The Crusade Years, 1933–1955: Herbert Hoover’s Lost Memoir of the New Deal Era and Its Aftermath, Edited by George H. Nash

8/13/2019 The Crusade Years, 19331955: Herbert Hoovers Lost Memoir of the New Deal Era and Its Aftermath, Edited by

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]relsc jgrTbc Arusedc \cers, 5


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Hcgrhc Oesb, enweys bc aurlgus eaedc`la dccalvc, bes dlsagvcrcd eod pufnlsbcdbc prlvec bguhbs g Bggvcr go bc Ocw Dcen. Tbls cxacnnco `c`glr cdllgo rc-`lods us be Bggvcr (5) wes bc ablc grlhloen arusedcr ehelos Ocw Dcen agnncalv-ls`, (6) erhucd be bc Ocw Dcen agund fc rgnncd feak, eod (1) sbgwcd wbe l ggkg fc bc rs ealvls cx-prcsldco lo E`crlaeo pgnllas. Xcnn dgoc, vcry l`cny, eod

wlb e bcnpun lorgdualgo.H N ls prgcssgr g pufnla pgnlay e bc Qabggn g ]ufnla ]gnlay,

]cppcrdloc Solvcrsly.

Jgr èoy ycers Bcrfcr Bggvcr wgrkcd go e `c`glr g bls pgs prcsldcolen ycers,en`gs uoln bls dceb e olocy. Ogw Hcgrhc Oesb, bc prc`lcr blsgrleo g E`crl-aeo agoscrvels`, bes uocerbcd bls ves wgrk rg` bc Bggvcr Loslulgo Erablvcseod bes cdlcd l gr pufnlaelgo. Oesb bes ensg prgvldcd eo lnnu`loeloh lorgdualgog bls oc agorlfulgo g bc blsgrlaen rcagrd.

@ F ls scolgr pgnllaen eoenys e bcXesblohgo Cxe`locr,rcsldco cnngw e bc E`crlaeo Cocrprlsc Losluc, eod ageubgr g bc

Enèoea g E`crlaeo ]gnllas.

Bcrfcr Bggvcrs nlc, dcsplc bls dlfi aun prcsldcoay, wes gnngwcd fy bls èoy bu-èolerleo wgrks. Ejcr Xgrnd Xer LL, bc wgrkcd g prgvldc ggd gr bc ocwHcrèoy. Bggvcr bcnpcd prgvldc 4=,=== gos g ggd gr `grc beo brcc `lnnlgoablndrco. Jcw pcgpnc, fgb fcgrc eod ejcr bls prcsldcoay, bevc dgoc `grc g bcnpsg èoy pcgpnc.

E F ls Enneo Ocvlos ]rgcssgr g Blsgry eod prgvgs c`crlus

e Agnu`fle Solvcrsly, eod eubgr gJreoknlo Dcneog Vggscvcneod bc

]ufnlsbcr9 Bcory Nuac eod bls E`crlaeo Acoury.

Tbrguhb coealgus eod pcrslsco sabgnersblp agupncd wlb erun cdlloh, HcgrhcB. Oesb, bc dceo g Bggvcr sabgners, bes ed`lrefny rcagosruacd Bggvcrs nesnlcrery cgr, e `lssloh nlok ngoh uokogwo g sabgners. Lo bc Arusedc \cers bchuerdcd, colhèla cx-prcsldco aeodldny dlsausscs bls pcrsgoen eod e`lny nlc eod

ancerny erlaunecs bls gficalgos g agnncalvls` wblnc gracunny erhuloh gr e rcenlspgnllaen pblngsgpby fescd go lodlvlduenls` eod vgnuoccrls`. bc Arusedc \cerscs-efnlsbcs Bggvcr es goc g bc prcc`loco pgnllaen blokcrs g bc nes acoury, e èo

wbg dcvcngpcd e pgnllaen yerdslak uscun lo eoenyzloh gdeys gpsy-urvy pgnllas.

B C X ls prgcssgr g blsgry, Keoses Aly Er Losluc, eod eubgr

g Bggvcr, bc Jlsbloh ]rcsldco9 ]grrel g bc ]rlvec @eo eod Bls Nlc Gudggrs.

Xlb uoperenncncd eod `claungus sabgnersblp, cdlgr Hcgrhc Oesb rcvcens bc Bcr-fcr Bggvcr wc ocvcr kocw9 bc prgpbc. L ls srlkloh bgw pgwcrun Bggvcrs wero-

lohs ehelos sels prghrcsslvls` rcèlobgw ceslny bcsc pehcs agund fc urocdlog fnghpgss es agoscrvelvcs fetnc prghrcsslvcs lo gur gwo dey.

E Q, eubgr, Aggnldhc eodbc Jgrhgtco @eo9 E Ocw Blsgry g bc

Dcprcsslgo

Agpyrlhbt 6=51 Hcgrhc B. Oesb / Bcrfcrt A. Bggvcr cstetc / Bcrfcrt Bggvcr Jguodetlgo. Enn rlhbts rcscrvcd.


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Tbc Arusedc \cers



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Bcrfcr Bggvcr go bc cvc g bls 23b flrbdey, Euhus :, 5


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TBC

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Bcrfcrt BggvcrsNgst @c`glr g bcOcw Dcen Cre

eodLts Ejcr`etb

Cdltcd wltb eo Lotrgduatlgo fy

Hcgrhc B. Oesb

B G G Z C V L O Q T L T S T L G O ] V C Q Q

Qteojgrd Solvcrslty Qteojgrd, Aenljgrole



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T B L X, V ],guodcde Qeogrd Solvcrsly lo fy Bcrfcr Bggvcr, wbg wco go g fcag`c bc

blry-rs prcsldco g bc Solcd Qecs, ls eo locrdlsalpnloery rcscerab acocr gr

edveoacd sudy go dg`csla eod locroelgoen eelrs. Tc vlcws cxprcsscd lo ls

pufnlaelgos erc colrcny bgsc g bc eubgrs eod dg og ocacsserlny rcca bc vlcws

g bc se, gfi acrs, gr Fgerd g Gvcrsccrs g bc Bggvcr Loslulgo.

www.bggvcr.grh

Bggvcr Lostltutlgo ]rcss ]ufnlaetlgo Og.

Bggvcr Loslulgo e Ncneod Qeogrd Iuolgr Solvcrsly, Qeogrd, Aenlgrole,


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bc wgrnd bes survlvcd crrgr lo ldces eod agouslgo fcgrc. Eod `co bevc

hrgwo lo sgun eod secy fcaeusc sg`c hrgups g bc` bevc sggd sgnld. bcy

sggd es og fcaeusc bcy kocw bc sgnulgos g enn bc agouslgos, og cvcofcaeusc bcy bed bc pgwcr g od bc sgnulgo. bcy sggd r` eod bcy

bcnd up bc nlhb uoln bc urlcs pesscd fcaeusc bcy bcnd acrelo searcd

prloalpncs g nlc, g `grens, eod g splrluen venucs. L agund e nces dg be.

Bcrfcr Bggvcr, Eprln 5


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vll

Cdlgrs Eakogwncdh`cos lxCdlgrs Lorgdualgo xl

Cdlgrs Ogc go Qguracs eod Cdlloh @cbgds xnlll

Lorgdualgo 1

]EVT L

Qg`c Ogtcs go Je`lny Nljc 3

5 Je`lny Nlc 8 6 Vcarcelgo 52

1 Tbc Fgbc`leo Anuf Coae`p`co 6:

4 Tbc ]essloh g @rs. Bggvcr 15

]EVT LL

Arusedcs jgr Fcocvgncot Lostltutlgos 13

3 Arusedloh gr Fcocvgnco Loslulgos 18

]EVT LLL

Tbc Arusedc ehelost Agnncatlvls` lo E`crlaeo Nljc 35

Lorgdualgo 31

: Tbc Arusedc ehelos Agnncalvls` g bc ]rcsldcolen

Ae`pelho g 5


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vlll Agotcots

Tbc Arusedc ehelost Agnncatlvls` rg` tbc Neodgo Dccet

lo 51 tg tbc Agohrcsslgoen Cncatlgo lo 51 (Agotloucd) 5=

5= Tbc Arusedc ehelost Agnncatlvls` rg` tbc 51

Agohrcsslgoen Cncatlgo tg tbc ]rcsldcotlen Cncatlgo g 54= 5

55 Tbc Arusedc ehelost Agnncatlvls` rg` tbc Cncatlgo g 54=

tg tbc ]rcsldcotlen Ae`pelho g 544 616

56 Tbc ]rcsldcotlen Agovcotlgos eod Ae`pelhos g 544 643

51 Tbc Arusedc ehelost Agnncatlvls` rg` tbc ]rcsldcotlen

Cncatlgo g 544 tg tbc Agohrcsslgoen Cncatlgo g 54 631

54 Tbc Arusedc ehelost Agnncatlvls` rg` tbc Agohrcsslgoen

Cncatlgo g 54 tg tbc ]rcsldcotlen Cncatlgo g 54 66

53 Tbc Arusedc ehelost Agnncatlvls` rg` tbc ]rcsldcotlen

Cncatlgo g 54 tg tbc ]rcsldcotlen Cncatlgo lo 536 6 5 Tbc Agotlocoten Arusedc ejcr 536 16

