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TH
E D
EM
ILITAR
IZE
D Z
ON
E : R
edraw
ing the Bord
er beyond
TourismD
emilitarized
Zone b
etween N
orth and S
outh Korea D
ongsei Kim
THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE
한반도 비무장지대
Redrawing the border between North and South Korea beyond tourism
Graduate School of Design Harvard University
Dongsei Kim© Dongsei Kim
[email protected] Third edition, April 2012
TH
E D
EM
ILITAR
IZE
D Z
ON
E : R
edraw
ing the Bord
er betw
een North and
South K
orea beyond
Tourism D
ong
sei Kim
All photographs and text are by Dongsei Kim unless otherwise credited© Dongsei Kim 20113rd edition, April 2012
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
THE DEMILITARIZED
ZONE한반도 비무장지대
Redrawing the Border betweenNorth and South Korea beyond Tourism
Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Penny White Award, May 2011 Dongsei Kim
CONTENTS
048 049
097 099 157 158
047046015
027
056 057
059 062
105
071
107
101
077
103058
050 051 052
054
053 063
055 083 091 115
042
043 044 045 093 095
017 019
064
109
065
119
069
021 023
079
111 113
089
060 061
0 5 10 20 km
INTRoDUCTIoN - 007
BACKGRoUND - 029
THE ToURS - 037
TYPoLoGIES - 067
VIEWS - 087
APPENDIXES - 117
CREDITS - 155
INTRODUCTION
“Korean Demilitarized Zone : Image of the Day” (Source: Jesse Allen, NASA’s Earth Observatory, Goddard Space Flight Center http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/3000/3660/landsat_dmz_korea_lrg.jpg)
한반도 비무장지대THE KOREAN
DEMILITARIZED ZONE
9
THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE (DMZ) is the buffer zone between North and South Korea. 11
0 5 10 20 km
한반도 비무장지대Korean Demilitarized Zone
(DMZ) 907Km2
Established on July 27,1953 with the armistice agreement .
군사분계선Military Demarcation Line (MDL)1,292 signs like the ones on page 48 and 49, written in Chinese and Korean on the north, English and Korean on the south are placed every 300 ~500m which forms the MDL.
민간인 출입 통제 구역Civilian Control Area (CCA) 1,528Km2
Established by the 8th US Army Corps in Feb 1954
민간인 출입 통제선Civilian Control Line (CCL)
접경 지역 Border Region, also branded “Peace & Life Zone” (PLZ) by the Korean Tourism Organizationhttp://english.visitkorea.or.kr
특별 군사 지역 Special Military RegionAreas that are 50km from the border line is designated as “Special Military Region” on the north side of the border.
+
개성 공업 지구Kaesong Industrial
Region
To평양 Pyongyang, capital of North Korea205 Km from Dorasan Station near DMZ
한강 하구 수역 “The waters of the Han River Estuary shall be open to civil shipping of both sides wherever one bank is controlled by one side and the other bank is controlled by the other side” (Refer to Article I, point “5” pg 129)
+
서울 Seoul, capital of South Korea56 km from Dorasan Station near DMZ. One hour drive.
+
도라산 역 Dorasan Station near DMZ
13
THE DMZ wAS ESTABLISHED ON JULy 27, 1953 wITH THE ARMISTICE AgREEMENT. 15
THE DMZ BISECTS THE KOREAN PENINSULA INTO: NORTH AND SOUTH. IT STRETCHES FOR 250KM, 2KM ON EACH SIDE OF THE MILITARy DEMARCATION LINE (MDL). 17
THE DMZ HAS BEEN PROTECTED FROM URBANIZATION AND DEvELOPMENT FOR ALMOST 60 yEARS. 19
THE AREA OF THE DMZ IS 907Km2. ACCOUNTINg FOR 0.5% OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA. IT HAS 150% THE AREA OF SEOUL AND 33% THAT OF PyONgyANg. 21
THE DMZ IS HOME TO ENDANgERED ASIAN CRANES, BLACK-FACED SPOONBILLS, ANgORA gOATS, AMUR LEOPARDS, AND BEARS. ORgANIZATIONS SUCH AS “DMZ FORUM” ARE AIMINg TO HAvE THE DMZ PROCLAIMED A UNESCO wORLD HERITAgE SITE.“Korean Demilitarized Zone : Image of the Day” (Source:Jesse Allen, United Nations Environment Programme.
(2005). One Planet Many People. Division of Early Warning and Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, Sioux Falls, ND. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=36231) 23
“Korean Demilitarized Zone : Image of the Day” (Source:Jesse Allen, United Nations Environment Programme. (2005). One Planet Many People. Division of Early Warning and Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, Sioux Falls, ND. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=36231)
THE DMZ IS NOT FREE FROM HUMAN EXPLOITATION. NASA SATELLITE IMAgERy HAS REvEALED MULTIPLE BURN SCARS IN THE AREA RELATED TO MILITARy SURvEILLANCE OPERATIONS. 25
Source: “Land Mines Remain Issue in Korea” Rachel Stohl, http://www.cdi.org/dm/2000/issue5/Landmines.htmlQuoting Center for Defense Information report
ACCORDINg TO “CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION” REPORT, THERE ARE AN ESTIMATED 2.2 MILLION LAND MINES wITHIN AND ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DMZ. 27
BACKGROUND
< 한반도 비무장지대 THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE
31
Introduction
Long before the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945) and before the DMZ was established as a result of the Korean War (June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953), the 38th parallel was discussed as a proposed line for delimiting Russian and Japanese influence in the peninsula in the late 19th century. Polarized political ideologies in Korea following its independence from Japanese colonization caused the Korean War, one of the first proxy wars between superpowers.
The ideological contestation between communist powers China and the Soviet Union, and the free world led by the U.S. left behind the demilitarized zone (DMZ), 250 Km (160 miles) long and 4 Km (2.5 miles) wide, that is 907 km2 (224,125 acres). This area accounts for about 0.5% of the Korean peninsula. To this day the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) runs through the center of DMZ and divides the communist North from the capitalist South. Technically, the two Koreas are still at war, and are only under a temporary armistice that was signed in 1953.
