)

"Dia tampaknya cukup menyadari perekonomian kata dalam cerita, sehingga

tidak ada kata tidak memiliki hubungan dengan cerita dapat dicetak dalam cerita"

Burroway, 1987 : 15: A short story is short, and can waste no words. The short story can

deal with only one or a very few consciousnesses. Burroway, 1987: 15: Sebuah cerita

pendek seharusnya juga pendek, dan bisa membuang-buang ada kata-kata. Cerita

pendek dapat menangani hanya satu atau sangat sedikit kesadaran.

Ensenwein (1909,reprinted in Current-Garcia and Patrick, 1961: 51 ff) He attempts to

define short story, by discussing what a shorts story is not. "Dia mencoba untuk

mendefinisikan cerpen, pertama dengan membahas apa saja criteria cerita yang

bukan termasuk shorts story.

Also Ensenwein (1909,reprinted in Current-Garcia and Patrick, 1961: 51 ff)

attempts to define short story, first by discussing what a shorts story is not. He

writes that:

1. The Short Story is not condensed novel

It is totally different between short story and novels. Their real difference

is in kind, not in length. The following are the requirements of a short story:

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a. The short story produces a singleness of effect denied to the novel; it

needs simplicity and totality of effect.

b. It must differ from the novel in scope and in structure.

Ini benar-benar berbeda antara cerita pendek dan novel. Perbedaan nyata

mereka dalam jenis, bukan panjangnya. Berikut ini adalah persyaratan dari

sebuah cerita pendek:

a. Cerita pendek menghasilkan efek tulus disangkal novel, sehingga

membutuhkan kesederhanaan dan totalitas efek.

b. Ini harus berbeda dari novel dalam lingkup dan dalam strukturnya.

2. The Short Story is not an episode

A short story shows the plot, and any attempt to make it lounger would

spoilt it. A short is not meant to dovetail into a novel which is to appear later.

2. Kisah Pendek bukan episode

Sebuah cerita pendek ini menunjukkan plot, dan setiap usaha untuk

membuatnya panjang akan merusaknya. Sebuah pendek ini tidak

dimaksudkan untuk pas ke dalam sebuah novel yang muncul kemudian.

3. The Short Story is not a scenario, or synopsis

A novel writer may be write a scenario before the work begins or synopsis

after the work has been completed. But in short story the scenario or synopsis

lacks the play of character, the pungency of conversation, and the

photography of description.

3. Kisah Pendek bukan skenario, atau sinopsis

Seorang penulis novel mungkin akan menulis skenario sebelum pekerjaan

dimulai atau sinopsis setelah pekerjaan telah selesai. Tapi dalam cerita

pendek skenario atau sinopsis tak memiliki permainan karakter, ketajaman

percakapan, dan fotografi dari deskripsi.

4. The Short Story is not a biography

Editors often receive a surprising number of life stories, complete form

birth to burial, no ventral incident, no unified effect, to justify their writing.

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4. Kisah Pendek bukan sebuah biografi

Editor sering menerima sejumlah mengejutkan kisah hidup, kelahiran

bentuk lengkap untuk pemakaman, tidak ada insiden ventral, tidak ada efek

bersatu, untuk membenarkan tulisan mereka.

5. Is not mere a sketch

Sketch is more deal with painting world. It is tell no story and totally

abstract and has functions to provide the painter with sufficient exercise both

in technique and looking at material before he works on his actual painting. In

same way, words sketches of character can beautiful and suggestive studies,

but they are not short stories because too general and have no final effect.

They have neither essential beginning for necessary ending.

5. Bukankah hanya sketsa

Sketsa adalah kesepakatan lebih banyak dengan dunia lukisan. Hal ini

memberitahu ada cerita dan fungsi benar-benar abstrak dan harus

menyediakan pelukis dengan olahraga yang cukup baik dalam teknik dan

melihat materi sebelum ia bekerja pada lukisan yang sebenarnya. Dengan cara

yang sama, kata sketsa karakter dapat studi indah dan sugestif, tetapi mereka

tidak cerita pendek karena terlalu umum dan tidak memiliki efek akhir.

Mereka tidak memiliki awal penting untuk akhir yang diperlukan.

