The conical flowThe conical flowWhere the energy of quenched Where the energy of quenched jets go?jets go?

Edward ShuryakEdward Shuryak(with (with Jorge Casalderrey-SolanaJorge Casalderrey-Solana,, Derek Derek Teaney)Teaney)Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University at Stony Brook NY 11794 USAUniversity at Stony Brook NY 11794 USA

Large papers are hep-ph/0602183, 0511263Large papers are hep-ph/0602183, 0511263

outlineoutline

dE/dx, jet energy loss in pQCD dE/dx, jet energy loss in pQCD and AdS/CFTand AdS/CFT

Conical flow :solutionsConical flow :solutions A growing wave as matter gets A growing wave as matter gets

diluted (adiabatic invariants)diluted (adiabatic invariants) Is it observed?Is it observed? conclusionsconclusions

Sonic boom from quenched jets Casalderrey,ES,Teaney, hep-ph/0410067; H.Stocker…

• the energy deposited by jets into strongly coupled QGP goes into conical shock waves

• Outside of a mini-fireball relativistic hydrodynamics gives the flow picture

• (If there are the start and end points, Mach cone => two spheres and a cone tangent to both)

Excitations:

• Radiative: may be large but energy in small-angle comoving gluons which are still moving relativistically => mini-fireball

• Collisional and ionization losses: produce the ``tail” of extra matter (extra entropy…)

• Hydrodynamical shocks: solution far away allows to calculate the hydro drag force F

2 Mach cones in strongly coupled plasmas(thanks to B.Jacak)

dE/dx mechanisms

• Radiative (BDMPS,Zakharov,Gyulassy,Wang…): well developed pQCD theory including LPM effect

• Collisional now included as well

But: charm RAA and v2 shows no expected reduction, why?

=> no pQCD Casimir scaling… strong coupling?

=>Medium seem to be correlated, not a free gas of light quasiparticles

QED reminder(``ionization” of new bound states in QGP?)

Calculation of the ionization rateES+Zahed, hep-ph/0406100

• Smaller than radiative loss if L>.5-1 fm

• Is there mostly near the zero binding lines,

• Thus it is different from both radiative and elastic looses, which are simply proportional to density

• Relates to non-trivial energy dependence of jet quenching (smaller at 62 and near absent at SPS)

dE/dx in GeV/fm vs T/Tc for a gluon 15,10,5 GeV. Red-elastic, black -ionization

Recent AdS/CFT applications

Herzog et al, HKKKY hep-th/0605158

v^2-1v/2^)2/(/ Tdtdp

Casalderrey and Teaney, hep/ph/0605199

TD /2•These results are related via the Einstein relation •=>AdS gravity knows about fluct.-diss. theorems!•Different coordinates:• HKKKY are in a single universe restricted by a horizon•CT bravely connected two Universes (forward and backward ones) through the black hole using the Kruskal metric/Penrose diagram

The result is in a way small but in a way large…

• If Stokes formula for drag is used the size of mini-fireball is very small

• The viscous length is much larger => ``non-hydro” core

• But jets of all energies are quenched at the sane distance

vR6/ dtdp

)2/3(^/TNgR

Ts /1

LT=m/sqrt(lambda)T= m/MeffAs anticipated by Zahed/Sin

One can get a flow picture from a graviton propagator

• Soon to be done

• As a prop. at large times/distances is sound, Mach cone shocks must be there!

flows in heavy ion collisions provide info about EoS and viscosity

• A ``Bang” was observed at RHIC

like other magnificent explosions --Supernova or Big Bang--

• radial and elliptic flows =>• new form of matter formed, a strongly

coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma, a near-perfect liquid in regime with very small dissipative terms /s=.1-.2<<1

• Conical flow has larger gradients and is even more sensitive to viscosity

Local perturbation is large =>non-hydrodynamical core+viscous zone

High excitationThe drag force:A(z)=area

Two hydro modes can be excited:

a a ``diffuson” a ``diffuson” a soundsound

Those two lead to quite different spectra, the right (sound) with a

Mach cone:

Dependence on the viscosityis indeed strong

Shocks in medium with variable sound speed:adiabatic invariants

Casalderrey,ES,hep-ph/0511263

Applicability condition

Sound waves in expanding Universe(or ``tsunami going onshore”)

Effective oscillator => v/T by freezeout grows by about factor 3, it enters the exponent of the Cooper-Fry

The 1st order transition=> c_s=0 frozen => reflected waves

which are not observed => excluded already?

Is such a sonic boom already observed?Mean Cs=.33 time average over 3 stages=>

M.Miller, QM04

flow of matter normal to the Mach cone seems to be observed! See data from STAR,

+/-1.23=1.91,4.37

PHENIX jet pair distribution

Note: it is only projection of a cone on phi

Note 2: more

recent data from

STAR find also a minimum in

<p_t(\phi)> at

180 degr., with

a value

Consistent with background

PHENIX: Reaction Plane Angle Dependence

(from B.Cole)

– Flow systematics change completely vs

trig

Shoulder and dip seen

in all trig bins.

Has the sonic boom been already seen?Mean Cs=.33 time average over 3

stages=> = +/-1.23=1.91

trig

?

From Poster by J. Jia

Away <pT> vs centrality

Away core <pT> drops with centrality faster than corona <pT>.Core hadrons almost identical to medium in central collisions.A punch-thorugh at the highest trigger?

STAR,Preliminary

away <pT> dependence on angle (STAR,preliminary)

Preliminary

<pT> (phi) has a dip structure in central AA.

Mach shock wave?

Conclusions

• sQGP leads to dE/dx in excess of pQCD. AdS/CFT results are still mysterious,

• very robust collective flows =>sQGP seems to be the most ideal fluid known

/s=.1-.2 <<1• All of this hints that quenched energy is not

dissipated but propagates

• Hydro solution with Mach cones is worked out, hydro drag force calculated

• Case with expansion and variable c^2(t)

=> Factor 3 enhancement of v/T

• Peaks at about 60 degrees are predicted and seen by PHENIX and STAR

• shape and position corresponds to expected Mach angle

• No peaks for reflected shocks =>1st order excluded