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The cost of settling in: Immigration and housing in Vancouver
Dan Hiebert, Elvin Wyly, and Pablo Mendez (UBC)
Presentation structure
1. Context of immigration and the housing market (Dan Hiebert)
2. The general story of immigration and housing in Vancouver, as seen in the census (Elvin Wyly)
3. The specific story of newcomers, as seen in LSIC (Pablo Mendez)
1. The context of immigration and housing in Greater Vancouver Immigration
High volume of immigrant reception Large immigrant population Large visible minority population Complex social geography of settlement, which is
characterized by both concentration and dispersion
Equally complex social geography of immigrants with financial difficulties
Canada 18.4%6.3
4.5
11.1
12.4
15.7
16.5
17.6
17.8
17.8
18.4
18.8
18.8
20.9
21.8
22.1
22.3
23.6
37.5
43.7
0 10 20 30 40 50
Non CMA's
Other CMA's
Thunder Bay
Kingston
Oshawa
Winnipeg
Ottawa-Hull*
St. Catharines-Niagara
Edmonton
Montréal
Victoria
London
Calgary
Abbotsford
Kitchener
Windsor
Hamilton
Vancouver
Toronto
%* Now known as Ottawa-Gatineau.Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census
Foreign-born as a % of metropolitan population
1. The context of immigration and housing in Greater Vancouver Vancouver’s housing market
Most expensive housing stock in Canada High ratio of market housing Emphasis on building for sale rather than rental Low vacancy rate in the rental market
http://www.remax-oa.com/roafiles/marketreports/forecast2005_pr.pdf
Dwelling Starts by Market Type - Canada
Social Housing Market Total
1996 1,750 122,963 124,713
1997 1,101 145,939 147,040
1998 989 136,450 137,439
1999 1,090 148,870 149,968
2000 1,125 150,528 151,653
2001 2,220 160,513 162,733
Source: CMHC 2002, Table 18; 2001, 1997, Table 21.
Vacancy Rates by Geography - Rental Apartments greater than 6 units (centres greater than 10,000)
Canada Toronto Montreal Vancouver
1996 4.5 1.2 6.3 1.1
1997 4.4 0.8 6.6 1.5
1998 3.9 0.8 5.2 2.7
1999 3.1 0.8 3.3 2.7
2000 2.0 0.6 1.5 1.3
2001 1.6 0.9 0.7 1.0
2002 2.1 2.5 0.7 1.4
2003 2.6 3.8 1.0 2.0
2004 3.0 4.4 1.5 1.3
Source: CMHC 2005, Table 25; 2001,Table 30.
1. The context of immigration and housing in Greater Vancouver Outcomes
Immigrants occupy housing at all points on the affordability and desirability spectrum
Immigration and housing in Vancouver… at the top and bottom ends of the market
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/newcomer/guide/section-05.html
From CIC website…
Source: Richard Maaranen, Alan Walks, and Larry Bourne, University of Toronto,Center for Urban and Community Studies.
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
Percent Multi-Family Households
Per
cent
One
-Fam
ily H
ouse
hold
s, C
oupl
es w
ith
Chi
ldre
n
Immigrated before 1961
1961-1970
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-1995
1996-2001
Second Generation
All Others
Non-Permanent Residents
Circle sizes denote number of households in each category
Source: Census of Population and Housing, 2001. Special tabulations prepared for the Metropolis Centres of Excellence.
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0
Percent One-Family Couple Households
Per
cent
Ow
ners
Canadian
BlackSoutheast Asian
French
Latin American
Arab/ West Asian
Filipino
Chinese
Italian
South Asian
Other single or multipleethnic origins
All other Visible Minority
OtherEuropean
Ethnic originBritish Isles
Polish
Note: tabulations only for first-generation immigrants (303,490 of the 750,250 total CMA households)
Circle sizes denote number of households in each category
Source: Census of Population and Housing, 2001. Special tabulations prepared for the Metropolis Centres of Excellence.
Diversity by time: arrival cohorts
Source: Census of Population and Housing, 2001; special tabulations prepared for the Metropolis Centres of Excellence.