Given the DMZ’s relative freedom from human intervention in the past 60 years, it has become one of the most bio-diverse areas in Korea, perhaps in the world. Starting in the early 2000s, many calls and proposals have been made to conserve and preserve the area as a national or international peace park. The DMZ is however not free from other depredations: according to the United Nations Environment Programme report, for example, multiple burn scars linked to military surveillance operations in DMZ have been revealed through NASA’s Landsat 7 satellite. Furthermore, several organized DMZ tourist operations offer limited access to it on the South Korean side.
Beyond existing history, security concerns, and ecologically themed tourism and other moneymaking ventures, what more can the DMZ become? What Can it do? Can it be a more productive landscape, harness energy or become a cultural asset that creates value for North and South Korea? Alike, can it foster collaboration between the two Koreas? or to put it differently: what should it not be? Ultimately, elaborate mapping of the DMZ and its surrounding environment through the lens of current touristic operations can be used to provoke thoughts and envision the DMZ’s alternate future, speculating its potential transformation to an asset from a barrier.
Night satellite imagery of the Korean peninsula displaying a stark contrast between North and South Korea divided by the DMZ (Source: NASA, http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Front/overview2.html graphic annotations by author) 33
Research Background
This study is an attempt to better understand the DMZ beyond the political border, physical barrier, military buffer, and container of biodiversity, and understand its complex spatial operations. After the Korean War, the “38th parallel line” became more fixed in a different form. How and who drew the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) that makes up the DMZ? Why was it constructed? How is it maintained?
With these questions in mind, this Penny White award study focused its investigation on the current tourism industry flourishing around the DMZ on the South Korean side, and how we can start to read it in a more productive and meaningful way.
What kind of touristic operations are taking place? How do they impact the contiguous 4.8 to 20 Km (3 to 12 miles) wide Civilian Control Area (CCA)? What do the estimated 1.2 million land mines on the South Korean side represent to these touristic operations, and the future of these territories and especially their settlement patterns?
Burn scars in the DMZ captured by NASA Landsat 7 satellite, “Korean Demilitarized Zone” (Source: NASA “Image of the Day” http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3623) 35
THE TOURS관광
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.36
1.0
0.32
10.0
3.8
048 049
097 099 129 130
047046015
027
056 057
059 062
105
071
107
101
077
103058
050 051 052
054
053 063
055 083 091 115
042
043
000
044 045 093 095
017 019
064
109
065
119
069
021 023
079
111 113
089
060 061
0 5 10 20 km
41
Refer to page number for further information
Average number of tourists per year ( in millions)
Source: “DMZ: Cold War Front or Tourist Attraction?” The Korea Times, February 23, 2010http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2010/02/139_61302.html
관광
TOURISM
More than 100,000 tourists have passed through the joint security area (JSA) on strictly organized tours. Many of these tourists are Japanese, Chinese, American and European. Typically, South Koreans are not allowed on the JSA tours for security reasons. However, almost 4 million visitors including South Koreans visit the Imjin Pyungwha Nuri park (meaning Peace World park, see pg.115) near the DMZ in Paju annually.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°47’27.86” N, 126°40’44.97” EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°33′55.71″ N, 126°58′50.56″ EMay 11, 2011 07:29May 11, 2011 07:00
43
서울 롯데 호텔
LOTTE HOTEL SEOULTours to the DMZ set out from various hotels in Seoul, catering mostly to foreign tourists. Many of the tour sites are also accessible by private car and some include limited public transportation for domestic tourists. However, most of tours are in group tours, especially the ones closer to or in the DMZ.
Source: “2010 도로교통량 통계연보” (2010 Road Traffic Volume Year Book, Ministry of Transport and Maritime affairs) http://stat.mltm.go.kr/portal/stat/yearReport.do
이동
MOvEMENT
Juxtapositions and contradictions set the tone for the borderlands. Deceptively smooth expressways run continuously parallel to enclosures. Being psychologically aware that these expressways terminate abruptly somewhere, slows one down with anxiety before one physically arrives at any terminus.
자유로
FREEDOM EXPRESSwAyThis ironically named expressway connects the capital city of Seoul to Paju City, near the DMZ. It is one of the most heavily traveled expressways in South Korea, with an average daily traffic volume of 270,000 vehicles in 2010.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 37° 48’1.16” N, 126° 40’54.26” EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°48’15.52”N, 126°41’1.12”EMay 11, 2011 15:15May 11, 2011 15:14
45
경고
wARNINg The first sentence of the “Visitor Declaration” form upon entering the JSA reads:
“The visit to the Joint Security Area at Panmunjom will entail [sic] into a hostile area and the possibility of injury or death as a direct result of enemy action.” (Refer to “Visitor Declaration” pg 158)
판문점
PANMUNJOMThe United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC) conference building is located within the Joint Security area in the middle of the DMZ. Talks between North and South Korean officials are held here. The building is theoretically divided into two, North and South, but both takes turns in sharing the building.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°57’21.40”N, 126°40’37.34”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°57’21.40”N, 126°40’37.34”EMay 11, 2011 14:18May 11, 2011 14:33
Refer to “appendices,” pg 139, for futher details on the function of the UNCMC. 47
돌아오지 않는 다리
BRIDgE OF NO RETURN “The Bridge of No Return” crosses over the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) between North and South Korea. It is located in the JSA and was last used as a checkpoint for the exchange of prisoners of war. Upon release, they had to decide which side to join, and was never allowed to cross back. It was also where the U.S. Pueblo crew crossed over upon their release in December 23, 1968. This bridge made such a deep imprint on the Korean imaginary that it became the setting for a famous Korean movie titled “JSA.”
보다, 포착 하다, 기록하다
SEE, CAPTURE, RECORDThe DMZ is a site of immense attention, a surreal expression of spatial control ideals. This spatial order constructs an atmosphere that invites scrutiny and investigation beyond daily routine observation.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°57’21.42”N, 126°40’18.39”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°57’21.42”N, 126°40’18.39”EMay 11, 2011 14:21May 11, 2011 14:33
49
파주시 조산리 대성동 “자유 마을”
DAESUNg-DONg “FREEDOM vILLAgE”This is the only South Korean Village within the DMZ. only the original residents and their direct descendants are allowed to reside there. The 50 families who live there, comprising 200 people boast an average household income of US$70,000. They have exclusive access to agricultural lands with tax exemptions. Male residents are also exempt from military duty. Access in and out of the “Freedom” village is highly restricted for both inhabitants and visitors. They also are subject to a midnight curfew.
