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THE CRUSADESHoly War At Its Finest
Remember
Do not copy anything in Italics Do not copy anything in (……) Do not copy anything that has Remember
at the top.
The Kingdom of England
In the early 400’s people called the Angles and Saxons took over much of England.
They took control of the territory from the Celts. In the late 800’s the Vikings attacked that part
of England. A King by the name of Alfred the Great united
the Angles and Saxons and drove the Vikings away.
Alfred’s new kingdom became known as Angleland, or England.
Alfred the Great was one
of the first rulers to unit
England under one empire.
He was successful at defending the
island from Viking
invaders on several
different occasions.
ALFRED the GREAT
Alfred the Great was a very strong ruler. He founded schools He hired interpreters to translate books
from Latin into the Anglo Saxon language. His power as a ruler kept his people
together. Most of those rulers that came after him
were weak and could not hold the people together
Stonehenge was built by unknown people of ancient England who finished building it some 2000 years before the Druids came to Salisbury Plain. Stonehenge means "hanging stones." There are many different legends.
Some even say UFO's were involved. But the scientific evidence shows that it was probably an "observatory" to view the various stages of the moon and sun. Looking in Stonehenge Decoded by Gerald Hawkins reveals many of
the stages in its pictures, such as showing the sunset exactly on the tip of the "heel stone."
VIKINGS ARE BACK
In A.D. 900 the Vikings attacked and conquered the northern coast of France and renamed it Normandy.
By A.D. 1000 Normandy was ruled by William, a descendant of a Viking ruler and cousin of Edward, the King of England.
When Edward died William thought he should be the new king of England so he went to war with England.
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
Harold Godwinson had claimed the English throne after the death of Edward.
William went to war against the English troops in 1066.
His men were on horseback and defeated the English at a battle called Hastings.
He was then crowned King of England and became known as William the Conqueror.
WILLIAM KING OF ENGLAND
To assure loyalty, William gave estates to his Norman knights.
They had to pledge their loyalty to him in return for land and protection from the King.
William brought European culture to England.
He made everyone speak French, and many of his knights intermarried with English women.
The cultures mixed and eventually became the English culture we have today.
HENRY II AND JOHN William died, a Henry II became king of England. Henry made the position of King much more
powerful. He set up a court system and had judges and
juries. When he died his son John became king and was
not a very good one. Under John nobles revolted and made him sign
the Magna Carta. This document had great influence on our government when it was being formed.
The Magna Carta was a
document that laid out
specific rights for the people of England and took some of
the power from the king. It
was a document that
had a great amount of
influence on our own
Constitution.
Prelude to a Crusade
The Byzantine empire was quickly losing power.
It was being attacked from the east by the Muslim Turks who were very powerful.
These invaders seized most of Asia Minor. The emperor of the empire asked the
Pope for help because he had neither the men or the money to repel the invaders.
Pope Urban II
In response to the plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor, Pope Urban II made a speech calling for all Christians to leave their homes and go and drive the Muslims out of the Holy land.
Their battle cry became…..”God wills it!”
1st CRUSADE
Several thousand knights and as many as ten thousand foot soldiers headed east to fight in the crusade.
Many wore the sign of the cross on their shields to remind them who they were fighting for.
In 1098, they captured Antioch in Syria. In 1099, they reached Jerusalem and
slaughtered most of the cities inhabitants Muslims, Jews, and Christians.
2nd Crusade
Having driven the Muslims out of the Holy Land, the Crusaders created four states: Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine, The County of Edessa, The Principality of Antioch in Asia Minor, and the County of Tripoli.
However , the Muslims fought back and recaptured Edessa. The Christians responded with the second Crusade which was total failure.
Saladin
In 1174 a Musli8m came to power named Saladin.
He was determined to create a Muslim empire in the middle east.
He led the Muslims against the Christians and recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.
He was one of the most successful Muslim Warriors of all time.
3rd Crusade The fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims caused the
cry for a 3rd Crusade. This Crusade was led by Richard the Lionhearted,
King Phillip II of France, and Emperor Fredrick of the Holy Roman Empire.
This crusade had some issues. Frederick drowned crossing a river. The French and English landed by sea, but could
not capture much more than a small coastal town. Phillip went home and Richard agreed to a small safe travel corridor for Christians.
4th Crusade
Around 1200 A.D. Pope Innocent III called for a new crusade.
Merchants from Venice wanted to use the crusade to weaken their main trading partners, the Byzantine Empire.
The crusaders attacked Byzantium instead of Muslim cities and sacked and looted the city for three days.
This attacked shocked the rest of Europe and weakened the Byzantine Empire substantially.
Other Crusades
Six more crusades were launched over the next 60 years, but the achieved very little.
The Muslims eventually regained everything they had lost during the first crusade.
In 1291, almost 200 years after the first crusade had set out, the last Christian City fell to the Muslims.
Effects of the Crusades
The crusades had a large impact on the world. More trade between Europe and the Middle
East. Serfs were freed by nobles who sold their
land and went to war. Kings began taxing trade from the middle
east. Stronger kingdoms emerged in Europe.