Cdltgrs ]gstsarlpt tg ]ert LLL 145

E]]CODLR L

Gtbcr Arusedcs 141

E]]CODLR LL

Qcncatcd Dgau`cots ]crteloloh tg Bggvcrs Arusedc Fggk ]rgicat 445

Efgut tbc Eutbgr eod tbc Cdltgr 4

Lodcx 4

[Lnnustretlgos jgnngw pehcs eod .P



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lx

L ls e pncesurc g eakogwncdhc eod beok bc Bcrfcr Bggvcr Jguodelgo greubgrlzloh pufnlaelgo g bc Arusedc \cerseod gr ls hreo suppgr g bcBggvcr Loslulgo go Xer, Vcvgnulgo eod ]ceac gr y wgrk es cdlgr. E bcBggvcr Loslulgo lscn, bc dlrcagr, Igbo Velsleo, eod bls agnncehucs DevldDevcopgr, Icrcy Igocs, Qcpbco Neohngls, eod Vlaberd Qguse bevc cobusles-laenny coagurehcd `y cgrs. E bc Bggvcr Loslulgo Erablvcs, wbcrc `gsg bc rcncveo pepcrs gr bls prgica erc bguscd, L spco per g bc su``cr g6=56 es e vlslloh cnngw eod fcoccd goac ehelo rg` bc cxpcrlsc eod agurc-

gus esslseoac g bc erablven se. @y beoks g goc eod enn, perlaunerny NlodeFcroerd, Aergn Ncedcobe`, Denc Vccd, eod Olabgnes Qlcklcrskl gr bclr cfi -alco eod bcnpun rcspgoscs g `y èoy qucrlcs. L e` hrecun ensg g Dcfgreb

Zcoure eod Acncsc Qzcg g bc Bggvcr Loslulgo gr ehelo ealnleloh `yusc g Qeogrd Solvcrslys eaedc`la rcsguracs durloh `y wccks lo rcsldcoac.

Xbcocvcr L vlsl Qeogrd l ls e spcalen pncesurc g aenn go bc rclrcd dlrca-gr g bc Bggvcr Loslulgo Erablvcs, Aberncs ]en`, eod bls wlc, @lrle`,

wbgsc rlcodsblp eod bgsplenly ogw srcab feak èoy ycers. Xer` beoksg Aberncs gr ehelo sberloh bls hrce kogwncdhc g Bcrfcr Bggvcrs pepcrseod bc blsgry g bc Bggvcr Loslulgo eod g @lrle` gr sberloh bcr gwosufseolen kogwncdhc g bc blsgry g bc uolvcrsly be wes bg`c g bcBggvcrs gr sg èoy ycers.

Tbc Bcrfcr Bggvcr ]rcsldcolen Nlfrery lo Xcs Freoab, Lgwe, ls eogbcrrcpgslgry go wbgsc rcsguracs L drcw rcpcecdny wblnc cdlloh bls vgnu`c.

Enbguhb L og ngohcr nlvc lo ls vlaloly, bc `c`fcrs g bc nlfrery se, ncd fy

ls dlrcagr, Tbgès Qabwerz, agolouc g fc `y oclhbfgrs lo ayfcrspeac.@y beoks cspcalenny g @et Qabeccr gr bls cxpcr eoswcrs g `y èoy rc-crcoac qucslgos eod g bls agnncehucs Il` Dcncsco, Qpcoacr Bgwerd, NyooQ`lb, eod Arelh Xrlhb gr bclr efnc esslseoac es wcnn.

C D L T G V Q E A K O G X N C D H @ C O T Q



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x Cdltgrs Eakogwncdh`cots

Lo wcscro @esseabuscts, wbcrc L ogw rcsldc, Aberngtc Qngau` ]erlquloeod bcr agnncehucs lo bc nlfrery g @guo Bgnygkc Agnnchc rcedlny eod ag`-pccony ealnlecd `y rcscerab go èoy gaaeslgos, es dld bc rccrcoac nlfrer-leos e y enè ecr, E`bcrs Agnnchc. E bc pufnla nlfrery lo y bg`cgwog Qgub Bedncy, bc rcsguracun edun scrvlacs nlfrerleo, Dcslrc Q`cnacr, rc-pcecdny ngaecd cnuslvc fggks eod erlancs be L occdcd g agosun.

Tg enn bcsc nlfrerleos eod erablvlss, ocer eod er, L gcr epprcalelvc beoks.Lo sccrloh bc Arusedc \cersg pufnlaelgo L bevc bed bc pncesurc g wgrk-

loh wlb e ce` g encocd eod agosalcolgus lodlvlduens e bc Bggvcr Lo-slulgo ]rcss eod bc Bggvcr Loslulgos `cdle rcnelgos gfi ac, loanudloh9

Icoolcr ]rcsncy, @ersbenn Fneoaberd, Qereb Flcncakl, Qagt Berrlsgo, IcoolcrOeverrctc, Neure Qg`crs, eod Crlo Xlabcr. Tbc ]rcsss dcslhoecd agpy cdlgr,

Keby Qwelo, aerrlcd gu bcr nerhc esk wlb ag``codefnc aerc eod prcalslgo.Jgr prggrcedloh esslseoac L e` hrecun g Icoolcr Bgnngwey eod Fcsy

Dlcrlab. @y beoks g Ayoble Qweosgo gr prcperloh bc lodcx.L e` ensg hrecun g Icrry Jncehnc, Dcncoc @aAgooebe, eod bc Bcrfcr

Bggvcr ]rcsldcolen Nlfrery Essgalelgo gr pcr`lsslgo g qugc rg` eogren blsgry agpyrlhbcd fy bc essgalelgo eod gr pcr`lsslgo g edep eodloagrpgrec log bc cdlgrs lorgdualgo acrelo prcvlgusny pufnlsbcd wrl-lohs g `loc g wblab bc essgalelgo bgnds agpyrlhb. L ensg beok @erlo

Qarlvcocr g Qarlvcocr ]ufnlsbloh gr pcr`lsslgo g edep eod loagrpgreclog bc cdlgrs lorgdualgo e cw perehrepbs rg` `y grcwgrd g bc wgJeacs g Nlfcrenls , cdlcd fy Hgrdgo Nngyd eod pufnlsbcd lo 6==: fy @ & @Qarlvcocr ]rcss.

Jgr `gs g `y aerccr bc nlc g Bcrfcr Bggvcr bes fcco e bc acocr g`y sabgnersblp, eod `y slscr Oeoay, e wrlcr bcrscn, bes bcerd `c dlsagurscefgu l gjco. Bcr coagurehc`co bes fcco uosloloh. Tbls ls ensg eo ep-prgprlec `g`co g eakogwncdhc bc bcery suppgr g Eodrcw, Iceo, eod@erherc Bggvcr gr bc Arusedc \cerspufnlaelgo prgica.

Jloenny, eod gr bc scagod l`c lo brcc ycers, L bevc bc hcouloc pncesurcg beokloh Icoolcr Bgnngwey, wbg ypcd vlruenny cvcry wgrd g bls vgn-u`c, esslscd wlb bc prggrcedloh, eod huldcd bc èousarlp pes verlguscabolaen sbgens. Es enweys, sbc aerrlcd gu bcr esks wlb blhb cfi alcoay eodhggd abccr.