개성시 평화리 기정동 “평화촌”
KIJONg-DONg “PEACE vILLAgE”Widely known to South Koreans and Westerners alike as a “propaganda village,” it is one of two villages within the DMZ that was allowed to stay in place following the Armistice Agreement. The 160m (524ft) tall flagpole, until recently the tallest in the world, was a response to the 85m (279ft) flagpole South Koreans built in Daesung “Freedom Village” on the South side in 1980. According to the tour guides, the Peace Village is a ghost town. with no night lights. only military personnel is ever seen.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 37° 54’ 31.40” N, 126° 42’ 16.46” EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37° 54’ 31.40” N, 126° 42’ 16.46” EMay 11, 2011 12:33May 11, 2011 12:32
51
제 3 땅굴
THIRD INFILTRATION TUNNELThis tunnel was discovered in october of 1978. It is one of four infiltration tunnels known to the public. The location of the 1635m-long tunnel is about 44km, less than a hour’s drive, from Seoul. It has become a popular “security tour” site attracting many foreign tourists, Korean soldiers, and students.
땅굴
INFILTRATION TUNNELSIt is estimated by experts who study North Korean infiltration tunnels, that there are more than 20 infiltration tunnels dug by the North Koreans, with the purpose of invading the South. Each is said to be capable of allowing the passage of more than 30,000 troops per hour. only four of these tunnels have been officially discovered and open to the public. North Koreans continue to deny building these tunnels.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°55’1.00”N, 126°41’56.31”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°55’1.00”N, 126°41’56.31”EMay 11, 2011 11:02May 11, 2011 10:50
53
대통령 방문
PRESIDENTS Former South Korean president Kim Dae-Jung and his U.S. counterpart George W. Bush signed the railroad ties at Dorasan Station, wishing for peace and unification. During his visit to the DMZ in 1993, former U.S president Bill Clinton described it as being the “scariest place on Earth.”
도라산역
DORASAN STATIONDorasan station is the northernmost railway station in South Korea. It is part of the Gyeongui line and was opened in 2002 after being disconnected for 52 years. In 2007 goods from South Korea were shipped to the Kaesong Industrial Complex. However, operations were halted after the North Koreans closed the border crossing when a South Korean conservative government was elected in 2008.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°53’57.06”N, 126°42’36.42”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37°53’57.06”N, 126°42’36.42”EMay 11, 2011 12:58May 11, 2011 12:48
55
펀치 볼
PUNCH BOwL
This land formation is called the “Punch Bowl” because it resembles a large bowl. It was the site of fierce battles during the Korean War. Many dreadful battles were fought along the border to secure strategic advantages. Most of the three-year long Korean War was fought near these territories.
을지 전망대
EULJI OBSERvATORyThe observatory is located 1,049m (3,442ft) above sea level. Like many other military installations within the CCA, it is only accessible after a security check-in. Young military personnel give a detailed security briefing once the tourists arrive at the observatory. Many Guard Posts (G.P.) of North and South Korea can be seen from the observatory, but no photography is allowed.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 38°19’41.76”N, 128° 7’35.10”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 38°19’41.76”N, 128° 7’35.10”EMay 10, 2011 15:01May 10, 2011 13:32
57
출입 확인서
ENTRy CERTIFICATE RULES To FoLLoW :
- Do not park or stop within the CCA
- No taking of photos or videos of military installations is allowed
- Hunting and gathering is prohibitied
- Checkout before 17.00 hours in winter,
18.00 hours in summer.
제 4 땅굴
FOURTH INFILTRATION TUNNELThe fourth and last officially discovered infiltration tunnel was discovered on March 3, 1990. It was unique in that it was the first one to be found in the eastern region of the border. The 1.7 x 1.7m (5’6”x 5’6”) tunnel was found 145m (475ft) below ground. It is identical in construction to the second and third infiltration tunnels.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 38°17’23.99”N, 128° 8’42.60”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 38°18’38.37”N, 128° 7’20.01”EMay 10, 2011 13:20May 10, 2011 16:50
59
주의 사항
wARNINgSMore rules: from the reverse side of the tour ticket
1. No stopping or leaving the vehicle except at designated points
2. Follow the instructions of the guides and military personel
3. Drinking, singing, and dancing is not permitted
4. Photographing of military installations or during transportation is not permitted
5. No firearms, video recorders, zoom lens cameras, alcohol, nor fishing equipment are permitted
6. We are not civilly nor penally responsible for personal and property damage due to unexpected accidents (Gunshots, explosions, vehicular accidents).
* You will be referred to relevant legislation should you not comply with the above.
철원 철의 삼각전적지 견학
CHEORwONTours leave four times a day, taking a three hour trip to the Goseokjeong Pavilion, the second infiltration tunnel, the peace observatory, Woljeongri Railway Station, and the old Labour Party building. The tour thus combines natural, historical and security sites. As opposed to the Joint Security Area, which is mainly restricted to foreigners, this tour is open and accessible to South Koreans. It is however, limited to the CCA and does not take visitors into the DMZ itself.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 38°11’6.47”N, 127°17’16.13”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 38°18’33.31”N, 127°15’4.72”EMay 29, 2011 10:10 - 16:00May 29, 2011 10:10 - 16:00
61
노란 “사진선”
THE yELLOw “PHOTO LINE”Tour sites within the CCA and near the DMZ are often closed when tensions between the two Koreas escalate. These closures have an enormous impact on the daily life of locals, especially those who rely on tourism for a livelihood. The random and unpredictable nature of the closures has substantial short and long-term socioeconomic impact.
네비게이션
gLOBAL POSITIONINg SySTEMMany locations within the CCA and near the DMZ are not displayed by South Korean GPS equipment for security reasons. However, with increased internet access and GPS positioning technology enabled through widespread smartphones, your location is pinpointed on Google or Bing maps. This securtity measure then starts to erode.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 37°54’31.40”N, 126°42’16.46”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 38°15’34.45”N, 128° 9’41.69”EMay 10, 2011 10:37May 10, 2011 15:30
63
금강산 관광
MT. KEUMKANg TOURSAfter a 45-year disconnect, South Korean tourists were able to travel to Mount Keumkang first by cruise ships and as of 2003, on the newly connected roads by bus. By late 2008, more than 1.95 million people had travelled to Mount Keumkang. Tours came to a full stop when a South Korean tourist was shot dead by a North Korean soldier in July, 2008.
