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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD:A CURSORY LOOK AT
SPORADIC INTERSECTIONSJA N G R E S I L S . K A H A M B I N G
IS CONTEMPORARY THE SAME AS MODERN?
N O .
MODERNITY IS A PERIOD IN HISTORY WHICH EMPHASIZED THE
HUMAN (ANTHROPOCENTRISM). ITS CONSCIOUSNESS OR CORE
KNOWLEDGE-SYSTEM IS MODERNISM, WHICH VALORIZES MAN,
HIS INVENTIONS, AND HIS IDENTITY (POLITICS OF IDENTITY)
CONTEMPORARY IS THE CURRENT AIR WE BREATHE ALONG
WITH ITS CONTRADICTIONS AND PARADOXES.
WE ARE NOT LIVING IN THE MODERN WORLD – WE ARE LIVING
IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
2
CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
P O S T M O D E R N I S M
P O S T - S T R U C T U R A L I S M
P O S T C O L O N I A L I S M
N E O L I B E R A L I S M
P O S T H U M A N I S M
3
Critique of modern ideologies
The incredulity towards meta-narratives - Jean Francois Lyotard
There are no facts; only interpretation- Friedrich Nietzsche
CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
P O S T M O D E R N I S M
P O S T - S T R U C T U R A L I S M
P O S T C O L O N I A L I S M
N E O L I B E R A L I S M
P O S T H U M A N I S M
4
Critique of a singular structure of society (vs Marx’s economy, Saussure’s signifier-signified)
The subject is a historical product of power-relations
- Michel Foucault
Images are more real than the real- Jean Baudrillard
CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
P O S T M O D E R N I S M
P O S T - S T R U C T U R A L I S M
P O S T C O L O N I A L I S M
N E O L I B E R A L I S M
P O S T H U M A N I S M
5
Critique of colonialism and influence of power over others
Critical interrogation and publication of colonial power
- Pramoedya’s Buru Quartet
Vanishing mediator that stays as long as it does not get what it wants
- Boer
CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
P O S T M O D E R N I S M
P O S T - S T R U C T U R A L I S M
P O S T C O L O N I A L I S M
N E O L I B E R A L I S M
P O S T H U M A N I S M
6
Capitalist Rationality of the Free Market Economy
Deregulation, free trade, and individual entrepreneurship, and competitions
- Friedrich Hayek
Retroversion into narcissist, childlike, defensive, and un-autonomic and machinelike mentality
- Eric Fromm
CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
P O S T M O D E R N I S M
P O S T - S T R U C T U R A L I S M
P O S T C O L O N I A L I S M
N E O L I B E R A L I S M
P O S T H U M A N I S M
7
End of the human with a more perfect Posthuman
Genome, Cyber space, virtual reality, insertion of technology and man, transfer of consciousness
The End of sexuality; A paradoxical and traumatic process
- Slavoj Zizek
GLOBALIZATION
T H E C O N T E M P O R A R Y V I E W S A R E L E N S E S T O
S E E W H A T I S G O I N G O N T O D A Y :
W E A R E H I S T O R I C A L L Y P A R T A N D P A R C E L O F A N
O N G O I N G P R O C E S S C A L L E D
8
Political Science
• “Challenge to the nation
state.”
• Emergence of corporations
• Strength of regional blocks
• Emergence of global
political norms
9
Economics
• Increased free trade
• Speed of trade (HFT – milliseconds to trade shares)
• Global economic organizations
• Regional economic blocs
Culture and Communication
• “Global village”
• Communications technology
as “shrinking” our world
• “Cultural imperialism”
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?( w o r k i n g d e f i n i t i o n )
“Globalization refers to the
expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness
across world-time and world-space”
- Steger
10
GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
G O L D S T A N D A R D
B R E T T O N W O O D S S Y S T E M
F I A T M O N E T A R Y S Y S T E M
C R E D I T E C O N O M Y
11
EVER WONDER WHY WE ALWAYS MEASURE
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS IN
DOLLARS?
12
CLASSICAL GOLD STANDARD
Beginning in 1879
Fixed value currency of gold
1 dollar = 1 ounce of gold
100% reserve ratio
13
GOLD EXCHANGE STANDARD
1.4 dollars = 1 ounce of gold
40% reserve ratio
14
BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
By 1944, the US already had 2/3 of the
world’s gold in exchange for dollars (the
US supplied war tech and equipment).