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xl

]rcnudc9 Quaacss eod Vcicatlgo

Go e aggn Gagfcr `groloh lo 5


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xll Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

Xbco E`crlae dcanercd wer go Hcr`eoy lo 5


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Tbc Arusedcr xlll

Clhby-brcc `lnnlgo pcgpnc l ls e sehhcrloh hurc. Fu wbcbcr blscslèc ls blhb gr ngw, Bggvcrs seodloh lo bc eooens g buèolerleo-ls` ls loagocsefnc. Es sg`cgoc rcèrkcd e ou`fcr g ycers ehg, Bcr-

fcr Bggvcr wes rcspgoslfnc gr sevloh `grc nlvcs beo eoy gbcr pcrsgo loblsgry.

Lo 5


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xlv Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

e arusedcre lrcncss eod vcry vlslfnc aeslhegr g bc dg`loeo pgnllaenrcods g bls dey.

Ogw enn `gdcro gr`cr prcsldcos cohehc g sg`c dchrcc lo rluenlslapgnllaen ealvly, suab es eddrcssloh bclr perys og`loeloh agovcolgos,ae`pelholoh gr nlkc-`lodcd aeodldecs, eod wgrkloh bc sg-aenncd èsbcdpgeg alraul. Fu gr Bggvcr bls ealvly wes ocvcr rluenlsla. Bc fcbevcdes e ag``ltcd ldcgnghlaen werrlgr grc pcrslscony eod grc crvcony beoeoy gbcr gr`cr prcsldco lo gur blsgry.

Xby7 ]erny, goc suspcas, fcaeusc g wbe bc bl`scn goac aenncd bls oe-urenny ag`felvc dlspgsllgo eod perny fcaeusc g bc scerloh alrau`seoacsg bls rcpudlelgo e bc pgnns eod rlvenry wlb bc èo wbg dccecd bl`.Fu `gs g enn, l wes fcaeusc Bggvcr pcraclvcd lo bc Ocw Dcen g Jreoknlo

Vggscvcn og e `gdcrec eod prehèla rcspgosc g cagog`la dlsrcss fusg`cbloh `grc slolscr9 e rcvgnulgoery reosgrèlgo lo E`crlaes pgnll-aen cagog`y eod agoslulgoen grdcr.

Bevloh csplcd bc uopeneefnc uurc, Bggvcr agund og frloh bl`scn geaqulcsac. Jgr bl`, uonlkc bls suaacssgrs, bc Ocw Dcen dld og scc` lrrcvcrs-lfnc. Bc bcrcgrc agund og agoco bl`scn wlb agovcolgoen, efgvc-bc-reycndcr secsèosblp. @grc beo eoy gbcr gr`cr prcsldco g dec, bc abgscg fc fgb perlseo eod ogoperlseo slùneocgusny.

L ls bls cvcoun pcrlgd lo Bggvcrs aerccreod, grc spcalaenny, bls nlces e pgnllaen puhlnls rg` 5


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Tbc Arusedcr xv

ocerny grhgtco `eousarlp ls pufnlsbcd bcrceod ls agocos `edc eveln-efnc g sabgnersgr bc rs l`c.

Tbc Vged Feak9 Arusedloh ehelost Agnncatlvls`

Tg epprcalec bc Arusedc \cerses e blsgrlaen dgau`co, goc occds g uo-dcrseod bc agogurs g Bggvcrs cx-prcsldcoay9 bc sgr`y agocx lo wblabbls `c`glr ggk gr`.

Xbco Bggvcr ncj bc Xblc Bgusc lo 5


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xvl Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

Fu l Bggvcr seycd engg rg` bc bunnefengg lo Xesblohgo gr ealaenrcesgos, bc wes er rg` lodlcrco g wbe bc gfscrvcd. E bc anl`ex gbc fltcr cncalgo ae`pelho g 5


20/67

Tbc Arusedcr xvll

prcsldco fcnlcvcd be bc pgnlalcs g bc Vggscvcn ed`lolsrelgo wcrcdrlvloh `grc ancerny g Jesals` eod Oezls` beo cvco gwerds sgalenls`.

Bggvcr ogw rcspgodcd es bc wgund rcspgod sg gjco g edvcrsly lo bcycers ebced9 fy r`ny putloh bls pcoaln g pepcr. Fy cerny 5


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xvlll Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

agoiglony wlb e dccosc g bc Ocw Dcen wrltco fy Qcarcery g Ehrlaun-urc Bcory E. Xenneac9 e fggk wlb bc ennurloh lncOcw Jrgolcrs. Tbc Ablc

wgund bevc g sberc bc spgnlhb wlb e pgnllaen coc`y. Tg Bggvcr bc anufwgund ocvcr bevc drce`cd g fuyloh [Xenneacs fggkP l l bed og fccorg` e dcslrc g eppcer g fc sg crrlfny uoflescd. Bc eddcd9 L e` pcrbepsgvcr-susplalgus bcsc deys, fu wbco eo gnd eod rcnlefnc ocwspepcr rlcodlogr`s `c bls `groloh be bc bes ius bed eo gcr g $6,=== rg` quercrs

wblab uoqucslgoefny rcprcsco bc gppgsllgo l bc wgund scarccny [slacd.Phc agplcs g bc cx, eod wbco `y èln ls e`pcrcd wlb, . . . L fchlo g blokbe bls ls og ngohcr e Vcpufnla.

Es bc `g`co g pufnlaelgo epprgeabcd, Bggvcrs cxalc`co loco-slcd. Bc bgpcd be bc fggks pufnlsbcr, Aberncs Qarlfocrs Qgos, wgund

kccp eo edveoac agpy gu g bc beods g bc Ocw Dcencrs, es bcy bevc ogsarupncs es g bc cbgds wblab bcy usc.Go Euhus 5=, bls slxlcb flrb-dey, bc dlsangscd g e Vcpufnlaeo scoegr be bc wgund sggo fus nggsc logprlo. L bgpc be l wlnn dg sg`c hggd, bc eddcd. E nces l wlnn rcnlcvc`y pco up ccnlohs.E cw deys necr bc gnd eogbcr rlcod be bls ago-salcoac wgund og seod urbcr supprcsslgo dcsplc ùab agorery edvlacrg` rlcods.

E l`cs be su``cr Bggvcr scc`cd go bc vcrhc g suaau`floh g dc-

spelr. Go Iuny < bc gnd Hcrrudc Neoc be bls fggk wes `y nes sbg epufnla scrvlac. Tbc Ablc ed`ltcd be bc dld og gvcr-cslèc bc fggksuscunocss; fu l ancers `y gwo agosalcoac eod dgcs wbe L aeo gr pcgpnchrgploh lo bc derk. ]rlvecny, L bevc og cxpcaelgo be e oelgo wblab besgoac au nggsc rg` ls `ggrlohs g dcolc buèo rlhbs eod pneacs bc` ebc dlspgsen g bc Qec wlnn cvcr rcuro g bc`. Blsgry dgcs og `gvc be

wey, eod bgsc wbg anloh g suab e pblngsgpby erc ius per g bc wrcakehc.Xc aeo ocvcrbcncss ycnn bcnp, bcnp.E gbcr l`cs bc enngwcd bl`scn e`gdcs `cesurc g bgpc. Go Euhus 56 bc logr`cd Fergo be lo bc pes`gob bc aguory bed urocd dcolcny ehelos bc Ocw Dcene dcvcn-gp`co be edc bc occd gr bls fggk cvco grc ag`pcnnloh. Jgr wbco bcrcvunslgo ehelos bc Ocw Dcen ag`cs, bc wrgc lo Qcpc`fcr, wc wlnn bevcneld suab guodelgos be wlnn èkc bc rcvunslgo g bc rlhb losced g gbc ncj. Tbe, lo ea, ls goc g bc èigr gficalvcs g bc fggk.

