The CSES mission

Roberta Sparvoli - University of Rome Tor Vergata and INFN for the CSES-Limadou Collaboration

ECRS 2018 - Barnaul - Russia

Outline of the talk: The China Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite mission

The High Energy Particle Detector Pre-launch activities

Launch and preliminary results

The CSES experiment

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China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

monitoring of earthquake-related electromagnetic field and particles in the ionosphere

This space mission will study seismo-ionospheric perturbations of electromagnetic field, plasma and particles and their correlation with geophysical activity.

The CSES experiment

3-axis attitude stabilized satellite based on CAST2000 platform

Mass = 730 kg Peak power consumption = 900 W

Two different orbital working zones: • payload operating zone: instruments will collect measurements (latitude range of ± 65°) • platform adjustment zone: all detectors switched off, satellite attitude and orbit control system activities will be performed

monitoring of earthquake-related electromagnetic field and particles in the ionosphere

This space mission will study seismo-ionospheric perturbations of electromagnetic field, plasma and particles and their correlation with geophysical activity.

Space is a privileged place for the statistical study of pre-seismic effects: covering large areas simultaneously.

China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

The satellite was launched on 2nd February 2018, with an expected lifetime of 5 years. It has a 98° Sun-synchronous circular orbit at 507 km of altitude

Project objectives of CSES

• to study the ionospheric perturbations possibly associated with earthquakes • to explore new approaches for short-term prediction and theoretic studies on the mechanism of earthquake preparation processes • to measure Cosmic Ray in an energy range below the one which has been studied so far by current CR space missions (PAMELA, AMS-02)

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Project Objectives of CSES EN

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• to check the reliability of the EM satellite earthquake monitoring system by using new techniques and equipments • to obtain world-wide data of the EM field, plasma and energetic particles in space environment • to provide a good basis for a space-ground system in earthquake monitoring in the near future in China

• to extract EM information associated possibly with the earthquakes of Ms ≥ 6 in Chinese territory and that of Ms ≥ 7 in the global scale • to analyze seismo-ionospheric perturbations in order to test the possibility for short-term earthquake forecasting with satellite observation

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• to study the ionospheric perturbations possibly associated with earthquakes • to explore new approaches for short-term prediction and theoretic studies on the mechanism of earthquake preparation processes • to measure Cosmic Ray in an energy range below the one which has been studied so far by current CR space missions (PAMELA, AMS-02)

Measurements Instruments

Electrical and magnetic fields and

their perturbations in ionosphere

Search-Coil magnetometer (SCM)

Fluxgate magnetometer Electrical field detector

(EFD)

Disturbance of plasma in ionosphere

Plasma analizer (PAP) Langmuir probe (LAP)

Flux and energy spectrum of the particles in the radiation belts

High Energy Particle Package (HEPP)

High Energy Particle Detector (HEPD)

Profile of electronic content

GPS occultation receiver (GNSS-RO)

Tri-frequency transmitter (TBB)

Instruments onboard CS

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CSES LIMADOU COLLABORATION Collaboration:

China National Space Administration (CNSA) Italian Space Agency (ASI)

Developed by: China Earthquake Administration (CEA) Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) Chinese and Italian Universities

The Italian Collaboration named the project LIMADOU after the Chinese name of the missionary Matteo Ricci who explored China in the 16th century

CSES-Limadou Collaboration

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The HEPD detector

Silicon tracker: two planes of double-side silicon micro-strip detectors placed on the top of the HEPD in order to provide the direction of the incident particle (213mm × 213mm x 0.3mm)

The HEPD detector

Silicon tracker: two planes of double-side silicon micro-strip detectors placed on the top of the HEPD in order to provide the direction of the incident particle (213mm × 213mm x 0.3mm)

Trigger: a layer of thin plastic scintillator divided into six segments (200mm × 30mm × 5mm each)

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The HEPD detector

Silicon tracker: two planes of double-side silicon micro-strip detectors placed on the top of the HEPD in order to provide the direction of the incident particle (213mm × 213mm x 0.3mm)

Trigger: a layer of thin plastic scintillator divided into six segments (200mm × 30mm × 5mm each)

Calorimeter: a tower of 16 layers of 1 cm thick plastic scintillator planes followed by a 3x3 matrix of inorganic scintillator (LYSO)

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The HEPD detector

The calorimeter volume is surrounded by 5mm thick plastic scintillator planes: VETO

All the scintillator detectors (trigger, calorimeter and VETO) are read out by photomultiplier tubes (PMT R9880-210 from Hamamatsu)

Silicon tracker: two planes of double-side silicon micro-strip detectors placed on the top of the HEPD in order to provide the direction of the incident particle (213mm × 213mm x 0.3mm)

Trigger: a layer of thin plastic scintillator divided into six segments (200mm × 30mm × 5mm each)

Calorimeter: a tower of 16 layers of 1 cm thick plastic scintillator planes followed by a 3x3 matrix of inorganic scintillator (LYSO)

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To reconstruct particle trajectories in Van Allen belts requires good energy and angular resolution

The HEPD main parameters

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separate electrons and protons identifying electrons within a proton background (10-5 ÷ 10-3) identify light nuclei