Established the IMF (International
Monetary Fund) and International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD) – now World Bank (WB),
Soviet disagreed
French asked their gold back
15
FIAT (DOLLAR STANDARD)
By 1971, Nixon stopped Bretton Woods – ‘Nixon
shock’ – US dollar became a reserve currency
Paper money or coins of little or no intrinsic
value in themselves and not convertible into
gold or silver, but made legal tender by fiat
(order) of the government.
Fiat money is an intrinsically worthless object,
such as paper money, that is deemed to be
money by law.
16
CREDIT ECONOMY
1970’s wage repression
Wages = money to buy goods
If there are less wages, how will the economy circulate?
17
GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN AN INTEGRATED MARKET
P R O U C T O F D I G I T A L S U P P L Y C H A I N M A N A G E M E N T , D I G I T A L P R O D U C T D E S I G N , A N D D I G I T A L C U S T O M I Z A T I O N
18
19
MARKET INTEGRATION
TYPE OF COMPANY OPERATIONS/TRADINGINVESTMENT, STRATEGY,
AND PRODUCTSEXAMPLE
GLOBALAT LEAST 15-20 COUNTRIES AROUND THE
WORLD
MOST HAVE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI), CENTRALIZED STRATEGY, PRODUCTS
COMPLETED BY THE PARENT COMPANYCOCA-COLA, LENOVO, SHELL, MICROSOFT
INTERNATIONALEXPORTING IN COUNTRIES WITH
INVOLVMENT IN IMPORTING NO FDI, DOMESTIC DECISION MAKING, PRODUCTS COMPLETED DOMESTICALLY
WALMART, MARKS AND SPENCER
MULTINATIONAL TWO OR MORE COUNTRIESFEW FDI, CENTRALIZED STRATEGY,
PRODUCTS COMPLETED BY THE PARENT COMPANY
GENERAL MOTORS
TRANSNATIONALMIXTURE OF GLOBAL, INTERNATIONAL,
AND MULTINATIONAL
MOST HAVE FDI, DECENTRALIZED STRATEGY, PRODUCTS VARY FROM
COUNTRY TO COUNTRYBMW, NOKIA, FORD
MULTIDOMESTIC SIMILAR TO TRANSNATIONALMOST HAVE FDI, DECENTRALIZED
STRATEGY, PRODUCTS ARE DEVELOPED AS PER LOCAL TASTE AND DEMANDS
MCDONALDS, KFC, JOLLIBEE
19
The digitalization of global communication, commerce, and finance
GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN AN INTERSTATE SYSTEM
M O D E R N I N T E R N A T I O N A L P O L I T I C S , S T A T E S A R E S O V E R E I G N , I N T E R N A T I O N A L O R G A N I Z A T I O N S
20
DO YOU KNOW THAT ONE CAN BE A NATION BUT NOT
A STATE? OR THAT TWO STATES CAN EXIST IN ONE
NATION?
21
HOW DID THE NATION-STATE COME TO BE?
Through the Peace of Westphalia
Package of treaties that ended the 30 years war (1618-1648)
• Established notion of Westphalian sovereignty
• Legal equality of states
• Non-intervention
• A repudiation of supranationalism(law-making in states)
22
UNDERSTANDING NATIONS, NATIONALISM, AND NATION-STATES
What is a nation?
A people who:
• Share demographic and cultural similarities
• Possesses a feeling of community
• Want to control themselves politically
- A state (country – a loose term) is a tangible institution, but a nation is an imagined thought, an intangible – ‘a soul, a spiritual quality’ (Renan, 1995:7)
Rourke, International Politics of the World, p. 103 23
UNDERSTANDING NATIONS, NATIONALISM, AND NATION-STATES
What is nationalism?
It is an ideology having a set of related ideas that
• Establish values about what is good and bad
• Direct adherents on how to act (patriotism)
• Link together its adherents
• Distinguish adherents from those that are not
Rourke, International Politics of the World, p. 103 24
Nationalism is a learnedform of political identity. None of these babies has a sense of loyalty to any of the countries represented by the flags ontheir blanket, but they soon will. As a result, even though they seem pretty much the same in this photo, each baby will come to see the others as different and perhaps even as hostile.
25
UNDERSTANDING NATIONS, NATIONALISM, AND NATION-STATES
What is a state?
A country, a sovereign (independent) political organization with essential elements, such as:
• Territory
• Population
• Government
• Sovereignty
• (Recognition)
Rourke, International Politics of the World, p. 103 26
UNDERSTANDING NATIONS, NATIONALISM, AND NATION-STATES
What is a nation-state?