L Bggvcrs `ggd eppcercd gaaeslgoenny epgaenypla, l og dguf rccacd

bc loarcdlfnc grdcen bc bed fcco brguhb. Qrlvloh agosalcolgusny brguhb-gu bls prcsldcoay ehelos bc wgrs cagog`la aene`ly lo E`crlaeo blsgry,bc bed guod bl`scn rcnconcssny aerlaeurcd es e agnd eod bcerncss ncedcr.Qbeoygwos g bc bg`cncss bed fcco dcrlslvcny oe`cd Bggvcrvlnncs;



22/67

Tbc Arusedcr xlx

eargss bc neod `lnnlgos g E`crlaeos bed scc`cd g bgnd bl` pcrsgoennyrcspgoslfnc gr bc ngss g bclr bg`cs, bclr er`s, bclr igfs. Vcicalgo e bcpgnns lo 5


23/67

xx Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

Cvco l bc hgvcro`co agodua g fuslocss agund hlvc us bc èxlù`

g cfi alcoay losced g nces cfi alcoay, l wgund fc purabescd e bc ags g

rccdg`. L wgund loarcesc rebcr beo dcarcesc efusc eod agrruplgo, slc

lollelvc eod lovcolgo, uodcr`loc bc dcvcngp`co g ncedcrsblp, arlppnc

bc coen eod splrluen cocrhlcs g gur pcgpnc, cxlohulsb cquenly g gppgr-

uoly, eod dry up bc splrl g nlfcry eod bc gracs wblab èkc prghrcss.

L ls e ensc Nlfcrenls` be locrprcs lscn log hgvcro`co dlaelgo, gr

gpcrelgo g ag``crac, lodusry eod ehrlaunurc. Cvcry `gvc lo be dlrca-

lgo pglsgos bc vcry sprlohs g ruc Nlfcrenls`. L pglsgos pgnllaen cquen-

ly, rcc bguhb, rcc prcss, eod cquenly g gppgruoly. L ls bc rged og g

nlfcry fu g ncss nlfcry. Truc Nlfcrenls` ls guod og lo srlvloh g sprced

furceuareay, fu lo srlvloh g sc fguods g l. Nlfcrenls` ls e grac prgaccd-

loh rg` bc dccp rcenlzelgo be cagog`la rccdg` aeoog fc searlacdl pgnllaen rccdg` ls g fc prcscrvcd. Truc Nlfcrenls` sccks enn nchllèc

rccdg` rs lo bc agodco fcnlc be wlbgu suab rccdg` bc pursul g

gbcr fncsslohs ls lo velo.

Tg Bggvcr, bls wes ocerny searcd rub. Gony perny lo ics, bc prlvecnyrccrrcd g bls fggk es bc hgspcn eaagrdloh g ]eng Eng.

bc Abenncohc g Nlfcrywes Bggvcrs rs èigr pufnla sec`co ejcr bc

ncj bc Xblc Bgusc, eod es bc bed eolalpecd, ls eppcereoac wes eo cvco.Fy cerny Gagfcr bc vgnu`c wes bc fcs-scnnloh ogoalgo fggk lo Ocw \grkAly eod wes go bc fcs-scnncr nls lo oloc g bc prloalpen fggk erkcs g bcaguory.Fy @erab 5


24/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxl

cncalgo g 5


25/67

xxll Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

eod scaurllcs. Tbcrcgrc hgvcro`cos ùs coea news ehelos efusc eod

dg`loelgos eod ùs u`plrc bcsc ètcrs. Tbc ealvllcs g hgvcro`cos

ùs fc nl`lcd g be.

Tbls, seld Bggvcr, wes bc dlcrcoac fcwcco rcen nlfcrenls eod ls coc`lcs9rcealgo eod redlaenls`.

]crbeps bc `gs dlspesslgoec rcvlcw g bc Abenncohc g Nlfcryae`crg` e ngohl`c rlcod, ]rgcssgr Xcsncy A. @labcnn g Agnu`fle Solvcrsly.Tg aenn [BggvcrP e rcealgoery gr agoscrvelvc, wrgc @labcnn, ls es wrgohes g aenn bl` e redlaen. Bc gaauplcs e `lddnc hrguod eod wehcs e wer go wgrgos. Bcoac bc ls cxpgscd `grc beo `gs pufnla `co g `lsrcprcscoe-lgos.Bggvcr wes wer`ny hrecun gr @labcnns ag``cos.

Fu es bc gr`cr prcsldco ogw rcenlzcd wlb rcpldelgo, bc `lddnchrguod bc bed goac rlcd g gaaupy wes og bgndloh. Og sg ngoh ehg, lo5


26/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxlll

dccodcrs. Lo bc prgacss bc fcae`c bc Vcpufnlaeo ]erys locnncauen ncedcreod ]rcsldco Vggscvcns `gs gr`ldefnc arlla rg` bc Vlhb.

Lo 5


27/67

xxlv Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

gur ycers, Bggvcr dcaldcd g uprgg bl`scn rg` Aenlgrole (wbcrc bc cnloarceslohny èrggocd) eod èkc Ocw \grk Alybc oelgos locnncaueneod ag`ùolaelgos aeplenbls prloalpen rcsldcoac. Go Dcac`fcr 1, 5


28/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxv

ceurc g bc Arusedc \cersls bls dcplalgo g bls prlvec nlc ejcr bls prcs-ldcoaye sldc g bls cxlscoac be bc rercny pcr`ltcd bc wgrnd g gf-scrvc. Lo per L g bls vgnu`c, rcedcrs wlnn dlsagvcr codcr rc`lolsacoacs gBggvcrs wlc eod sgos, g bls pesslgo gr sbloh, eod g bls `c`fcrsblp lobc Fgbc`leo Anuf be hevc bl` suracesc rg` dunn aerc gr grc beo jy

ycers. Lo bcsc pehcs goc wlnn ensg od e`usloh vlhoctcs g bls revcns fy euglo bc E`crlaeo Xcs lo bc 5


29/67

xxvl Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

Fcreycd, pufnlsbcd pgsbu`gusny fy bc Bggvcr Loslulgo ]rcss lo 6=55.Bcrc wc sbenn agoacorec go bc sgry g ls slscr vgnu`c, bc Arusedc \cers.

Fcwcco 5


30/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxvll

Enbguhb Bggvcr c`pngycd e ce` g ngyen scarcerlcs eod, gr scvco ycers,e vcry efnc, per-l`c rcscerab esslseo oe`cd Erbur Kc`p,bls cvgnvloh`c`glrs wcrc vcry ùab bls gwo arcelgo. Cvcry wgrd g bls grlhloen èou-sarlps, l eppcers, bc bl`scn ag`pgscd fy beod. Eod bgw bc wgrkcd, wlbe drlvc eod rcsgnvc be eèzcd bls rlcods eod se. Fy `ld-5


31/67

xxvlll Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

go bc rs ben g bls Agnncalvls` Ag`cs g E`crlae`eousarlp g `guo eslohloh arllquc g bc Ocw Dcen eod ls elnurc g cod bc Hrce Dcprcsslgo.

Lo bc `ceol`c, Bggvcr bed ekco eogbcr nggk e bc rcs g wbe bcbed wrltco eod bed dcaldcd be l occdcd g fc rcve`pcd. Cerny lo 5


32/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxlx

dcnlfcrelgos e e peac be wgund bevc cxbeuscd co ben bls ehc. Og sggocrdld bc olsb beo bc neuoabcd eo cnefgrec pufnlaly ae`pelho g loduac bcprcsldco eod Agohrcss g l`pnc`co bc ag``lsslgos rcag``codelgos.

Lo 5


33/67

xxx Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

g wblab bc hevc bc lnc bc Arusedc ehelos Je`loc.Qg`cl`c lo 5


34/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxxl

Fu og yc bc Arusedc \cers, ogr bc `eousarlp be ogw `etcrcd gbl` `gs9 bc @ehou` Gpus, g wblab, lo 5


35/67

xxxll Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

be se`c ycer. Lo Eppcodlx LL L bevc essc`fncd e agnncalgo g dgau`cosrg` bls pepcrs be cnualdec bc Arusedcfggks purpgscs eod dcvcngp`co.

Agoanudloh Vcstcatlgos

Xbe dg wc ncero rg` bc pehcs g bc vgnu`c e beod7 Esldc rg` ls gjcosplay eaaguo g Bggvcrs pgnllaen ealvllcs durloh bc Vggscvcn/Truèocre, eod ls wlodgw go Bggvcrs prlvec nlc eod ae`pelhos gr hggd aeuscs,bc Arusedc \cerslovlcs us g rcca go bc eagrs be èdc pgsslfnc blscxregrdloerlny rulun pgsprcsldcolen ycers. Es nces es ùab es TbcgdgrcVggscvcn, bc ae`c g pcrsgoly bc ealvls cx-prcsldcoay; sg`c blsgrleosbevc cvco erhucd be bc lovcocd l. L Bggvcr wes lodccd bc peredlhèla

`gdcro gr`cr prcsldco, wbe wcrc bc csscolen sguracs g bls eablcvc`co7Tbc rs rcqulrc`co gr e suaacssun cx-prcsldcoay ls ancerny ngohcvly, eod

bcrc Bggvcr wes suprc`cny suaacssun. Fcwcco 5


36/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxxlll

e `louceod sg`cl`cs wco up g 563.Tbls gfscrvcr èy gr èy ogbevc fcco agrrca, fu Bggvcr dld bevc e ou`fcr g beflssuab es ilohnlohbc abeohc lo bls pgakcbe rcvcencd eo lowerdny ocrvgus dlspgsllgo.Gony wblnc sbloh dld bc eppcer unny g rcnex, fu goc suspcas be cvcobco bls bguhbs wcrc gjco cnscwbcrc.

