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The Cranial Nerves
脑 神 经
Names of cranial nerves Ⅰ Olfactory nerve Ⅱ Optic nerve Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve Ⅳ Trochlear nerve Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve Ⅵ Abducent nerve Ⅶ Facial nerve Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal nerve Ⅹ Vagus nerve Ⅺ Accessory nerve Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
一嗅二视三动眼四车五叉六外展七面八听九舌咽十迷一副舌下全
Fiber components of cranial n.
General somatic afferent(sensory) fibers 一般躯体感觉纤维 Special somatic afferent (sensory) fibers 特殊躯体感觉纤维General visceral afferent (sensory) fibers 一般内脏感觉纤维Special visceral afferent (sensory) fibers 特殊内脏感觉纤维General somatic efferent (motor) fibers 一般躯体运动纤维Special visceral efferent (motor) fibers 特殊内脏运动纤维General visceral efferent (motor) fibers 一般内脏运动纤维
Classification of cranial nerves
Sensory cranial nerves 感觉性脑神经 : contain only sensory fibers
Ⅰ. Olfactory nerve
Ⅱ. Optic nerve
Ⅷ. Vestibulocochlear nerve
Classification of cranial nerves
Motor cranial nerves 运动性脑神经 : contain only motor fibers
Ⅲ. Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ. Trochlear nerve
Ⅵ. Abducent nerve
Ⅺ. Accessory nerve
Ⅻ. Hypoglossal nerve
Classification of cranial nerves
Mixed nerves 混合性脑神经 : contain both sensory and motor fibers
Ⅴ. Trigeminal nerve
Ⅶ. Facial nerve
Ⅸ. Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ⅹ. Vagus nerve
感觉性脑神经
Sensory cranial nerves
I . Olfactory nerve II. Optic nerveVIII.Vestibulocochlear nerve
Olfactory nerve (I)
Olfactory cell → Olfactory nerve → Cribriform foramina
筛孔 → Olfactory bulb 嗅球
Olfactory nerve
Function: conduct the smell
Optic nerve (II)Ganglion cell of retina → Optic nerve → Optic canal →视神经管optic chiasma →视交叉 optic tract → 视束 lateral geniculate body外侧膝状体 .
Vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII )
Cochlear ganglion
Vestibular ganglionInternal acoustic meatus
Vestibular nuclei
Cochlear nucleiVestibulocochlear nerve
Sensory cranial nerves
N. Location of cell body
Cranial exit
Terminal nuclei
Main action
Ⅰ Olfactory cellsCribrifomforamina
Olfactory bulb
Smell
Ⅱ Ganglion cells of retina
Optic canal
Lateral geniculate body
Vision
Ⅷ
Vestibular ganglion of internal ear
Internal acoustic meatus
Vestibular nuclei
Equilibrium
Cochlear ganglionof internal ear
Cochlear nuclei
Hearing
运动性脑神经 Motor cranial nerves
III.Oculomotor nerve 动眼神经IV. trochlear nerve 滑车神经 VI. Abducent nerve 展神经XI. accessory nerve 副神经XII. hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经
Oculomotor nerve ( III)
supplies : Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; 上直肌、下直肌、内直肌、下斜肌 levator palpebrae superioris上睑提肌 Sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle睫状肌和瞳孔括约肌
动眼神经核
动眼神经副核
ComponentsGeneral somatic motor ( efferent ) fiber arises from oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经核General visceral motor ( efferent ) fiber arises from accessory oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经副核
Oculomotor nerve ( IV )
Oculomotor nerve动眼神经
Course:
•Leave the brain at the interpeduncular fossa 脚间窝•Via superior orbital fissure 眶上裂 enter the orbital cavity
Ciliary ganglion睫状神经节
Oculamotor paralysis
The injury of the oculomotor n. may lead to:
Droping of the upper eyelid
上睑下垂
lateral strabismus 外斜视
Dilation of the pupil 瞳孔扩大
The pupillary reflexes disappear
瞳孔光反射消失
trochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve ( IV )
arises from the trochlear nucleus,
and pass through the superior orbital fissure 眶上裂 to supply the superior obliquus 上斜肌
Abducent nerve
Abducent nerve ( VI )
arises from the abducent nucleus, and pass through the superior orbital fissure to supply the lateral rectus 外直肌
Accessory nerve
Accessory nerve ( XI )Cranial root 脑根: arises from nucleus ambiguus 疑核 ;
Spinal root 脊髓根 : arises from the accessory nucleus 副神经核 pass through jugular foramen 颈静脉孔 ,and supplies 2 muscles
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
Hypoglossal nerve ( XII)
Hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglossal nucleus
Hypoglossal canal
Function of Hypoglossal nerve
supplies the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the Tongue
extend the tongue with Contraction
So what happens if the
CN12 has been damaged ?