Parameter Value

Energy Range e: 3 ÷ 100 MeV

p: 30 ÷ 200 MeV

Angular resolution < 8° @ 5 MeV

Energy resolution < 10% @ 5 MeV

Particle identification > 90%

Operation mode Event by event

Scientific Data Bus RS-422

Operative temperature -10 ÷ +35°C

Mass < 44 kg

Power Consumption < 27 W

Mechanical dimensions 53×38×40 cm3

4 HEPD versions produced: • Electrical Model, EM (2014) • Structural and Thermal Model, STM (2015) • Qualification Model, QM (2016) • Flight Model, FM (2016)

Front view of the HEPD-QM:

the trigger system with its six

segments is visible

Side view of the HEPD-QM:

the 16 plastic scintillator planes

can be seen

Front view of the HEPD-FM:

the Silicon detector and its electronics

The HEPD models

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Pre-launch activities

A full GEANT4 simulation of the apparatus was performed, accounting for detector response to all particles and reproducing readout electronics and trigger conditions.

GEANT4 simulation of a 25 MeV electron entering the HEPD from the left.

Monte Carlo output and real data have the same format and the same software is used to reconstruct the event in both cases, allowing a fair comparison of reconstructed parameters and Monte Carlo truth.

MC simulation

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Spring 2016: start of test and qualification campaign with the HEPD Qualification Model

The QM during vibration test at SERMS. The detector is housed within the black box.

Vibration test at SERMS laboratory in Terni (PG) simulating launch and flight Thermal and vacuum test at SERMS laboratory simulating space environment

January 2017: the HEPD Flight Model was installed on the CSES satellites. Vibration, thermal-vacuum, magnetic cleanliness and aging tests were accomplished (Feb-May 2017)

The HEPD-FM installed on CSES satellite

Qualification campaign

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The HEPD FM during the beam test at the BTF

Beam Test @ Frascati BTF Electrons and positrons from 30 to 150 MeV

Number of hit plane of the calorimeter

Energy loss in the Calo Energy loss in the LYSO

Electrons 30 MeV

Calibration with electrons

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The HEPD FM during the beam test at Trento

Beam test @ Proton Cyclotron of Trento Protons from 51 to 300 MeV

Number of hit Calo planes

Energy loss in the Calo

100 MeV Sigma/peak

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Calibration with protons

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Launch and preliminary results

On February 2nd 2018 at 3:15 pm (Beijing time, GMT+8) the CSES

Satellite was successfully launched from Chinese base “Jiuquan

Satellite Launch Center”, located in the Gobi desert in Inner Mongolia.

The launch

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On February 6th, the HEPD health check procedure was successfully run. Since February 12th, HEPD has been tested in different configurations in order to:

• study the trigger rates along the orbit in different trigger configurations; • study to define the optimal trigger thresholds in flight; • perform an in-flight calibration to be compared with beam test results;

CSES commissioning activities will last until the end of July 2018 • Since the beginning of May an encrypted data transfer from CEA-ICS to ASI-SSDC

has been working • Till now HEPD has produced ~350 GB of data • Construction of a dedicated pipeline for the HEPD data processing and storage is in

progress ( pipeline: satellite → raw file → L0 → L1 → L2 )

Chinese Ground Segment

Italian Ground segment

HEPD operation

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A comparison with atmospheric muon data confirms that pedestals, as well as the MIP peak, are in the same position, confirming the same behavior of the detector after the launch. The highest electron peak at 600 counts and the proton peak at 2800 counts are visible.

Muons Flight data

HEPD status monitoring in quasi-real time by quicklook software (executed from L0 format) to get immediate information about strips and PMTs ADC counts and trigger rate in different orbital zones.

HEPD preliminary results

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During the commissioning we performed a trigger threshold scan to optimize the detector acceptance

No selection

Trigger rates

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Raw trigger rate map compared with IGRF-computed field in CSES positions calculated from telemetry data

HEPD preliminary

Preliminary results show that particle identification is compatible with expectations from simulation (where no satellite background is accounted for)

Particle identification analysis is still ongoing. Background contribution has to be accounted to obtain a proper separation between particle species

Particle identification

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HEPD preliminary

Preliminary work on electron rate reconstruction

Preliminary reconstructed electron rate as a function of latitude and longitude (30th March – 30th April)

Electron flux (SPENVIS AE-8 MAX integral flux)

Particle rates i

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• The Limadou collaboration conceived, designed, constructed, qualified and is currently operating the High Energy Particle Detector.

• Huge testing work on HEPD preceded the launch, including beam tests and comparison with a Monte Carlo simulation developed on purpose.

• As the other CSES payloads, HEPD is still under commissioning but it is in good shape, providing good quality data and confirming expectations.

Summary

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• CSES satellite is the first of a constellation of “CSES-like” satellites expected to be launched in the coming years.

• The launch of CSES-2 is planned for the 2021 • The role of the Italian collaboration in CSES-2 could be bigger than in CSES-1

• Improved version of HEPD (Lyso or BGO crystals used to measure gamma rays burst)

• Electric Field Detector • CSES follow up activity in Italy:

Zirè experiment proposed as payload on NUSES mission “Zirè will perform characterization the coupling among Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere through the study of cosmic rays in the energy interval 1 MeV < E < 100 MeV”.

NUSES is a mission proposed by (GSSI-INFN-FBK, industrial partner TAS-I) and approved by the Italian government as a flagship initiative to relaunch the economy of the L’Aquila area

Time to fly 3-4 years since the final decision on funding will be taken (end of July)

Outlook

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Thank you!