Ideally,
a nation-state is one in which virtually all of a nation is united within the boundaries of its own state, and the people of that state overwhelmingly identify with the nation.
Rourke, International Politics of the World, p. 103 27
FROM MYTH TO REALITY:FIVE BASIC PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
Like most ideological images, the ideal nation-state is more myth than reality (Axtmann, 2004). The reason is that the territorial boundaries of nations and states often do not coincide. Instead, most states are not ethnically unified, and many nations are split by one or more national boundaries. This lack of "fit" between nations and states is a significant source of tension and conflict (Williams, 2003).
Rourke, International Politics of the World, p. 103 28
FROM MYTH TO REALITY:FIVE BASIC PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
1. One State, One Nation (the ideal model of a nation-state)
Lack-of-fit patterns
2. One State, Multiple Nations
3. One Nation, Multiple States
4. One Nation, No State
5. Multiple Nations, Multiple States
Rourke, International Politics of the World, p. 103 29
1. ONE STATE, ONE NATION
The United States
- More than 99% of Americans
live in the US, expressing national
pride
30
2. ONE STATE, MULTIPLE NATIONS
Canada
- Multinational states: those in which more than one nation
lies within a state. 30% of all states have no nation that
constitutes a majority
- ¼ of Canada’s 32 million people are ethnically French
(French Canadians) who identity French as their ‘mother
tongue’ and first language (Francophones), living in Quebec
- Do the Quebecois form a nation within Canada?
The answer is yes.
- Do the Quebecois form an independent nation?
The answer is no.
31
2. ONE STATE, MULTIPLE NATIONS
Rwanda
- divided between two ethnonational groups, the
minority (but politically dominant) Tutsi people
and the majority Hutu people.
- In 1994 an orgy of killing decimated Rwanda
when Hutus slaughtered some 800,000 Tutsis and
their sympathizers over about 100 days and well
over 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus fled for
their lives to neighboring countries.
32
3. ONE NATION, MULTIPLE STATES- A multistate nation occurs when a nation overlaps the
borders of two or more states.
- The Cold war (1945-1990) created a number of such
instances:
- North and South Korea (only example today)
- North and South Vietnam (reunified in 1976)
- East and West Germany (before German unification on
1990)
- People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yemen Arab
Republic (before Yemeni Unification on May 22, 1990)
33
3. ONE NATION, MULTIPLE STATES- A multistate nation also occurs when
1. A nation is majority in one state and a minority in
one or more other states.
- 95% of the population in Albania are Albanians; the
others are minorities
- But 90% of the population in Kosovo, a province of
Serbia until 2008, are also Albanians.
- In 1997, fighting broke out, initiated by the Albanian
Kosovars, which led to a retaliation by Serbia.
- In 2000 and 2001, the Macedonian government also
clashed with its 25% Albanian population34
THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
- Now known retroactively as ‘former Yugoslavia’ was
composed, after it has been dissolved on April 27,
1992, of 6 republics:
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Croatia
- Macedonia
- Montenegro
- Serbia (including Kosovo and Vojvodina)
- Slovenia35
3. ONE NATION, MULTIPLE STATES
36
- A multistate nation also occurs when2. A majority of the nation lives outside its associated state. - Only 28% of Azerbaijanis (Azeris) live in Azerbaijan.- Two-thirds of Azerbaijanis live in Iran, with the rest
scattered throughout nearby countries such as Georgia, Russia, and Turkey.
4. ONE NATION, NO STATE
- A stateless nation occurs when a nation is a minority
in one or more states, does not have a nation-state of
its own, and wants one (Hossay, 2002).
- Examples would be the Kurds and the Palestinians.
37
4. ONE NATION, NO STATEThe Kurds are an ancient non-Arab people
who are mostly Sunni Muslims. The most
famous of all Kurds was Saladin, the great
defender of Islam. He captured Jerusalem
from the Christians (1187) and then
defended it successfully against England's
King Richard I (the Lion-Heart) and other
invading Christians during the Third
Crusade (1189-1192).
the Kurds are spread among several states
and have no country of their own
38
4. ONE NATION, NO STATEAny attempt to establish an independent Kurdistan in northern Iraq would almost certainly have significant international ramifications. For example, Turkey might intervene militarily because, as its prime minister explained, "Most Turks think, if there is a Kurdish state in northern Iraq,.. . our own Kurds will want to join with them, and, then, we will be losing Turkey's southeastern part, and, there will be a greater Kurdistan, and, Turkey will be losing its territory." As such, the prime minister warned, "Any attempt to set up a Kurdish state in northern Iraq would be considered by the Turkish state as a vital danger to Turkey. We would not let that happen. We would ... do whatever we can ... to kill it off.