6. The Short story is not a tale

What is meant by tale here is a simple narrative, usually short, having

actually no plot, developing no essential change in the relation of the

characters, and depending for its upon incidents rather than upon plot and the

revelation of character.

6. Cerita Pendek bukan dongeng

Yang dimaksud dengan cerita di sini adalah sebuah narasi sederhana, biasanya

pendek, memiliki alur cerita sebenarnya tidak, berkembang tidak ada perubahan

penting dalam hubungan karakter, dan tergantung untuk yang atas insiden bukan

pada plot dan penyataan karakter.

THE NOVELETTE AND THE NOVEL (roman DAN NOVEL)

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We have already discussed before that the difference between a short story

and novel is in kind, not length. The novella or novelette is a work of in between

length, it contains 18,000 to 40,000 words. In other case, the full length novel may

consist of over 100.000 words. Kita telah membahas sebelumnya bahwa

perbedaan antara cerpen dan novel adalah dalam bentuk panjang, tidak. The novel

atau novel adalah sebuah karya di antara panjang, berisi 18.000 sampai 40.000

kata. Dalam kasus lain, novel panjang penuh dapat terdiri dari lebih dari 100,000

kata-kata.

According to Professor Brander Matthews’ statement in his article, he writes

that a novel cannot have unity of impression. He further underlines that the short

story is a single effect, complete and self-contained, but a novel is necessity

broken into a series of episodes. Another great difference between short story and

the novel, according Matthews, lies in the fact a novel must be a love-tale, while

the short story need not deal with love at all. Menurut pernyataan Profesor

Brander Matthews dalam artikelnya, ia menulis bahwa novel tidak dapat memiliki

kesatuan kesan. Dia lebih lanjut menekankan bahwa cerita pendek adalah efek

tunggal, lengkap dan mandiri, tetapi sebuah novel adalah sebuah kebutuhan

dipecah menjadi serangkaian episode. Perbedaan besar antara cerpen dan novel,

menurut Matthews, terletak pada kenyataan sebuah novel harus menjadi kasih-

kisah, sementara cerpen tidak perlu berurusan dengan cinta sama sekali.

Philip Stevick in his introduction to his book The Theory of the Novel

(1967: 1 ff) quotes Rene Wellek and Austin Warren who wrote that ‘literary

theory and criticism of poetry’ said they are several reason which have made the

novel an entity without a definition, an art without its own continuity. Philip

Stevick dalam pengantar untuk bukunya The Theory of Novel tersebut (1967: 1

dst) mengutip Rene Wellek dan Austin Warren yang menulis bahwa 'teori sastra

dan kritik puisi "kata mereka beberapa alasan yang membuat novel suatu entitas

tanpa definisi, sebuah seni tanpa kontinuitas.

First, the novel is a comparatively new genre. Feilding and Rhicardson, by

the 1740’s clearly felt themselves to be marking a new genre, and perhaps this is

beginning of the novel. Pertama, novel adalah genre yang relatif baru. Feilding

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dan Rhicardson, pada 1740 itu jelas merasa diri mereka menandai sebuah genre

baru, dan mungkin ini adalah awal dari novel.

Second, the novel has from the conviction that it is an interioir form, and

has been subjected to continuous extra-artistic presures.

Stevick further proposes some standard ways off differentiating a novel

from prose which is not novel.

Kedua, novel memiliki dari keyakinan bahwa itu adalah bentuk interioir, dan telah

mengalami terus menerus ekstra artistik presures.

Stevick lebih lanjut mengusulkan beberapa cara standar off membedakan novel

dari prosa yang tidak baru.

Stevick lebih lanjut mengusulkan beberapa cara standar off membedakan novel

dari prosa yang tidak baru.

Perceptual

Novelist see and hear what writers of pre-novelist prose do not, or at least

they have found a vihicle by means of which their perceptions can be

presented.

persepsi

Novelis melihat dan mendengar apa penulis pra-novelis prosa tidak, atau

setidaknya mereka telah menemukan sebuah vihicle melalui persepsi mereka

yang dapat disajikan.