Motor cranial nerves
N. Nucleus of origin Cranial exit supply
Ⅲ
Oculomotor nucleus Superior orbital fissure
superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris
Accessory nucleus of oculomotor (Parasympathetic )
sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscl
Ⅳ Trochlear nucleus Superior orbital fissure
superior obliquus
Ⅵ Abducent nsucleu Superior orbital fissure
lateral rectus
ⅪAccessory nucleus Jugular foramen sternocleidomastoid and tr
apezius
ⅫHypoglossal nucleus Hypoglossal canal muscles of tongue
Mixed cranial nerves
混合性脑神经
V. Trigeminal nerveVII.Facial nerveIX. Glossopharyngeal nerveX. Vagus nerve
Trigeminal nerve ( V )
Components of fibers
General somatic afferent fibers: transmit facial sensation to sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve, the fibers have their cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion,
Special viceral efferent fibers: originate from motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and supply masticatory muscles
Branches
Frontal nerve 额神经 : Supratrochlear nerve
滑车上神经Supraorbital nerve
眶上神经
Branches
Ophthalmic nerve 眼神经 (Ⅴ1, sensory)
leave the skull through the superior
orbital fissure 眶上裂 , to enter orbital cavity
Lacrimal nerve 泪腺神经 :→lacrimal gland Nasociliary nerve 鼻睫神经 ; → eyeball
Distribution:
Visual organ Part of mucosa of nose鼻粘膜 Skin above the palpebral fisure 睑裂 and back of noseCerebral dura mater 硬脑膜
Infraorbital nerve
眶下神经 Zygomatic nerve
颧神经 Superior alveolar ner
ve
上牙槽神经 Pterygopalatine nerve
翼腭神经
Maxillary nerve 上颌神经 ( 2, sensory)Ⅴ
Leave skull through foramen rotundum 圆孔
Branches
Distribution:
Maxillary teeth
Mucosa of nose and mouth
Skin between the palpebral fissure and oral fissure.
cerebral dura mater
Auriculotemporal nerve 耳颞神经
Buccal nerve 颊神经 Lingual nerve 舌神经 Inferior alveolar nerve
下牙槽神经 Nerve of masticatory mu
scles 咀嚼肌神经
Mandibular nerve 下颌神经 (Ⅴ3, mixed)
Leave the skull through the foramen ovale 卵圆孔 to enter the infratemporal fossa 颞下窝
Branches
Distribution: cerebral dura mater;
Mandibular teeth and gum 牙龈 ;
Mucosa of floor of mouth ;Anterior 2/3 of tongue;
Skin of auricular and temporal regions 耳颞区 and below the oral fissure;
masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌 , mylohyoid 下颌舌骨肌 , and anterior belly of digastric m 二腹肌前腹 .
Facial nerve (Ⅶ)
Components of fibers
Special visceral efferent fiber: fibers originate from facial nucleus 面神经核 ,
and supply facial muscles.
General visceral efferent fiber: fibers arise from superior salivatory nucleus
上泌涎核 and relayed in pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节 and submandi
bular ganglion 下颌下神经节 . The postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal 泪腺 ,
submandibular 下颌下腺 and sublingual glands 舌下腺 .
Special visceral afferent fiber: fiber from taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue
which cell bodies are in the geniculate ganglion 膝节 of the facial nerve and e
nd the nucleus of solitary tract 孤束核 .
General somatic afferent fiber: fibers distribute the skin of external ear.
Course: leaves skull through internal acoustic meatus 内耳门 , facial canal 面神经管 and stylomastoid foramen茎乳孔 , it then enters parotid gland 腮
腺 where it divides into five Branches which supply facial Muscles.
Chorda tympani 鼓索 : joins lingual branch of mandibular nerve
To taste buds on anterior two-thirds of tongue.
Relayed in submandibular ganglion( 下颌下神经节 ), the postgangli
onic fibers supply submandibular and sublingual glands
Branches within the facial canal
Greater petrosal nerve 岩大神经 : fibers pass to pterygopalati
ne ganglion 翼腭神经节 and the postganglionic fibers through the
zygomatic and lacrimal nerves to lacrimal gland
Stapedial nerve 镫骨肌神经 : to stapedius
Temporal branch 颞支 Zygomatic branch 颧支 Buccal branch 颊支 Marginal mandibular branch 下颌缘支 Cervical branch 颈支
Branches outside of facial canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节 : lies in pterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝 under maxillary nerve
Submandibular ganglion 下颌下神经节 : lies between lingual nerve 舌神经 and submandibular gland 下颌下腺
Glossopharyngeal nerve ( )Ⅸ
Special visceral efferent fiber: originate from nucleus ambiguus 疑核 , and supply stylopharygeus 茎突咽肌 .
general visceral efferent fiber: arise from inferior salivatory nucleus 下泌涎核 and ralyed in otic ganglion 耳神经节 , the postganglionic fibers supply parotid gland 腮腺 .