39
4. ONE NATION, NO STATEThe story of the Palestinians centers on the fact that they and another nation, the Jewish people, have long existed in the same area.
The Jewish nation and its state, Israel, now control most of that territory; the Palestinians intend to reclaim enough of it to create their own state.
Fighting for control erupted
Israel won the ensuing war in 1948
About 500,000 Palestinians fled to refugee camps in
Egyptian-controlled Gaza and elsewhere
40
4. ONE NATION, NO STATESince then, Israel has fought and won three more wars
with its Arab neighbors. In the 1967 war Israel
captured considerable territory, including Gaza from
Egypt and the West Bank (including East Jerusalem)
from Jordan. Both these areas had major Palestinian
populations. Victory, however, did not bring Israel
peace or security. The key reason is the unresolved
fate of the West Bank, which is central to Palestinians'
quest for an independent homeland.
There was hope for peace, but no sooner did conflicts
start to emerge again.
41
4. ONE NATION, NO STATEA few months later, Palestinian militants attacked an
Israeli border post, killing two soldiers and capturing
one, which led Israel to send its forces back into Gaza.
That was soon followed by a major clash and
associated regional conflict.
Polls show that most Palestinians and Israelis want
peace, but also that they are divided on the very
difficult issues between them (Nabulsi, 2004).
42
4. ONE NATION, NO STATE
Why is a “two-state solution” so difficult tofacilitate?
There are many reasons a two-state solution hasso far failed to materialize, including reluctanceon both sides to pursue talks. Wars betweenIsrael and Hamas — the organization in controlof Gaza that has been branded a terrorist groupby the United States — have sown deep mistrustand created open hostility.
One reason a separate Palestinian state lookslike a distant mirage is the spread of Israelisettlements in the Palestinian territoriesand population growth within thosesettlements. Between 2009 and 2014, thenumber of Israelis living in settlements in theWest Bank grew by 25 percent.
43
5. MULTIPLE NATIONS, MULTIPLE STATES
44
A multinational multi-state happens when several states and several nations overlap.
A common complex configuration in Afghanistan, Russia and their respective countries.
45
Afghanistan exists as a legal state, but it shakes on the edge of being a failed state, a country so fragmented that it cannot be said to exist as a unified political or national entity.
While there have been brief periods of some unity in the face of invaders or under strong rulers, the sense of being an Afghan has been much less central to the political identification of most people in the country than their ethnic identification.
5. MULTIPLE NATIONS, MULTIPLE STATES
2018 FRAGILE STATES INDEX (KNOWN BEFORE AS FAILED STATES INDEX)W e a k c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t
Rank Country 2018 score
1 South Sudan 113.4
2 Somalia 113.2
3 Yemen 112.7
4 Syria 111.4
5 Central African Rep. 111.1
6Democratic Republic
of the Congo110.7
7 Sudan 108.7
8 Chad 108.3
9 Afghanistan 106.6
10 Zimbabwe 102.3
47 Philippines 85.5 46
47
"You don't have a functioning state [in Afghanistan]. There is no sense of nationhood. . . . Blood [kinship] is much more important.“
Afghanistan's ethnic groups (and their percentage of the population) include the Pashtuns (42%), Tajiks (27%), Hazaras(9%), and Uzbeks (9%), with smaller groups making up the remaining 13%
All these groups are nations (ethnonationals) wanting to create states within Afghanistan.
5. MULTIPLE NATIONS, MULTIPLE STATES
48
5. MULTIPLE NATIONS, MULTIPLE STATES
RUSSIA [FORMER SOVIET UNION: UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR)]
GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN A WORLD DIVIDED
T H E T H I R D W O R L D
N O R T H A N D S O U T H D I V I D E
51
• After WWII, Cold War divided the world
• First world: NATO and the Western Alliance
• Second World: Communist countries
• Third World: Those caught in between the superpowers
THIRD WORLD
52
• 29 countries participated• Established to combat
colonialism and neocolonialism by either the US or the USSR
• Birth of the non-aligned movement for decolonizing countries
THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE (1955)
53
• Third world solidarity• Developing world, Global South
• Cementing the emphasis on national development against “neocolonial intervention.”