고성 통일 전망대
UNIFICATION OBSERvATORy Since its opening in 1984, more than 28 million people have visited the observatory. That equivalent to 1 million visitors per year, who have a spectacular view of the East Sea and the famous Mount Keumkang on the North side. Many separated families visit the observatory on special occasions to be closer to their families in North Korea.
WGS 84 Coordinates: 38°35’10.46”N, 128°22’34.12”EWGS 84 Coordinates: 37° 33′ 55.71″ N, 126° 58′ 50.56″ EJune 06, 2011 16:35June 06, 2011 16:32
65
TYPOLOGIES유형
MILITARy BASE CAMPS NEAR THE DMZ IN SOUTH KOREA Although DMZ stands for “Demilitarized Zone,” this border is amongst the most militarized and fortified in the world, with North Korea having more than1.1 million active troops and 8.3 million reserve and South Korea having 0.69 million active troops and 8.0 million in reserve, mostly concentrated near the DMZ. The United States also have 28,500 active troops stationed in South Korea.
71
wARNINg SIgNSWarning and restriction signs mark the landscape of the DMZ and its surrounding territories. They not only serve as a reminders of where one is, but change how one perceives the surrounding landscape and its built environment. The effect is that of Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon: one feels as if one were being watched all the time. It makes one question oneself before taking any photo or moving freely.
73
“He who is subjected to a field of visibility, and who knows it, assumes responsibility for the constraints of power; he makes them play spontaneously upon himself; he inscribes in himself the power relation in which he simultaneously plays both roles; he becomes
the principle of his own subjection”
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punishment. Vintage Books, New York: 1995
75
“South Korea’s Overpasses to Nowhere Remain Part of Defense Strategy” By Jon Rabiroff (Source:http://www.stripes.com/news/s-korea-s-overpasses-to-nowhere-remain-part-of-defense-strate-gy-1.106886)
ANTI-TANK BARRICADE SySTEMThe normal primary connective function of the road is perceived in the DMZ as a weak defense. This inherent weakness is countered by “North Korean speed bumps” known as the “rock drops.” The intension of which is to slow down an eventual land invasion by exploding huge concrete blocks down on to the road. Installed mostly in 1979-80, the system is now seen as obsolete. Nevertheless, they are still in place which activates the latent memory and probabilities of war.
77
BORDER LANDSCAPESSpanning 250 km laterally from its west to east coast, the DMZ frames a variety of ecological zones and landscapes. Its absence of urbanization has sparked nature conservation groups such as “The DMZ Forum: for Peace and Nature Conservation” to preserve and protect its unique biological and cultural resources. Their goal is to have the DMZ designated a UNESCo World Heritage Site. Research and awareness is also ongoing in the area, seeking ways to support ecotourism and other activities compatible with the region’s ecology.
79
“Borders, then, are rather strange hybrid entities: they are irreal [sic] as discursively constructed, but they can be embodied in physical things like walls. In contrast with boundaries and borderlands, but in common with border-lines, borders are ideal and eidetic; they are constituted by words (typically written, though these are sometimes based on official oral discussions: in both cases, their meanings are irreal [sic] as semantic entities), or by images (as with border-lines considered
as drawn features in the maps that depict them).”
Casey, E. S. “Border versus Boundary at La Frontera”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2011, Volume 29, pg 390
81
IMAgES OF HOPECast against frightful tensions and a dark history of war, images of hope, and reconciliation are cropping up along the DMZ tour routes. They are often emotional calls for reunification, humanitarian empathy, economic improvements, and other messages of peace. A sign installed by the Ministry of Unification of South Korea in Dorasan Station, near the DMZ reads: “Not the last station from the South, but the first station toward the North.” But who are the people yearning for unification? The separated families? Who else does it matter to? Who would benefit from it? Who wouldn’t? Is reunification inevitable? Will the current situation perpetuate itself? How can positive change be jumpstarted?
83
“The only certain thing about war is uncertainty.”