Special visceral afferent fiber: transmit the taste of posterior third of tongue to the nucleus of solitary tract 孤束核 .
Components of fibers
Glossopharyngeal nerve ( )Ⅸ
general visceral afferent fiber: transmit the visceral sensation from mucosa of posterior third of tongue, pharynx 咽 , auditory tube 咽鼓管 and tympanic cavity 鼓室 , carotid sinus 颈动脉窦 and glomus 颈动脉小球 , to the nucleus of solitary tract.
general somatic afferent fiber: conduct the sensation from skin of posterior surface of auricle 外耳 .
Components of fibers
Branches
Lingual branches 舌支 : to taste buds and mucosa of posterior third of tongue
Pharyngeal branches 咽支 : take part in forming the pharyngeal plexus
Tympanic nerve 鼓室神经 : → tympanic cavity and auditory tube, and its general visceral motor fibers via lesser petrosal nerves to end the otic ganglion 耳神经节 , the postganglionic fibers via auriculotemporal n.( 3) Ⅴto parotid gland
Course: leaves the skull via jugular foramen
Carotid sinus branch 颈动脉窦支 : →carotid sinus and glomus
Others: tonsillar 扁桃体 and stylophayngeal branches
Otic ganglion 耳神经节 : situated just below foramen ovale
Branches
Lingual branches
Carotid sinus branch
Pharyngeal branches
Vagus nerve (Ⅹ)
general visceral efferent fiber: originate from dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve 迷走神经背核 , synapse in parasympathetic ganglion, short postganglionic fibers innervate cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands of visceraSpecial visceral efferent fiber: originate from the nucleus ambiguus, to muscles of pharynx and larynx
components of fibers
Vagus nerve (Ⅹ)
general visceral afferent fiber: carry impulse from viscera in neck, thoracic and abdominal cavity to nucleus of solitary tract
general somatic afferent fiber: conduct the sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus 外耳道 and cerebral dura mater to the spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
components of fibers
Right vagus nerve Enter thoracic cavity on right side of trachea and infront of right subclavian a. and passes posterior to right lung root
Forms posterior esophageal plexus
and posterior vagal trunk
Passes though the esophageal hiatus into abdominal cavity, then divides into posterior gastric 胃后支 and celiac branches 腹腔支
Course•Exits the skull from jugular foramen
•Descends in the neck in carotid sheath between internal (or common) carotid artery and internal jugular vein
Left vagus nerveEnter thoracic cavity between left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, Descends infront of the aortic arch
Passes posterior to the root of left lung Forms anterior esophageal plexus and anterior vagal trunk
Passes though the esophageal hiatus
into abdominal cavity, and divides into anterior gastric and hepatic branches.
External branch
Internal branch which pierces thyrohyoid
membrane to innervates mucous membrane of larynx above fissure of glottis
External branch, which innervates cricothyroid
Branches in neck
Superior laryngeal nerve 喉上神经
Internal branch
Cervical cardiac branches 颈心支 descending to terminate in cardiac plexus
Recurrent laryngeal nerves 喉返神经 Right one hooks around right subcla
vian artery, left one hooks aortic arch
Both ascend in tracheo-esophageal groove
Nerves enter larynx posterior to cricothyroid joint, the nerve is now called inferior laryngeal nerve
Innervations: laryngeal mucosa below fissure of glottis , all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
Branches in thorax
Bronchial and esophageal branches
Anterior and posterior gastric branches Run close to lesser curvature and
innervate anterior and posterior surfaces of stomach
Branches in abdomen
Celiac branches:
send branches to celiac plexus whose fibers distribute with sympathetic fibers to liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, intestine as far as left colic flexure
Hepatic branches 肝支 : supply liver and gallbladder
Nucleus of oculomotor n.
Accessory nucleus of oculomotor n.
Inferior alveolar nerve 下牙槽神经
Auriculotemporal nerve
The nerve distribution of tongue 舌的神经分布
• Hypoglossal n. → the musels of tongue;
• Mandibular n. → anterior 2/3 mucosa of tongue;
• Facial n. → anterior 2/3 teste buds of tongue;
• Glossopharygeal n. →the mucosa and teste
buds of the root of tongue
The nerve distribution of the eyeball?III →sup. Inferior and medial rectus,inferior obliquus IV→ superior obliquus VI→lateral rectusOptic n. → visual sense;Ophthalmic n. →general sense of eyeball;sympathetic n. →dilator pupillae;parasympathetic n. →sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.