• Regionally-driven internationalism
LEGACIES OF BANDUNG
54
55
THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
56
THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
Main concept:• First World and Second
World countries became the North
• Third World became the South
57
59
Friedman
• The Lexus (the drive for prosperity and development) and the Olive Tree (the desire to retain identity and tradition)
60
Perspectives on the Global Divide
Lexus or Stagnation!
Friedman
• The Lexus
(progress) and the
Olive Tree
(tradition)
61
Huntington
• The Clash of the Future will be a clash of civilizations as a main source of conflict
Perspectives on the Global Divide
RACEa socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society consider important
Friedman
• The Lexus
(progress) and the
Olive Tree
(tradition)
63
Huntington
• The Clash of the Future will be a clash of civilizations as a main source of conflict
Fukuyama
“END OF HISTORY” –
The complete triumph of Western Capitalism and Liberalism
Liberal Democracy is the final and most ideal form of government
Perspectives on the Global Divide
GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN REGIONALISMS
G L O B A L I Z E D A S I A –
A S I A N R E G I O N A L I S M
64
UNDERSTANDING REGIONALISM AND REGIONALIZATION
Region is a group of countries in the same geographically specified area
Regionalization is the “societal integration and the often undirected process of social and economic interaction”
Regionalism is “the formal process of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states
65
ASIAN REGIONS
66
67
FRAMEWORK67
Globalization
1 externalist
view
2 generative
view
3 the region
as an alternative to globalization
68
THE REGION AS AN OBJECT IMPACTED BY GLOBALIZATION
1. Colonial rule and dominance
• Advantages and disadvantages of colonial rule
• Colonized Asian countries
• Non colonized Asian countries• Case of Japan
• Case of Thailand
• 19th & 20th century: movements for nationalism and independence emerged
1 externalist
view
69
INFLUENCE ON CULTURE
• Globalization is a form of cultural westernization called McWorld
• Globalization is leading to cultural homogenization and destruction of cultural diversity• Increase in number of McDonald
stores in Asia• Rise of domestic fast food chains• Rapid expansion of supermarkets
1 externalist
view
70
GENERATING GLOBALIZATION: ASIA AS A SPRINGBOARD
1. Spice trade
2. Early modern world economy: central was Asia
3. Colonialism: influenced the colonizers as well
4. Rise of Japan on procurement of raw materials
5. Rise of China: producer and consumer
6. Rise of India • on IT / software development• Global service provider: outsourcing and offshoring
7. International migrant labor
8. Remittance from migrant workers (Ph = 11% of the Ph economy)
2 generative
view
71
GENERATING GLOBALIZATION: ASIA AS A SPRINGBOARD
2 Generative
View
72
THE ANTI GLOBAL IMPULSE: REGIONAL ALTERNATIVES TO GLOBALIZATION
1. Japan’s colonialization of the region in 1930s and 40s – East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
2. Asian way
• to reach consensus on national goals with the democratic framework to take the middle path to exercise tolerance and sensitivity towards others
• Contrast to Western values: every individual can do what he likes, free from any restraint by government;
• Asians respects hard work, thrift, authority; community over the individual
• Operates based on Harmony and consensus rather than on majority rule
3 the region as an alternative
to globalization
73Add a Footer 73
74
ASIA IS HOME OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
GLOBALIZATION INFLUENCES MEDIA CULTURE AND RELIGION
M E D I A A S C A R R I E R S O F C U L T U R E
S E C U L A R I Z A T I O N
75
“IS IT POSSIBLE FOR GLOBALIZATION TO OCCUR
WITHOUT MEDIA?”
76
GLOBAL IMAGINARY AND GLOBAL VILLAGE
• Media have linked the globe with stories, images, myths and metaphors.
• Global Imaginary - the globe itself as imagined community.
• Global Village
77
NO. THEY ARE LINKED
Media and Economic Globalization
• Media fosters the conditions for global capitalism.
• “Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible without a global commercial media system to promote global markets and to encourage consumer values” – Robert Mc Chesney
78
Media and Cultural
Globalization• Media are carriers of
culture
• Technologies of transport, of information and mediation, including social media platforms, have made possible the circulation of cultural commodities such as music.
Media and Political Globalization
• Though media corporations are themselves powerful political actors, individuals journalists are subject to intimidations as more actors contend for power.
• In the age of political globalization: government shape and manipulate the news.