Bggvcrs `lod, lo ea, wes ocvcr slnn, goc g bls hreodablndrco goac gf-scrvcd. Gjco, lo bls nes ycers lo Qulc 15-E lo bc Xendgr Tgwcrs, bc wgundewekco e wg gangak lo bc `groloh eod hg g wgrk. Go bcsc gaaeslgos bc

wgund gpco e aeo g sgup, bce l, hunp l dgwo, eod bco prgaccd g wrlcuoln gur lo bc `groloh.

E blrd kcy g Bggvcrs prgdualvly wes bls oeoalen scaurly. Nlvloh nerhcnyfcgrc bc deys g bc sufsldlzcd cx-prcsldcoay,bc pgsscsscd e ag`grefnc

loag`c dcrlvcd unlècny rg` bls prc-5


37/67

xxxlv Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

es loag`c suppnc`cos g bls se. Eogbcr sgurac g fgodloh wes e eoehc-`co sync be coagurehcd sufgrdloecs g ekc bc lollelvc eod dg enn bcyagund gr bclr ncedcr. Qlnn eogbcr sguraceod e pgco goc lodccdwesbc enrulsla abereacr g bc buèolerleo rcnlc cgrs be èdc bl` e-`gus. Jgr èoy wbg wgrkcd wlb bl` lo bcsc uodcreklohs (eod bcy ou`-

fcrcd lo bc bguseods), bc cxpcrlcoac wes bc `gs cxblnereloh goc g bclrnlvcs. Qg`c, suab es Qcoegr Vgfcr Tej eod Ed`lren Ncwls Qreuss, bcnd bl`lo en`gs nlen cscc`.

Eo uofrcekefnc agrd g ldcenls` drcw bcsc eod gbcr Bggvcrlcs g bcèo bcy rcvcrcd es bc Ablc. Tbcy prgvldcd bl` eo lodcpcodco pgnllaen

fesc lo bc 5


38/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxxv

Fncodcd lo wlb bls prgguod urhc gr vlodlaelgo wes e scagod aeenysg ealvls`9 e pblngsgpby g nlc be cxencd prealaen eablcvc`co. L Bggvcrbed spco wg cr`s lo bc Xblc Bgusc eod rclrcd g pgpuner eaanel` lo5


39/67

xxxvl Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

Enn bls Bcrfcr Bggvcr cxc`pnlcd.Fu Bggvcr, goc suspcas, wgund fc `uab dlseppglocd l wc wcrc g rced

bc Arusedc \cers sgncny gr ls eocadgcs eod loslhbs log bls aerccr. En-bguhb bls fggk bes bc evgr g eo epgnghle prg vle sue, pnelony bc locodcdl g fc `grc.

Bls abgsco lnc prgvldcs bc arllaen anuc. Arusedc9 bgw bc sevgrcd blswgrd es bc sarlffncd ewey e bls dcsk lo bc cerny 5


40/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxxvll

wer g pgnllaen pblngsgpblcs. Bcoac bc crvcoay eod pcrslscoac g bls c-grs lo bc Arusedc \cerseod cnscwbcrc g csefnlsb wbe bc agosldcrcd g fcbc prgpcr oerrelvc g bc aeuscs eod agursc g bc Hrce Dcprcsslgo. Bcoacbls eohcr e Vcpufnlaeo pgnllaleos wbg cvedcd bc ldcgnghlaen lssucs. (Blsnltnc cssey prlocd lo Eppcodlx LL, Dgau`co 3 ls eo cxacnnco cxe`pnc.) So-ncss E`crlaeos bed e agrrca uodcrseodloh g bclr rcaco pes, bc cercd, bcuurc wgund fcngoh g bc edvgaecs g sels`.

Vcedloh bc Arusedc \cers, goc ls sruak fy bgw rcsgoeo Bggvcrs erhu-`cos agolouc g fc. Es eo uoepgnghcla fcnlcvcr lo E`crlaeo cxacplgoen-ls`, bc uoaceslohny rcslscd wbe bc sew es bc losldlgus Curgpceolzelgoeod agnncalvlzelgo g E`crlaeo sgalcy. Tg bl` bc E`crlaeo sysc` g gr-dcrcd nlfcry wes locefny prcalgus eod `us fc prcscrvcd. Tgdey goc agund

ceslny ekc pessehcs rg` bc Arusedc \cerseod agovcr bc` log fngh pgsseod gp-cd plcacs, sg aurrco erc bc prgfnc`s g pgnllaen eod cagog`la pbl-ngsgpby be bc eddrcsscd.

Eod bc lssucs dg og hg ewey. Cvcr sloac bc Hlndcd Ehc (sg`cgoc besgfscrvcd) bc rcc `erkc eod hgvcro`coen rchunelgo bevc dcocd e pgner-ly lo gur dlsagursc go pufnla pgnlay9 Xblab ls bc prgfnc`7 Xblab ls bcsgnulgo7 Lo 5


41/67

xxxvlll Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

bc suddcony eskcd bcr9 Tcnn `c, ablnd, wbe dg ygu rcenny weo lo nlc7 Ejcrpeusloh gr e `g`co, bc yguoh wgèo rcpnlcd be sbc nlkcd bcr nlc ius esl wes eod weocd l g hg go wlbgu abeohc9 L bevc e olac busfeod, L bevc eolac eper`co, sg bc eoswcr ls L weo e seus qug.

Bggvcr nggkcd e bls yguoh vlslgr wlb bgrrgr. Bgw aeo ygu sey e blohnlkc be, bc cxanel`cd, fcaeuscL weo `grc. L weo g wrlc e fctcrfggk, L

weo g bevc `grcrlcodsL ius weo `grceod L blok ygu sbgund ocvcrsl feak eod sey, L weo e seus qug.

Tbrguhbgu bls nlc igurocy, eod cspcalenny durloh bls erdugus cx-prcsldcoay,Bggvcr rcuscd g sctnc gr bc seus qug. Lo bls ùnlvgnu`c `c`glrs bcetc`pcd g cnn wby. E cw wccks ejcr bls agovcrselgo wlb @rs. Olabgns,bls reac ehelos grenly ae`c g eo cod, eod bc ocvcr hg g wrlc bc fctcr

fggk g wblab bc slnn drce`cd. Fu durloh bls nlc bc pufnlsbcd `grc beoblry fggks, eod bc ncj fcblod bc èklohs g wg `grc. Fy eoy seoderd l

wes eo l`prcsslvc eablcvc`co.bc Arusedc \cersls bc `lssloh nlok lo Bggvcrs c`glrs9 bc oen frlak

lo e nlcrery cdlac be bc fcheo g fulnd lo e su``cr g sgrrgw ocerny scvcoy-vc ycers ehg. Lo ls pehcs wc ncero bc sgry g bls necr nlc, g bls efldlohpgnllaen pblngsgpby, eod g bls vlslgo g bc neod g nlfcry be hevc bl` gp-pgruoly gr scrvlac9 e rcèrkefnc sehe gnd lo bls gwo wgrds, bls wey.