Structual

Another way of distinguishing the novel is to propose that novels succed, as

pre-novelistic narratives do not, in constructing actions, with begining, midle, and

end, with the materials of the novels deployed in such a way as to give the image

of coherence, continuity, and wholeness, and with certain tensions and

anticipations regarding the central characters carried through the entire lenght of

the works, to be resolved only at their ends.

Structual

Cara lain untuk membedakan novel ini adalah untuk mengusulkan bahwa novel

Lulusan, sebagai pra-novelistik narasi tidak, dalam tindakan membangun, dengan

awal, Midle, dan akhir, dengan bahan dari novel dikerahkan sedemikian rupa

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untuk memberikan citra koherensi, kontinuitas, dan keutuhan, dan dengan

ketegangan tertentu dan antisipasi mengenai karakter sentral dilakukan melalui

panjang seluruh karya, yang akan diselesaikan hanya di ujungnya.

Sociological

It is clear that the novel is a midle-class genre. Extrinsically, it implies that

the novel emerged as a specific genre at least partly as a response to new kind of

audience, literate, self-conscious in regard to manners and morals, leisured but

commercial. Intrinsically, it implies that the novel must come to terms with the

middle class, either by objectifying middle-class wishes and fears, or in analyzing

a middle-class life style.

Sociological

Jelas bahwa novel adalah genre tengah kelas. Ekstrinsik, ini menunjukkan

bahwa novel ini muncul sebagai genre tertentu setidaknya sebagian sebagai

tanggapan terhadap jenis baru penonton, melek, sadar diri dalam hal sopan santun

dan moral, tetapi waktu terluang komersial. Pada hakekatnya, ini menunjukkan

bahwa novel harus datang untuk berdamai dengan kelas menengah, baik dengan

objectifying kelas menengah keinginan dan ketakutan, atau dalam menganalisis

gaya hidup kelas menengah.

Mythic

Although no novel can satisfactory contain a hero of romance or epic

proportions, in every novel characters exist at a mythic level. But, sometime there

are problems in determining the mythic level of certain characters in indisputably

novelistic works. Novels tend to differ from pre-novelistic narrative in the extent

to which the novel is a printed, rather than oral,form.

Dongeng

Meskipun Novel tidak ada yang bisa memuaskan mengandung pahlawan

asmara atau proporsi epik, dalam setiap karakter Novel ada pada tingkat mitis.

Tapi, kadang ada masalah dalam menentukan tingkat mitis karakter tertentu dalam

karya disangkal novelistik. Novel cenderung berbeda dari pra-novelistik narasi

dalam sejauh mana novel adalah bentuk, dicetak, bukan lisan.

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Philosophical

Novels represent the minute passage of time. Precisely located space, and

carefully observed appearances not because novelist developed a superior degree

of skill but because a particular philosophical climate had made it legitimate to

think of sensory data and individual experience as the very substance of reality

itself.

filosofis

Novel merupakan bagian menit dari waktu. Tepatnya terletak ruang, dan hati-hati

mengamati penampilan bukan karena novelis mengembangkan tingkat

keterampilan unggul tetapi karena iklim filosofis tertentu telah membuatnya sah

untuk memikirkan data indrawi dan pengalaman individu sebagai zat yang sangat

realitas itu sendiri.

Subjective

Appearance and reality is, in fact, an approach to the essence of the novel by

means of naming its subject. The novel as a genre can be said to have its own

subject.

subyektif

Penampilan dan kenyataan, pada kenyataannya, pendekatan terhadap esensi dari

novel dengan cara penamaan subjek. Novel sebagai genre dapat dikatakan

memiliki subjek sendiri.

Cultural

The novel in the Western culture expresses, criticizes, or ministers culture.

Short story and the novel differ not only in lenght but in kind, and from the

discussion above we learn

kultural

Novel dalam budaya Barat mengungkapkan, mengkritik, atau budaya menteri.

Cerita pendek dan novel tidak hanya berbeda dalam panjang tetapi dalam hati, dan

dari diskusi di atas kita belajar

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VARIETIES OF THE NOVEL

1.Historical Novel

A novel that re-creates a period or event in history and often uses historical

figures as some of its characters

novel sejarah

Sebuah novel yang kembali menciptakan waktu atau peristiwa dalam sejarah dan

sering menggunakan tokoh-tokoh sejarah sebagai beberapa karakternya.