Kim Byungki, International Relations Professor at Korea UniversitySouth Korea’s Overpasses to Nowhere Remain Part of Defense Strategy by Jon Rabiroff
85
VIEWS전망
DORA OBSERVATORY LOOKING NORTH
91
RoAD To THE DMZ, ALoNG THE IMJIN RIVER 93
MILITARY BoRDER FENCES ALoNG THE IMJIN RIVER 95
JoINT SECURITY AREA, DMZ 97
UNITED NATIoNS CoMMAND MILITARY ARMISTICE CoMMISSIoN (UNCMAC) CoNFERENCE BUILDING 99
SERIES oF TUNNELS TRAVELING EAST 101
THE FoURTH INFILTRATIoN TUNNEL 103
WIND FARM IN KANGWoN PRoVINCE 105
MoUNTAINoUS LANDSCAPE oN THE EAST CoAST 107
KoSUNG, EAST CoAST NEAR THE DMZ 109
TRANSPoRTATIoN INFRASTRUCTURE oN EAST, NEAR THE DMZ 111
EAST CoAST LooKING SoUTH NEAR THE DMZ 113
ImjINGAK OVER LOOKING ImjIN RIVER
115
APPENDICES부록
01. Aug 1945-June 25 1950
02. Jul/Aug 1950
04. Sep 26 1950
05. OCT 07 1950
10. Jan 24 1951
12. Apr 22 1951
13. Jul 10 1951- Jul 27 1953 (Armistice signed)
<<< Current DMZ
11. Jan 25 1951
09. Dec 26 1950
06. OCT 20 1950
07. OCT 26 1950
08. Nov 24 1950
03. Sep 15 1950
Pre-war line38th parallel
1896
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
1950.06
1950.11
1951.05
1952.05
1953.05
1950.07
1950.12
1951.06
1952.06
1953.06
1950.08
1951.01
1952.01
1953.01
1951.07
1952.07
1953.07
1951.10
1952.10
1950.09
1951.02
1952.02
1953.02
1951.08
1952.08
1951.11
1952.11
1950.10
1951.04
1952.04
1953.04
1951.03
1952.03
1953.03
1951.09
1952.09
1951.12
1952.12
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5
Form
al de
clara
tion
of D
PRK
Sept
embe
r 9, 1
948
ROK
Gove
rnm
ent p
rocla
imed
Au
gust
15, 1
948
Kim
Il S
ung
28 D
ecem
ber 1
972
– 8
July
1994
1~3r
d Rh
ee S
yngm
an
July
24, 1
948
– Ap
ril 2
6, 1
960
4th
Yun
Bo-s
eon
Aug
13, 1
960
– M
ar 2
2, 1
962
Park
Chu
ng-h
eeDe
c 17,
196
3 –
Oct 2
6, 1
979
14th
Kim
Yon
g-Sa
m25
Feb
1993
– 2
5 Fe
b 19
98
15th
Kim
Dae
-Jun
g25
Feb
1998
– 2
5 Fe
b 20
03
16th
Roh
Moo
-hye
on25
Feb
200
3 –
25 F
eb 2
008 17
th L
ee M
yung
-bak
25 F
ebru
ary 2
008
– 25
Feb
201
313
th. R
oh T
ae-w
oo25
Feb
1988
– 2
5 Fe
b 19
9311
th,1
2th
Chun
Doo
-hw
anSe
pt 1
198
0 –
25 F
eb 1
988
10th
Cho
i Kyu
-hah
Oct 2
6 19
79 –
Sept
1 1
980
Kim
Jon
g-Il
: Jul
y 199
4 ~
Supr
eme L
eade
r of N
orth
Kor
ea
Kim
Jon
g-un
: 28
Sep
t 201
0~Vi
ce-C
hairm
an
of
the
Cent
ral
Mili
tary C
omm
issio
n of
WPK
In 2
000,
Kim
Dae
-jung
and
Kim
Jon
g-il
met
at a
sum
mit
mee
ting,
the
firs
t be
-tw
een
head
s of s
tate o
f the
two
natio
ns
Russ
ia att
empt
s to
cont
rol K
orea
. Jap
anes
e su
gges
ts 38
th p
arall
el as
divi
ding
line
be
twee
n th
e sph
eres
of i
nflue
nce.
Howe
ver,
no fo
rmal
agre
emen
t was
met.
Death
of K
im, I
l-Sun
g 8
July
1994
1st t
unne
l : N
ov 1
5, 1
974
2nd
tunn
el : M
ar 1
9, 1
975
ROKS
Che
onan
Sin
king
De
ath
of 4
6 Se
amen
26
Mar
201
0
North
Kor
ea fi
res
artil
lery
at
Sout
h Ko
rea’s
Big
Ye
onpy
eong
islan
d in
the
Yello
w Se
a an
d So
uth
Kore
a re
turn
ed fi
re, K
illin
g 4
Sout
h Ko
rean
s and
inju
ring
19No
v 23,
201
0
Nava
l cla
shes
nea
r the
NNL
De
aths
of 4
Sou
th K
orea
n sa
il-or
s an
d th
e sin
king
of a
Nor
th
Kore
an ve
ssel,
Jun
29, 2
002
Battl
e of
Dae
cheo
ng
Sout
h an
d No
rth K
orea
n na
vies c
lash
near
the N
LL o
n 10
Nov
embe
r 200
9
3rd
tunn
el : O
ct 17
, 197
8
4th
tunn
el : M
ar 3
, 199
0Ch
ina i
nter
vene
s (Oc
t. 19
50)
Unite
d Na
tions
Sec
urity
Cou
ncil
Reso
lutio
ns (J
ul. 1
950)
Kore
an W
ar b
roke
with
Nor
th K
orea
in
vadi
ng S
outh
on
June
25,
195
0
Arm
istice
was
sign
ed at
Pan
mun
jom
, Ko
rea J
uly 2
7, 1
953
which
ende
d th
e Ko
rean
War
in 1
953
Anne
xatio
n by
Jap
an 1
910-
45
Repu
blic
of K
orea
[R.O
.K] S
outh
Kor
ea :
Augu
st 1
5, 1
948
Dem
ocra
tic P
eopl
e’s R
epub
lic o
f Kor
ea [D
.P.R.
K.] N
orth
Kor
ea :
Sept
embe
r 9,
194
8
King
dom
of G
reat
Jos
eon
139
2–18
97
Grea
ter
Kore
an Em
pire
189
7–19
10 [
Inde
pend
ence
dec
lared
Mar
ch 1
, 191
9]
Prov
isio
nal G
over
nmen
t of R
epub
lic o
f Kor
ea (1
919-
1948
)
Wor
kers
’ Par
ty o
f Kor
ea
June
30,
194
9 -
Wor
kers
Par
ty o
f Nor
th K
orea
Aug
ust 2
8, 1
946
- Ju
ne 3
0, 1
949
Kore
an W
ar
1950
-53
1896
2010
1950
.06.
25Ko
rean
War
1953
.07.
27
HIS
TORy
OF
THE
DM
Z
121Long
bef
ore
the
Japa
nese
col
onia
l per
iod
(191
0-19
45)
and
befo
re
the
DM
Z w
as
esta
blis
hed
as a
res
ult
of t
he K
orea
n W
ar
(Jun
e 25
, 195
0 to
Jul
y 27
, 195
3), t
he 3
8th
para
llel w
as d
iscu
ssed
as
a pr
opos
ed li
ne
for
delim
iting
Rus
sian
and
Jap
anes
e in
flu-
ence
in th
e pe
nins
ula
in th
e la
te 1
9th
cen-
tury
. Pol
ariz
ed p
oliti
cal i
deol
ogie
s in
Kor
ea
follo
win
g its
inde
pend
ence
from
Jap
anes
e co
loni
zatio
n ca
used
the
Kor
ean
War
, on
e of
the
first
pro
xy w
ars
betw
een
supe
rpow
-er
s.