Hcgrhc B. OesbQgub Bedncy, @esseabuscts

Eprln 6=51

OGTCQ

5. Igbo I. ]crsbloh g Bcrfcr Bggvcr, Dcac`fcr 56, 5


42/67

Tbc Arusedcr xxxlx

@cssehcs, Qpccabcs, eod Qec cos g bc ]rcsldco, Ieouery , g @erab , (Xesb-

lohgo, DA9 S.Q. Hgvcro`co ]rloloh Gfi ac, 5


43/67

xn Cdltgrs Lotrgduatlgo

1


44/67

Tbc Arusedcr xnl

34. Jgr cxe`pnc, scc Bggvcr g Erbur Bydc eod @erk Qunnlveo, Iuoc 62, 5


45/67


46/67

xnlll

Qguracs

bc Arusedc \cersls bc nes-g-fc-pufnlsbcd ag`pgoco g e `unlvgnu`csc g `c`glrs be Bcrfcr Bggvcr fcheo g wrlc lo 5


47/67

xnlv Cdltgrs Ogtc Go Qguracs Eod Cdltloh @ctbgds

`c`glrs dcvgcd g bls pufnla eod prlvec nlc ejcr ncevloh gfi ac lo 5


48/67

Cdltgrs Ogtc Go Qguracs Eod Cdltloh @ctbgds xnv

Cdltloh @ctbgds

bc Arusedc \cersls wbe blsgrleos aenn e prl`ery sgurac9 e dgau`co wbgsceubgr ls e dlrca wlocss g, gr perlalpeo lo, bc cvcos bc oerrecs. Lo bls aesc,bc eubgr wes ensg goc g bc ncedloh eagrs go bc sehc g wcolcb acouryblsgrye ea be rcodcrs bls wgrds cvco `grc lovlgnefnc. @grcgvcr, bevlohdlcd lo 5


49/67



50/67

TBC

A \

fy

Bcrfcrt Bggvcr



51/67



52/67

L O T V G D S A T L G O

Tbls vgnu`c rcaguos y ealvllcs durloh bc 66-ycer pcrlgd ejcr ncevloh bcXblc Bgusc lo 5


53/67

Lotrgduatlgo

]er Z Tbc Arusedc ehelos bc Jgur Bgrsc`co lo Xgrnd Xer LL

]er ZL Arusedc gr Ncss Lovgnvc`co lo Curgpc.

Lo bls cx, wbcrcvcr pgsslfnc, L bevc agodcoscd dgau`cos eod sec-`cos g cnl`loec rcpcllgos eod sufgrdloec `etcr. @y pufnla eddrcsscsdurloh bls pcrlgd bevc fcco pufnlsbcd lo unn lo e scrlcs g vgnu`cs colncdEddrcsscs upgo bc E`crlaeo Vged. Tbc unn cxs g enn gbcr dgau`cos rc-crrcd g erc lo bc Xer Nlfrerye Qeogrd Solvcrsly.

. [Cdlgrs ogc9Ensg kogwo es Tbc Arusedc ehelos Je`loc lo Xgrnd Xer LL. L ls og prlocd

bcrc. Tbls wes Bggvcrs eaaguo g bls bu`eolerleo rcnlc cgrs durloh eod ejcr Xgrnd Xer LL. Esbc pu l lo bls lorgdualgo g bc 5


54/67

]EVT L

Qg`c Ogtcs go Je`lny Nljc



55/67



56/67

Bevloh nlvcd gr oloccco ycers, rg` 5


57/67


Dc`gareay ls og e pgnlc c`pngycr. Tbc gony wey gu g cncalvc gfi acls g hc slak gr dlc gr hc klakcd gu. Gbcrwlsc goc ls sufica g bc aberhcg fcloh e agwerd, ereld g eac bc cncagrec. Xbco e ]rcsldco ls gu bcaerrlcs og pcoslgo, prlvlnchc, ogr pg`p.Bc dgcs og cvco aerry eo bgogr-ery lnc, og cvco Hgvcrogr, Iudhc, gr Agngocn. Bc ls efgu bc gony rclrlohpufnla gfi alen wbg ls ius @lscr. Bc seods lo nloc gr e sce eod gr lakcs iusnlkc gbcr allzcos.

Xbco bc Frllsb ]rl`c @lolscr ls dccecd bc èy l bc wlsbcs rcaclvc ehrce lnc, bc eugèlaenny drews e hrce pcoslgo, eod cvcryfgdy èkcs weygr bls Ngrdsblp.

Fu bc E`crlaeo `cbgd ls fctcr. L c`pbeslzcs bc cquenllcs g ls dc-`gareay. Eod eo cx-]rcsldco ls og dcvgld g bgogr gr edveoehcs. Bc ls oe-

urenny rcagholzcd cvcrywbcrc fcaeusc bls plaurc bes eppcercd lo cvcry prlocvcry dey gr ycers. Tg bls `lsgruoc bc plaurcs erc `gsny bc esbnlhbsgr wlb bclr `cabeolsla efscoac g etcry eod l`pnlaelgos g e prlsgopcrsgoenly. Fu rcaghollgo frlohs bgogr. Tbc prgg ls be eo cx-]rcsldco lsblhb lo bc scckloh g eughrepb buocrs. Eod bclr epprelsens g bls rcnelvcl`pgreoac erc dcolc. Goc dey e yguohscr dcèodcd brcc eughrepbs,

wblab scc`cd g l`pny e hcocrgus ag`pnl`co. L eskcd9 Xby brcc7 Lekcs wg g ygurs g hc goc g Fefc Vubs.

Tbc E`crlaeo rce`co g eo cx-]rcsldco bes gbcr rcen edveoehcs. Bcaeo ius fc bl`scn. Bc aeo hg eod ag`c wlbgu bc rcsrelo g rcprcsco-loh e aness gr e sy`fgn. Sp g bc l`c g bls wrlloh, L bevc revcncd cos gbguseods g `lncs engoc gr wlb @rs. Bggvcr, bevc weodcrcd lo bc snu`sg e sagrc g allcs, fguhb blohs lo e bguseod sgrcs, vlslcd buodrcds glodusrlen wgrks, fcco cocrelocd lo cvcry sgr g bg`c rg` bc rgedsldcagtehc g bc hrcecs g csefnlsb`cos. Eod cvcrywbcrc L rcaclvcd pnceseo,gjco ecalgoec, hrcclohs, ocvcr eo gcoslvc wgrdg `y eac.

L `lhb fc dlfi aun gr sg`c e`lnlcs g edius bc`scnvcs g bc efrupdrgp rg` peneac g agtehc. Eod bc Xblc Bgusc ls e peneac `grc ag`-grefnc beo be g `gs klohs. Gur e`lny bed ngoh encroecd fcwccobc nuxury g hrce allcs eod bc prl`llvc nlvloh g wgrnd rgolcrs, sg bebls abeohc wes og fu`p. Lodccd @rs. Bggvcr eod L guod efuodeo ag`-pcoselgos rg` fcloh klakcd gu g e igf ejcr bls ocerny gry ycers g

. [Cdlgrs ogc9 E bc l`c Bggvcr wrgc bcsc wgrds, bcrc wes og prgvlslgo lo bc new grpcoslgos gr gr`cr prcsldcos. Tbc S.Q. Agohrcss èdc suab prgvlslgo lo bc Jgr`cr ]rcsldcosEa, coeacd lo 5


58/67

Je`lny Nljc

ed`lolsrelvc rcspgoslflnly eod bgsc oloccco ycers g srcougus pufnlascrvlac. Tbcrc ae`c e hrce scosc g rcncesc. L wes cèoalpelgo rg` e sgrg pcgoehce rcvgnulgo feak g pcrsgoen rccdg`. L wes e rcncesc og engocrg` pgnllaen prcssurcs fu rg` bc rgulocs g wcnvc g gurcco bgurs g

wgrk scvco deys e wcck. Cvco cenl`c bed g fc hlvco gvcr g bc dlsausslgog bc prgfnc`s g bc dey; bc olhbs wcrc beuocd fy bc blohs be wco

wrgoh; bc sg-aenncd veaelgos wcrc lcd g bc cncpbgoc eod cnchrepb gr gbc vlslgr wbg kocw be ogw wes bc l`c g dlsauss bls prgfnc`.

Tbcrcgrc, gr bc rs l`c lo ngoh `c`gry, oclbcr @rs. Bggvcr ogr Lbed g hc up lo bc groloh e bc su``gos g e buèo gr `cabeolaen eneràngak wlb ls sbgak log rcenly. Frcekes wes g fc bed wbco wc weocd l.