WHAT HAPPENS TO RELIGION IN
GLOBALIZATION?
79
TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND MULTIPLE GLOCALIZATIONS
(PROGRESS BUT PRESERVING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY)
• Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of the worlds throughout the 20th century.
• Transnational religion emerged through the post-World War II.
80
SOCIETY IS SECULARIZED
• Secularization (‘secula’=world)
• The shift from society’s identification to religious values and institutions towards non-religious values and institutions
81
THE RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION
• Religion transnationalism = “religion going global”.
• Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep issues of existence, it should not be surprising when religion enters the picture in times of crisis.
82
• The era of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems, namely:
1. Identity2. Accountability3. Security
THE RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION
Religion provides answer to these problems
1. It provides a sense of identity
2. Traditional religious leadership provides a sense of accountability.
3. Religion offers a sense of security.
83
• The era of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems, namely:
1. Identity2. Accountability3. Security
THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT RELIGION WILL LAST AS LONG AS
HUMANITY LASTS, BUT CAN SOMETHING REPLACE IT?
PERHAPS, UNDER A DIFFERENT NAME?
84
Walter Benjamin
GLOBALIZATION HOUSES GLOBAL CITIES
L E A D I N G F I N A N C I A L C E N T E R S
86
87
WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY?
• The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states
• Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global “command centers” of the world economy• Global financial centers
88
WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY?
• The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states
• Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global “command centers” of the world economy• Global financial centers
• Apart from being financial centers, global cities are:• Geopolitical power centers
• Cultural and trendsetting powerhouses
• Higher education hubs
• Creative Industries
• Nature of activities generates a specific labor demand:• A professional class of knowledge workers
• Highly mobile, career minded not necessarily elites
89
90
London, United Kingdom
91
92
New York, USA
93
94
Tokyo, Japan
95
Mori Foundation Global City Power Index (2018)
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES OF
GLOBALIZATION?
96
Collapsing Financial Markets Rising Unemployment Rate
Shrinking Middle Class Deeper Inequalities
1st decade of the 21st century
Extreme Indebtedness Inability of Governments to force through reforms
Climate Change ProblemsScarcity (Challenges to
Availability of Resources
1st decade of the 21st century
99
• Coined by Beck (1986)
• Ulrich Beck asserts that the main reason for the
current problems has been the inability of
modern societies to produce enough stability and
sustainability.
Global Demography and Migration
• Mortality declines –improved food storage, medicine, and public health
• Fertility declines – increase of opportunity cost for children, effect of contraceptive use
• Increase in age longevity
• Increased global population
• Migration –transnationalism, enabling systems, greener pasteurs 100
Sustainability
• Society is at risk (Risk Society)
• The challenge must be to operate in an economy with the view in mind that such operations must be sustainable.
Global Food Security• By 2050, climate change impacts
could increase the risk of food insecurity by up to 20 percent.
• Catches of the world's most relied-upon fish are expected to decrease by up to 60 percent by 2050
• To adequately feed the global population in 2050, crop production would have to doubleand fishing must be controlled.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION?
STABILITY
• Firmness in position, permanence, andresistance to change especially in a disruptiveway
• Avoiding large swings in economic activity,high inflation, and excessive volatility inexchange rates and financial markets (IMF,2012)
APPROACHES TO GROWTH
The Roll-over effect
End of Growth
Amended Growth
More Growth The more goods produced, the better for economies.
Domination of GDP index in measurements of performance of
national economies.
GDP is just one important index. There are many more indexes such as HDI (Human Development
Index).
“There are no ‘low hanging fruits’ anymore.” – Tyler Cowen
Slower pace of innovation
GLOBALIZATION REIMAGINES CITIZENSHIP AS GLOBAL
C O S M O P O L I T A N I S M
103
104
WHAT IS COSMOPOLITANISM?
• Cosmopolitanism is the perspective that reimagines the citizen as part of a single community.
• This becomes possible in globalization when values and relations are being shared.
• This is made possible through:• Economic transactions
• International relations
• International policies
105
WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITIZEN?
• A global citizen is someone who consciously commits oneself to social justice, diversity, sustainable economic development respecting the environment and a peaceful world.
• The great majority for those who take part in international humanitarian or social campaigns first consider themselves as a citizen of their respective countries but with an additional concern about international issues and the fate of individuals in other parts of the world
“I AM NOT AN ATHENIAN OR A GREEK, BUT A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD.”
― SOCRATES
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