The
ideo
logi
cal
cont
esta
tion
betw
een
com
mun
ist
pow
ers
Chi
na a
nd t
he S
ovie
t U
nion
, an
d th
e fre
e w
orld
led
by t
he U
.S.
left
behi
nd t
he d
emilit
ariz
ed z
one
(DM
Z),
250
Km
(16
0 m
iles)
lon
g an
d 4
Km
(2.
5 m
iles)
wid
e, t
hat
is 9
07 k
m2
(224
,125
ac
res)
.
This
ar
ea
acco
unts
fo
r ab
out
0.5%
of t
he K
orea
n pe
nins
ula.
To
this
day
th
e M
ilitar
y D
emar
catio
n Li
ne (
MD
L) r
uns
thro
ugh
the
cent
er o
f D
MZ
and
divi
des
the
com
mun
ist
Nor
th f
rom
the
cap
italis
t S
outh
. Tec
hnic
ally,
the
two
Kor
eas
are
still
at w
ar, a
nd a
re o
nly
unde
r a te
mpo
rary
ar-
mis
tice
that
was
sig
ned
in 1
953.
Giv
en th
e D
MZ’
s re
lativ
e fre
edom
from
hu-
man
int
erve
ntio
n in
the
pas
t 60
yea
rs,
it ha
s be
com
e on
e of
the
mos
t bi
o-di
vers
e ar
eas
in
Kor
ea,
perh
aps
in
the
wor
ld.
Sta
rtin
g in
the
early
200
0s, m
any
calls
and
pr
opos
als
have
bee
n m
ade
to c
onse
rve
and
pres
erve
the
are
a as
a n
atio
nal o
r in
-te
rnat
iona
l pea
ce p
ark.
The
DM
Z is
how
-ev
er n
ot fr
ee fr
om o
ther
dep
reda
tions
: ac-
cord
ing
to th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns E
nviro
nmen
t P
rogr
amm
e re
port
, fo
r ex
ampl
e, m
ultip
le
burn
sca
rs l
inke
d to
milit
ary
surv
eilla
nce
oper
atio
ns i
n D
MZ
have
bee
n re
veal
ed
thro
ugh
NA
SA’
s La
ndsa
t 7
sate
llite.
Fur
-th
erm
ore,
sev
eral
org
aniz
ed D
MZ
tour
ist
oper
atio
ns o
ffer
limite
d ac
cess
to it
on
the
Sou
th K
orea
n si
de.
Bey
ond
exis
ting
hist
ory,
se
curit
y co
n-ce
rns,
an
d ec
olog
ical
ly
them
ed
tour
-is
m
and
othe
r m
oney
mak
ing
vent
ures
, w
hat
mor
e ca
n th
e D
MZ
beco
me?
Wha
t C
an i
t do
? C
an i
t be
a m
ore
prod
uctiv
e
land
scap
e, h
arne
ss e
nerg
y or
bec
ome
a cu
ltura
l ass
et t
hat
crea
tes
valu
e fo
r N
orth
an
d S
outh
Kor
ea?
Alik
e, c
an it
fos
ter
col-
labo
ratio
n be
twee
n th
e tw
o K
orea
s? o
r to
put
it d
iffer
ently
: wha
t sh
ould
it n
ot b
e?
Ulti
mat
ely,
ela
bora
te m
appi
ng o
f the
DM
Z an
d its
sur
roun
ding
env
ironm
ent
thro
ugh
the
lens
of c
urre
nt to
uris
tic o
pera
tions
can
be
use
d to
pro
voke
thou
ghts
and
env
isio
n th
e D
MZ’
s al
tern
ate
futu
re,
spec
ulat
ing
its
pote
ntia
l tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
to a
n as
set
from
a
barr
ier.
3
rd t
unne
l
1
st t
unne
l
2nd
tunn
el
4
th tu
nnel
+ S
EOUL
37°
34’ 8”N
, 126
° 58’ 3
6” E
KEAS
ONG
37°
58’
0’’ N
, 126
° 33’ 0” E
+[K
aeso
ng In
dust
rial R
egio
n op
ened
, 200
3]
+ Pa
nmun
jom
+ Py
ongy
ang
39°
1’ 1
0” N
, 125
° 44’ 1
7” E
Haej
u (p
ort)
+ XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
38˚3
7’ N
133
˚00’
E
38˚0
3’ N
123
˚45’
E38
˚00’
Par
alle
l
Disp
uted
terr
itory
Nor
th K
orea
-dec
lared
"Int
er-K
orea
n M
DL" 1
999
bord
er
Unite
d Na
tions
dre
w
Nort
hern
Lim
it Li
ne
(NNL
) 195
3
Infil
tratio
n tu
nnel
s
Hum
an s
ettle
men
ts
Inic
iden
ts
GPS
jam
min
g
2km
2km
~10
km
~20
km
DMZ
Mili
tary
Dem
arca
tion
Line
North
ern
Lim
it Li
ne
Sout
hern
Lim
it Li
ne
Civi
lian
Cont
rol A
rea
Bord
er C
ontro
l Are
a
ROKS
Cheo
nan
sink
ing
Mar
26
2010
Firs
t Bat
tle o
f Yeo
npye
ong
Jun
15 1
999
Seco
nd B
attle
of Y
eonp
yeon
g
Jun
29 2
002
Baen
gnye
ong
Isla
nd
Daec
heon
g Is
land
Yeon
pyeo
ng Is
land
Battl
e of
Dae
cheo
ngNo
v 10
200
9
Nort
h Ko
rean
art
iller
y sh
ellin
g Ye
onpy
eong
Isla
ndNo
v 23
201
0
Sout
h Ko
rean
tour
ist
shot
dea
d Ju
ly 2
008
0
5
10
20
km
2.2
mill
ion
Land
min
es
in th
e DM
Z re
gion
North
Kor
ea tr
oops
1.1
mill
ion
activ
e8.
3 m
illio
n re
serv
e
Sout
h Ko
rea
troop
s
0.69
mill
ion
activ
e8.