Xc rced bc pepcrs eod nlscocd g bc redlg ejcr frcekes losced g fcwcco

flcs. Xc dld l wlb ag`pncc dceab`co, gr og ngohcr dld cvcos sg dl-rcany eca us es fcgrc. Xc nggkcd gvcr bc buodrcds g nctcrs wlb bc ccn-loh be wc dld og bevc g eoswcr bc` e enn, gr eoywey og gdey. Xc agund

wenk efgu eod ed`lrc bc oclhbfgrs gwcr herdcos eod ney gu gur gwo.Tbcrc wcrc og sagrcs g vlslgrs g scc e jcco-`louc locrvens, `gs g

wbg` weocd sg`cbloh gr bc`scnvcs be bcy guhb og g bevc. Ogw wcagund abggsc gur vlslgrs wlbgu cer g loiury g bc pufnla gr pery locrcs.Tbc èoy wbg` wc `c aerrlcd hggd abccr gr uscun agovcrselgo. Tbcrc

wcrc og plncs g dgau`cos g fc slhocd fcgrc oggo. Tbcrc wes og ag`pun-slgo g èkc dlsehrccefnc dcalslgos. Xc wcrc og abelocd g bc cncpbgoc

fcnn ogr wcrc wc bc snevcs g e bgs g scarcerlcs. L wes efnc g wenk gubc rgo dggr, hc lo eo eug`gflnc wlbgu e abeucur eod ius drlvc eweyeoywbcrcg scc bc aguory, g sb gr g vlsl. L l wcrc og rg` e scoscg scrvlac gr e`fllgo, bcrc wgund fc og rcaruls gr pufnla igfs e enn. @coaeo èkc e nlvloh wlb er `grc selsealgo eod èoy ncss wguods g bc sgune gbcr aennlohs.

Xbe g dg wlb gr`cr ]rcsldcos bes enweys fcco e prgfnc`. E nces l lse pcrpcuen rgufnc lo bc sufsarlfcrs agnuòs. L ls e prgfnc` g bclr perygfi alens. L ls e prgfnc` g ed`lolsrelgos g bc se`c pery. L ls g agurscrgufnc g gppgocos.

L ls ensg e oeoalen prgfnc` g èoy gr`cr ]rcsldcos. Tbc ]rcsldco,uonlkc bc @lnlery, Iudlalen, Nchlsnelvc gfi acrs eod enn alvln scrveos g bcJcdcren Hgvcro`co, rcaclvcs og pcoslgo.

. [Cdlgrs ogc9 Tbc pessehc drewo rg` vgnu`c LLL g Bggvcrs@c`glrscods e bls pglo.P. [Cdlgrs ogc9 Es `colgocd lo ogc 4, gr`cr S.Q. prcsldcos rcaclvcd e hgvcro`co pcoslgo

fchlooloh lo 5


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Tg bgsc wbg bevc og gr`cr sevlohs, bc suppgr g bclr e`lnlcs ls dl-aun g sgnvc es sevlohs rg` ]rcsldcolen senerlcs erc saeoy e fcs. Tbc en-croelvcs erc g eaacp agrpgrelgo agoocalgos wlb agoscquco pufnla dls-arcdl g edvlac lo etcrs g sec; gr g fcag`c e agnuòls eod argwd sg`c

wgrby wgrkèo gu g bc prcss; gr ekc sgep gr losureoac gr plnn `gocy grfrgedaesloh ocws ag``cos eod gplolgos; gr g sgnlal pey`co gr pufnlaspcekloh. Eoy g bcsc encroelvcs `ceos `grc gr ncss cxpnglelgo g bc g-ac g ]rcsldco. @eoy gr`cr ]rcsldcos bevc fcco ag`pcnncd g edgp gocgr `grc g bcsc encroelvcs dcsplc bc edvcrsc cca go bc dlholy g bcgfi ac.

Lo necr ycers, L scvcren l`cs prgpgscd be gr`cr ]rcsldcos sbgund rc-aclvc pcoslgos fu enweys wlb bc slpunelgo l wgund og fchlo wlb `c. L

ensg urhcd be gr`cr ]rcsldcos, cxacp yscn, fc èdc cx-gfi alg `c`fcrsg bc Qcoec wlbgu e vgc. Tbe wgund frloh bclr cxpcrlcoac log usc. L

wgund prgvldc se eod e nlvloh.L wes `grc gruoec beo `gs gr`cr ]rcsldcos. @y prgcsslgoen nlc

bed fcco durloh bc pcrlgd wbco bc loag`c ex wes gony 5%. Bgwcvcr, `ysevlohs lo bls pcrlgd wcrc hrceny dcpnccd fy cxpcodlurcs fcygod `y lo-ag`c durloh ocerny 4= ycers g scrvlac lo eod gu g hgvcro`co. Tbcrc wcrcngsscs rg` agovcrslgo g enn lovcs`cos log Truscc scaurllcs wbco L

ggk gfi ac es scarcery g ag``crac, ghcbcr wlb e ggnlsb rcsgnulgo gspcod og pufnla senerlcs go `yscn gr e`lny. \c wc bed coguhb ncj g nlvc golo `gdcs alrau`seoac.

Gur oeoalen nlc dld prcsco sg`c c`ferress`cos. Tbc vcry agosldcr-efnc agorlfulgos g aberly eod pufnla grheolzelgos wblab wc bed fccoefnc g èkc rg` gfi alen senerlcs agund og fc agoloucd. Tbcsc aberlefncehcoalcs scc`cd g blok be suab su`s es bed fcco prcvlgusny edc sbgund

fc rcpcecd. Jurbcr, e pgpuner fcnlc bed fcco csefnlsbcd fy bc gppgsllgobe L wes vcry rlab. Es e ètcr g ea, `y oc esscs e bclr gp wcrc ocvcrgoc-ben bc lobcrlcd gruoc g @r. Vggscvcn.

. [Cdlgrs ogc9 Xbco bc Jgr`cr ]rcsldcos Ea fcae`c new lo 5


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Je`lny Nljc

Eo loaldco g prlvec `ceos ergsc es sggo es L wes efnc g rcvlcw gur rc-`eloloh esscs. Lo 52


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Tbc fgys bed csefnlsbcd bclr gwo bg`cs eod bc Qeogrd Ae`pusbgusc wes og ngohcr bclr rcuhc. Lo ea, bclr verlgus fuslocsscs frguhbbc` `grc gjco g Ocw \grk beo ]eng Eng. Hreduenny bc locrvens g gurnlvloh lo Aenlgrole fcae`c sbgrcr eod sbgrcr. Tbc hrce l`pgreoac gbcsc wcscro vlsls wes g hlvc `c eo gppgruoly g wesb g g `y sgun bcsupcralenllcs, bc loeollcs, eod bc uo-E`crlaeo e`gspbcrc gg rcqucolo Ocw \grk. Go nggkloh feak, L od be ocx g nlvloh lo Xesblohgo, gurrcen e`lny bcedquercrs lo bc ehhrchec wcrc ngohcr lo Ocw \grk beo lo eoygbcr pneac lo bc wgrnd.

Ocw \grk ls bc pneac rg` wblab e nerhc per g E`crlaes locnncauen nlclo reos`ltcd. Bcrc acocrs bc agorgn g ùab g bc èhezloc, bc fggkeod bc redlg wgrnd. Qg`c g ls delny pepcrs sprced log cvcry gbcr ocws-

pepcr gfi ac lo bc aguory. Tbc agorgn g ùab oelgoen aberlefnc eod cdu-aelgoen loslulgos acocr bcrc fcaeusc g bc angscocss g flh `gocy. Eùnludc g pgnllaen, sgalen eod cagog`la, eod prgpeheode grheolzelgoslonrec log bc wbgnc g E`crlaeo nlc rg` bc hrce aly. Xbco goc lslocrcscd ensg lo bc prgùnhelgo g ldces, l ls `grc ccalvc g fc e bcdlsrlfuloh pglo beo e bc rcaclvloh cod.

Ocw \grk ls prgfefny 83 pcraco rs eod scagod hcocrelgo Curgpceo.Ls ldces erc srgohny c`pcrcd rg` rcaco Curgpceo grlhlos. L scedlny rc-

aruls ls `co eod wg`co g ncedcrsblp rg` bc blocrneod. Fcloh bc oeo-alen eod fuslocss acocr g bc Solcd Qecs l ls esgolsbloh g od bgw cwOcw \grkfgro `co gaaupy ls pgsllgos g ncedcrsblp. Gu g bc nlvloh lols snu`s ag`c bc rcfcnnlgus splrls wblab dg`loec ncj-wloh bguhb lo bcaguory. Ogr ls bls eoy dcolen g bc ùnludc g hggd eod dcvgcd allzcoslo ls prcaloas.