Indicators of housing integration: homeownership and average household income.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Immigratedbefore 1961
Immigrated1961-1970
Immigrated1971-1980
Immigrated1981-1990
Immigrated1991-1995
Immigrated1996-2001
2ndgeneration
All Others Non-permanent
resident
Ra
tio
s
Homeownership rate (asratio to overall CMA rate,38.8 percent)
Average householdincome (as ratio tooverall CMA average,$63,313)
Recent newcomers and Vancouver’s housing market, as seen in LSIC The Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC)
Its target population consists of all immigrants and refugees aged 15 and older who arrived in Canada between October 2000 and September 2001
Includes only newcomers who applied from abroad Based on a sample of 12,040 newcomers; interviews
took place six months after landing (first wave) The following results are expressed in terms of
numbers or percentages of individuals, not households
Housing tenure in Vancouver CMA, 2001
14%
6%
74%
6% Owned, with mortgage
Owned, without mortgage
Tenants
Other (includes motels,employer’s home, etc.)
1. Housing tenure (~six months after landing)
N = 23,950 Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada
1. Housing tenure (~six months after landing) (Column %)
Number
Family Skilled Worker
Other Economic
†
Refugee Total
Total 24,000* 6,450 13,250 3,250 1,050 24,000*
Owns current housing (with or without mortgage)
4,850
34
11
37
x
20.2
All other forms of tenure
19,150
66
89
63
x
79.8
Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, 2001.
Note: Nearly all of Vancouver CMA newcomers who were admitted as refugees are tenants, with too few exceptions to enable reporting figures in detail. For confidentiality purposes, some results in this table have been rounded by a further +/- 50 observations.
† This is a composite category that includes mostly Business Class immigrants. x Results suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act.
2. Crowding
Census definition of crowding
• A household situation in which there is more than one person per room in the house
• Number of rooms here excludes bathrooms, entrance halls, and rooms used exclusively for business purposes
2. CrowdingCrowding indicator in Vancouver CMA, by visible minority group, 2001
(row %)
Total More than one person per room
One person or less per room
Number 22,650 5,500 17,150
Percentage of total 100.0 24.3 75.7
Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, 2001.
2. CrowdingCrowding indicator in Vancouver CMA, by visible minority group, 2001
(row %)
Total More than one person per room
One person or less per room
Number 22,650 5,500 17,150
Percentage of total 100.0 24.3 75.7
East Asian * 10,750 20.9 79.1
South Asian 4,050 42.0 58.0
Filipino 2,200 25.0 75.0
All other visible minorities 2,650 24.5 75.5
Non-visible minority (White) 3,000 11.7 88.3
Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, 2001.
* Includes Chinese, Japanese, and Korean visible minority groups.
Spent below 30 percent of income on
housing( 20%)
Free lodging( 3%)
Don’t know or refused( 9%)
3. Proportion of income spent on housing (non-homeowners only)
Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada
Don’t know or refused( 9%)
Free lodging( 3%)
Spent below 30 percent of income on
housing( 20%)
Spent 30 to 49.9 percent of
income on housing( 17%)
3. Proportion of income spent on housing (non-homeowners only)
Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada
Spent 50 percent or more
of income on housing( 51%)
Don’t know or refused( 9%)
Free lodging( 3%)
Spent below 30 percent of income on
housing( 20%)
Spent 30 to 49.9 percent of
income on housing( 17%)
3. Proportion of income spent on housing (non-homeowners only)
Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada
4. Housing Stress in relation to income and savings (non-homeowners only)Construction of our housing stress index
Proportion of income
spent on housing
And/Or Savings remaining at
time of interview
No housing stress
0% to 29%
OR
Savings worth at least 12 months of housing costs
Moderate to high housing
stress
30% or more
AND
Savings worth 3 to 12
months of housing costs
Extreme housing stress
50% or more
AND
Savings worth less than 3 months of housing costs
4. Housing stress in relation to income and savings (non-homeowners only, row %)
Total No stress Moderate to high stress
In extreme stress
Number
16,050 9,350
4,000
2,700
Percent of total
100.0 58.3
24.9
16.8
Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, 2001.
4. Housing stress in relation to income and savings (non-homeowners only, row %)
Total No stress Moderate to high stress
In extreme stress
Number
16,050 9,350
4,000
2,700
Percent of total
100.0 58.3
24.9
16.8
East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)
7,600 68.4
21.7
9.9
South Asian
2,500 70.0
20.0
10.0
Filipino
1,750 45.7
42.9
11.4
All other vis. min.
2,100 33.3
26.2
40.5
Non-vis.min (White)
2,100 42.9
26.2
31.0
Source: Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, 2001.
Closing thoughts
Settling in takes a great deal of energy and costs households a lot; as we have seen, the statement on the CIC website is actually an understatement
Different groups make different choices in housing; some avoid crowding, for example, while others accept crowding to enable ownership
LSIC shows us that the speed of housing adjustment is very rapid; the story at 6 months is already highly variegated
The relative lack of social housing, especially at a time when so many newcomers are arriving, is notable