0 m
illio
n re
serv
eUS
troo
ps
28,5
00
Appr
ox. t
otal
are
asDM
Z : 9
07 k
m2
CCA
1,52
8 km
2
Injin
Riv
er
Hwan
ggan
g Da
m
Floo
dwat
er re
leas
eSe
p 20
09, 3
kill
ed
Imna
m D
am to
p of
Bu
khan
Riv
erco
mpl
eted
in 2
003
Peac
e Da
m22
mile
s do
wn
stre
am o
f Im
nam
Da
m c
ompl
eted
in 2
005
Sout
h Ko
rea
inst
alle
d Sa
msu
ng
SGR-
1 ar
med
robo
t adj
acen
t to
DMZ,
$20
0,00
0 ea
ch. J
ul 2
010
THE
DM
Z A
S A
BA
RR
IER
123Bey
ond
the
barb
ed-w
ired
fenc
e as
phy
si-
cal
barr
ier,
the
DM
Z is
one
of
the
mos
t he
avily
milit
ariz
ed b
orde
rs i
n th
e w
orld
. N
orth
Kor
ea h
as 1
.1 m
illion
act
ive
and
8.2
milli
on r
eser
ve t
roop
s (4
18.9
/ 1
,000
ca
pita
), S
outh
Kor
ea 6
87,0
00 a
ctiv
e an
d 8.
0 m
illion
res
erve
(17
3.6
/ 1,
000
capi
ta
: co
mpa
rabl
e to
103
.6 /
1,0
00 o
f Is
rael
). U
.S F
orce
s al
so h
as 2
8,50
0 tr
oops
sta
-tio
ned
in S
outh
Kor
ea w
ith m
ost
of t
hem
co
ncen
trat
ed a
roun
d th
e D
MZ.
Acc
ordi
ng t
o va
rious
sou
rces
, th
ere
are
2.2
milli
on la
nd m
ines
are
spr
ead
arou
nd
the
DM
Z. T
his
equa
tes
to a
bout
1.2
min
es
per
squa
re m
eter
. (C
ente
r fo
r D
efen
se In
-fo
rmat
ion
repo
rt, s
ee p
ag 2
6)
Man
y se
ctio
ns a
long
the
DM
Z al
so h
ave
anti-
tank
ba
rrie
rs
on
the
road
s.
Nor
th
Kor
ea a
ccus
es S
outh
Kor
ea o
f bu
ildin
g a
conc
rete
wal
l “5
-8m
hig
h, 1
0-19
m t
hick
at
the
bot
tom
, an
d 3-
7m w
ide
in t
he u
p-pe
r pa
rt”
span
ning
the
ent
ire le
ngth
of t
he
DM
Z w
ith g
un e
mbr
asur
es,
look
outs
, an
d m
ilitar
y es
tabl
ishm
ents
. S
outh
Kor
ea a
nd
the
U.S
. de
nies
of
any
inst
allm
ents
exi
st-
ing.
Rec
ently
, in
Jul
y 20
10,
Sou
th K
orea
in-
stal
led
two
robo
ts
wor
th
US
$ 36
0,00
0 ea
ch,
capa
ble
of
dete
ctin
g an
d ki
lling
intr
uder
s al
ong
the
DM
Z (J
uly,
20
10,
“The
Tel
egra
ph”)
. Th
is c
an b
e se
en a
s a
coun
term
easu
re t
o th
e fo
ur N
orth
Kor
ean
infil
trat
ion
tunn
els
disc
over
ed
betw
een
1974
and
199
0. C
apab
le o
f ca
rryi
ng u
p to
30,
000
troo
ps p
er h
our,
they
are
not
ju
st a
phy
sica
l int
rusi
on,
but
is a
psy
cho-
logi
cal a
nd s
ymbo
lic b
arrie
r be
twee
n bo
th
coun
trie
s.
The
MD
L in
the
DM
Z an
d th
e hi
ghly
con
-te
sted
N
orth
ern
Lim
ited
Line
(N
LL)
on
the
Yello
w S
ea t
ypic
ally
see
n in
isol
atio
n,
are
map
ped
toge
ther
her
e. T
he M
DL
on
land
is
exte
nded
int
o th
e w
ater
. U
nlik
e th
e D
MZ,
whi
ch w
as c
lear
ly m
arke
d an
d ag
reed
by
both
Nor
th K
orea
and
the
UN
C
omm
and
in t
he 1
953
Arm
istic
e A
gree
-m
ent,
NLL
was
not
cle
arly
defi
ned.
It w
as
only
spe
cifie
d th
at t
he fi
ve is
land
s in
clud
-in
g Ye
onpy
eong
an
d B
aeng
nyeo
ng
Is-
land
s w
ould
rem
ain
unde
r U
N a
nd S
outh
K
orea
n co
ntro
l.
This
was
due
to th
e U
N w
antin
g to
use
the
mar
itim
e de
mar
catio
n lin
e of
the
3 na
utic
al
mile
(5.
6km
) of
ter
ritor
ial w
ater
s, w
here
as
the
Nor
th K
orea
ns w
ante
d to
use
the
12
naut
ical
mile
(22
km)
cuto
ff. T
he 3
nau
ti-ca
l mile
lim
it w
as s
tand
ard
prac
tice
whe
n th
e N
LL w
as d
raw
n, b
ut in
the
197
0’s,
a
limit
of 1
2 na
utic
al m
iles
beca
me
the
in-
tern
atio
nally
acc
epte
d no
rm,
and
the
dis-
pute
con
tinue
s. T
his
arra
ngem
ent
hind
ers
Nor
th K
orea
’s m
ariti
me
acce
ss t
o H
aeju
, th
eir
maj
or s
outh
ern
deep
wat
er p
ort.
This
dis
pute
d se
a ar
ea is
als
o kn
own
for i
ts
crab
cat
chin
g. T
wo
or t
hree
ton
s of
cra
bs
can
be w
orth
as
muc
h as
US
$ 70
,000
. P
eak
seas
on is
sho
rt,
typi
cally
fro
m e
arly
M
ay to
mid
Jul
y. S
outh
Kor
ea ta
kes
abou
t on
e th
ird o
f th
e ca
tch,
abo
ut 3
,300
ton
s.
Nor
th K
orea
on
the
othe
r ha
nd,
expo
rted
1,
879
tons
of
crab
, w
orth
$7.
8 m
illion
to
Chi
na i
n 20
01,
and
sim
ilar
amou
nts
to
Japa
n. T
hese
mar
itim
e di
sput
es h
ave
al-
read
y re
sulte
d in
man
y fa
tal
clas
hes
be-
twee
n th
e pa
rtie
s.