Ocw \grk, gusldc bc snu`s, ls e pneac g hggd ggd, g buèo ag`grs.Ls ùscu`s, ls er henncrlcs eod ls fuslocss fulndlohs gvcrgwcr bc wbgnc

wgrnd. Ls oc sbgpploh srccs cxaccd enn gbcrsfu e scp ewey ls bc

5


62/67

Je`lny Nljc

sgddco nlc g agohcscd erces. L wes bcsc dcprcssloh fgrdcrs be ncd `c gcsefnlsb bc rs Jcdcren eld g snu` ancereoac lo 5


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dcvcngp`co g vlen losru`cos gr dccalgo g suf`erlocs eod bc dcvcn-gp`co g ecrgpneoc losru`cos gr bc Er`y eod Oevy lo Xgrnd Xer LL.Tbc suaacss g bcsc losru`cos eod bclr agorlfulgo g bc scrvlacs wcrcogcd fy bc Er`y eod bc Oevy fy bc agocrrloh g bclr C.

Jloenny, ejcr @r. Vggscvcns l`c, bc wes aenncd upgo fy bc Solcd QecsHgvcro`co gr edvlac eod ochglelgo g hrce prgicas. E`goh bc` wesbc sctnc`co g bc gln prgfnc` [lo Lreocd.P arcecd fy bc sclzurc g bcFrllsb gln prgpcry lo be aguory. Jrg` bls suaacss lo bls eohncd ochgle-lgo upgo wblab blohcd bc senvelgo g Lreo rg` Ag``uols`, bc wes lo5


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Je`lny Nljc

rg` bc Qgubcro secs wbg bed ocvcr nlvcd lo suab hggd surrguodlohs.Tbc pelo wes s`cercd, bc wlodgws frgkco, bc euacs eod dggr kogfs sg-nco, èoy ggr fgerds rlppcd up gr ucn, bc yerds e èss g pepcrs, feoeoeeod greohc pccns eod rufflsb. Tbc neuodry èablocry wes e wrcak. Xblnc

wc wcrc agoc`pneloh bc sacoc, e èo drgvc up lo eo eug`gflnc. Enneocxanel`cd, Tbls ls bc nes srewbcrc ls bc Qec Lospcagr g Bgusloh.Fu bc èo seld, Enneo, L bgpc ygu wlnn og anceo bls pneac up gr e `gob.L weo g frloh pcgpnc bcrc g sbgw bc` bc sgr g pcgpnc bcsc bcrgcs gQclofcaks rcenny erc.

Snlècny, Enneo agoanudcd be eo gaaupelgo sufica g Hgvcro`coprlac xloh eod dlaelgo g wbe bc sbgund pneo eod bervcs wes fcag`lohe prcaerlgus fuslocss. Bc sgnd enn bls bgndlohs eod dcvgcd bl`scn sgncny g

gbcr lodusrlcs. Fu bc aguory ngs e er`cr wlb e sgalen scosc. Lo 5


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seys lo Eusrenle gr Abloe gr Vussle gr Furè, gr Ocw \grk gr bc Agol-

oco; bco wbco wc bed frguhb bc feflcs; bco wbco L wgund rcuro rg`

ngoh igurocys g `cc ygu enn ehelo.

E bc dggr, cvco ejcr wcoy ycers, L eugèlaenny u`fncd lo `y pgakc

gr bc kcy. L reoh bc fcnn. E sl eo-scrveo eoswcrcd eod L eskcd l L lhb

scc bc nedy g bc bgusc, cxpneloloh be L wes eo E`crlaeo wbg bed nlvcd

lo bls bgusc èoy ycers ehg, wes lo Ngodgo gony gr e dey, eod wgund nlkc

g wenk brguhb bc rgg`s eod bc herdco ehelo. Bc scc`cd ogopnusscd,

fu ae`c feak ejcr sg`c `loucs, eod brguhb bc perlenny gpcocd dggr,

eooguoacd, Bcr Nedysblp ls og lo. L wes prcpercd gr bls Frllsb cvco

wlb e co-sblnnloh ogc, sufi alcony cxpgscd, eod suhhcscd be pcrbeps bc

wgund nc `c scc eoy per g bc bgusc be wes og lo usc e bc `g`co.

Tg bc ncj wes bc gek-peocnncd nlfrery wlb ls oc rcpneac eod ls ncedcdhness fggkaescsbc se`c es cvcr. L lèhlocd ehelo, sltloh go bc gppgslc

sldc g bc dcsk rg` ygu, wlb bc èousarlps eod rccrcoac fggks plncd

fcwcco us, es wc wgrkcd gvcr bc reosnelgo gDc Vc @cennlae. Ehelo L

sew ]cc e bc nltnc efnc lo bc agrocr, èkloh èrks eod eooguoaloh

be bc wes wrlloh e fggk gg; eod Fuf ane`fcrloh log bls `gbcrs nep

eod dcèodloh g kogw wbe bc fggk seld. Tbc dloloh rgg` wes bc se`c

wenou peocnncd rgg` eod cvgkcd enn klods g `c`grlcs g bc ùnludc g

beppy hebcrlohs wblab bed nncd l. Tbc nlvloh rgg` bed fcco rcdcagrecdrg` ls gnd ocuren los g gdcro wblc eod wes e rcpcnnco sreohcr g c.

Tbc acoury-gnd unfcrry rcc, wblab wc bed ourscd gr ycers wlb sccn cyc-

fce`s eod wblab bed hlvco abereacr g bc herdco wes hgoc eod rcpneacd

fy sg`c grèn fusbcs.

Enghcbcr `y `lod wes e èzc g rcvlvcd c`glgoen plaurcs eod sg`c

dlseppglo`cos. Fu fy ogw bc funcr wes seodloh go goc gg eod nncd

wlb eoxlclcs eod g olsb bl`, L sbggk bls beod eod rg` bls esgolsb-

`co L hucsscd og hconcèo bed cvcr dgoc [blscd.P fcgrc.

\gur gnd hrl`-eacd perngr-èld ae`c g Anerldhcs [bgcnP. Qbc l`ldny

loqulrcd g ]crrlo l sbc `lhb scc `c. Qbc eskcd `c g beok @ede`c gr

scodloh bcr e olac aerd cvcry Abrlsès eod cspcalenny gr bc cnp ygu bed

hlvco bcr rg` bc Xblc gusc lo bc uoc`pngy`co l`cs eod g loqulrc

ejcr bc cenb g bc yguoh @escrs,eod bcr sgnld gnd eac sgjcocd e

cvcry rccrcoac g bc yguoh @escrs. L suspca lo bcr `c`gry bcy wcrc

slnn nltnc `grc beo feflcs.L bguhb pcrbeps sbc bed ag`c gr `grc cnp, eod og weoloh g gcod

bcr, L rcèrkcd be l sbc hg lo e lhb pneac ehelo sbc sbgund wrlc g bc

ède`c. Qbc rcpnlcd e goac9 Gb og, L evc e olac pneac wlb e e`lny lo



66/67

Je`lny Nljc

ydc ]erk, fu bcy erc og bc nlkcs g @ede`c, eod fcsldcs wbco L sco bc

`gocy feak g @ede`c, sbc wgund og ekc l eod gnd `c g pu l lo bc

feok lo aesc erd l`cs ag`c ehelo eod bco L evc l.

Qg ygu wlnn scc sbc bes ocvcr yc fcco efnc g pneac bcr Bs eod L bevc dls-

agvcrcd ygur scarc reosealgos. L dlrcacd goc g bc scarcerlcs g ekc bcr

dgwo g bc ejcroggo ce bco hgloh go lo bc bgcn wlb bc esblgoefncs

g Ngodgo eod g rce bcr nlkc bc rcen nedy sbc ls lo bcr bcer. Bc rcpgrcd

be bcr `eigr gfscrvelgo wes be bcsc welcrs ls og relocd g scrvc ce

prgpcrny. Qbc ls per g pessloh Cohneod.

. [Cdlgrs ogc9 E snlhbny verleo vcrslgo g bls nctcr ls prlocd lo Bggvcrs @c`glrs, vgn. L9\cers g Edvcourc, (Ocw \grk9 Tbc @ea`lnneo Ag`peoy, 5


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Efgut tbc Eutbgr

BCVFCVT BGGZCV

(52845

Documents

The Crusade Years, 1933–1955: Herbert Hoover’s Lost Memoir of the New Deal Era and Its Aftermath, Edited by George H. Nash