2. Detective Novel

The detective fiction is a genre of fiction in which a detective, either an amateur or a

professional, solves a crime or a series of crimes.

Because detective stories rely on logic, supernatural elements rarely come into

play. The detective may be a private investigator, a policeman, an elderly widow, or a

young girl, but he or she generally has nothing material to gain from solving the crime.

Fiksi detektif adalah genre fiksi yang detektif, baik amatir atau profesional, memecahkan

kejahatan atau serangkaian kejahatan.

Karena cerita-cerita detektif mengandalkan logika, unsur supranatural jarang ikut

bermain. Detektif itu mungkin detektif swasta, polisi, seorang janda tua, atau seorang

gadis muda, tapi ia umumnya memiliki bahan tidak ada keuntungan dari memecahkan

kejahatan.

3. Science Fiction Novel

Science fiction is story-telling, usually imaginative as distinct from realistic fiction, which

poses the effects of current or extrapolated scientific discoveries, or a single discovery,

on the behavior of individuals of society.

3. Fiksi Ilmiah Novel

Fiksi ilmiah bercerita, biasanya imajinatif sebagai sesuatu yang berbeda dari fiksi

realistis, yang menimbulkan efek penemuan ilmiah saat ini atau ekstrapolasi, atau

penemuan tunggal, pada perilaku individu masyarakat.

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4 Picaresque Novel

picaresque novel, early form of novel, usually a first-person narrative, relating the

adventures of a rogue or low-born adventurer (Spanish pícaro) as he drifts from place to

place and from one social milieu to another in his effort to survive. In its episodic

structure the picaresque novel resembles the long, rambling romances of medieval

chivalry, to which it provided the first realistic counterpart. Unlike the idealistic knight-

errant hero, however, the picaro is a cynical and amoral rascal who, if given half a

chance, would rather live by his wits than by honourable work.

Novel picaresque, bentuk awal dari novel, biasanya narasi orang pertama, yang

berkaitan petualangan seorang petualang jahat atau rendah kelahiran (Spanyol pícaro)

karena ia melayang dari satu tempat ke tempat dan dari satu lingkungan sosial yang lain

dalam usahanya untuk bertahan hidup.

Dalam struktur episodik nya novel picaresque menyerupai, roman panjang bertele-tele

dari ksatria abad pertengahan, untuk yang disediakan mitra realistis pertama. Berbeda

dengan pahlawan-ksatria pengembara idealis, namun, picaro adalah bajingan sinis dan

amoral yang, jika diberi sedikit kesempatan, lebih suka hidup dengan akalnya

dibandingkan dengan pekerjaan terhormat.

Nonfiction Novel

The non-fiction novel is a literary genre which, broadly speaking, depicts real historical

figures and actual events narrated woven together with fictitious allegations and using

the storytelling techniques of fiction.

The non-fiction novel is an otherwise loosely-defined and flexible genre. The genre is

sometimes referred to as or fraction, a portmanteau of "fact" and "fiction"

Novel non-fiksi adalah genre sastra yang, secara umum, menggambarkan tokoh-tokoh

sejarah yang nyata dan peristiwa-peristiwa aktual diriwayatkan dijalin

bersama dengan tuduhan fiktif dan menggunakan teknik bercerita dari fiksi.

Novel non-fiksi adalah genre yang dinyatakan secara longgar didefinisikan dan

fleksibel. Genre kadang-kadang disebut sebagai atau faksi, sebuah wadah

dari "fakta" dan "fiksi"

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Conclusion

Short story and the novel differ not only in length but in kind, and from this discussion

above we learn that various aspect of short story and novel differ, from the number of

characters and incidents, to plot and the unity of impression that the types of prose

fiction carry with them.

Cerita pendek dan nove tidak hanyal berbeda dalam panjang tetapi jenisnya, dan dari

diskusi ini di atas kita belajar bahwa berbagai aspek dari cerita pendek dan novel

berbeda, dari jumlah karakter dan insiden, untuk plot dan kesatuan kesan bahwa jenis

prosa fiksi membawa bersama mereka.

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