Am
ongs
t th
e re
cent
milit
ary
clas
hes
was
th
e fir
st B
attle
of
Yeon
pyeo
ng i
n 19
99.
Four
N
orth
K
orea
n pa
trol
bo
ats
and
a gr
oup
of fi
shin
g bo
ats
cros
sed
the
bord
er
star
ting
a gu
n ba
ttle
. Whi
ch re
sulte
d in
one
N
orth
Kor
ean
vess
el s
inki
ng,
five
patr
ol
boat
s da
mag
ed,
30 N
orth
Kor
ean
sailo
rs
kille
d, a
nd 7
0 w
ound
ed.
In t
he S
econ
d B
attle
of
Yeon
pyeo
ng in
200
0, t
wo
Nor
th
Kor
ean
patr
ol b
oats
cro
ssed
the
NLL
nea
r Ye
onpy
eong
Isla
nd a
nd s
tart
ed fi
ring;
afte
r be
ing
outn
umbe
red
and
suffe
ring
dam
-ag
e, th
e ve
ssel
s re
trea
ted.
In 2
009’
s B
attle
of
Dae
cheo
ng,
a N
orth
Kor
ean
gunb
oat
cros
sed
the
NLL
and
ent
ered
wat
ers
near
D
aech
eong
Isla
nd,
and
was
hea
vily
dam
-ag
ed f
rom
cou
nter
atta
ck,
as a
res
ult
they
re
trea
ted.
A m
ajor
blo
w to
Sou
th K
orea
was
the
sink
-in
g of
the
Ro
KS
Che
onan
in 2
010.
Th
e C
heon
an,
a S
outh
Kor
ean
corv
ette
, w
as
sunk
by
an e
xplo
sion
, ki
lling
46 S
outh
K
orea
n sa
ilors
. Th
is r
esul
te i
n a
Sou
th-
Kor
ea-le
d in
tern
atio
nal
inve
stig
atio
n th
at
unco
vere
d N
orth
K
orea
’s
invo
lvem
ent,
whi
ch
the
Nor
th c
ontin
ues
to d
eny.
The
sh
ellin
g of
Yeo
npye
ong
in 2
010
was
the
m
ost
rece
nt in
cide
nts
in t
he w
est
bord
er
wat
er
zone
. N
orth
K
orea
n fo
rces
fir
ed
som
e 17
0 ar
tille
ry s
hells
at
Yeon
pyeo
ng,
killin
g 4
Sou
th K
orea
ns,
inju
ring
19,
and
caus
ing
wid
espr
ead
dam
age
to th
e ci
vilia
n fis
hing
villa
ge.
+ S
EOUL
3
7° 3
4’ 8”N
, 126
° 58’ 3
6” E
KEAS
ONG
37°
58’
0’’ N
, 126
° 33’ 0” E
+Ka
eson
g In
dust
rial R
egio
n 20
03
+ Pa
nmun
jom
+ Py
ongy
ang
3
9° 1’ 1
0” N
, 125
° 44’ 1
7” E
+ H
aeju
+ In
chon
+ So
kcho
Yeon
cheo
n,
Kyou
ng-g
i
+
A
nbyo
n pl
ains
D
PRK
Cran
e Re
stor
atio
n Pr
ojec
t
+
Ch
row
on p
lain
s
Cra
ne R
esto
ratio
n Pr
ojec
t
crane migration path
crane migration path
Mt K
eum
gang
Tour
s
18 N
ovem
ber 1
998
Kum
gang
ho m
ade
its
mai
den
voya
ge fr
om
Dong
hae
harb
our
2 m
illio
n So
uth
Kore
an
tour
ists
vis
it M
t Keu
mka
ngNo
v 19
98 -
July
200
8
Inla
nd to
ur s
tarts
Feb
2003
- Ju
l 200
8
Kaes
ong
Tour
sDe
c 20
07- D
ec 2
008
Apr 2
010
- May
2010
“Open
Radio
NK” broc
ast
+ S
ariw
on
~3
hour
s of
floa
ting
from
Sou
th o
f DM
Z
+ P
yong
yang
~
5 ho
urs
of fl
oatin
g le
avin
g So
uth
of D
MZ
Choi
bos
hik,
who
def
ecte
d fro
m N
orth
Ko
rea
has
sent
400
mill
ion
prop
agan
da
leafl
ets
to N
orth
sin
ce 2
005.
In 2
010
and
2009
he
has
sent
ove
r 80
mill
ion
leafl
ets
each
yea
r. Th
e ex
tra la
rge
ballo
ons
he in
vent
ed c
an c
arry
abo
ut
60,0
00 ~
10,0
00 le
aflet
s an
d ca
n fly
to
capi
tal P
yong
yang
in 2
~3 h
ours
. Som
e of
th
ese
ballo
ons
even
hav
e GP
S de
vice
s to
be
dro
pped
at a
n ac
cura
te lo
catio
n.
Prop
agan
da le
aflet
la
unch
poi
nts
Wat
er b
odie
s
+ A
rriv
es in
Pyo
ngya
ng
af
ter 3
~4
hour
s of
laun
chin
g fr
om
Yeo
npeo
ng Is
land
, und
er w
ind
s
peed
s of
4-5
m/s
38˚3
7’ N
133
˚00’
E
38˚0
3’ N
123
˚45’
E38
˚00’
Par
alle
l
Sout
h Ko
rean
tour
ist
shot
dea
d Ju
ly 2
008
Chin
ese,
Nor
th,
and
Sout
h Ko
rean
Fi
shin
g Ar
ea31
N. K
orea
ns
drift
dow
n So
uth
via
wat
er,
4 de
fect
s, 2
7 re
turn
s to
Nor
th
afte
r inv
estig
atio
nsFe
b 05
201
0
Yeon
pyeo
ng Is
land
Baek
nyeo
ng Is
land
FLO
wS
IN T
HE
DM
Z
125Alth
ough
the
DM
Z op
erat
es a
s a
phys
i-ca
l an
d m
enta
l ba
rrie
r, it
can
be p
orou
s fo
r ce
rtai
n flo
ws
and
conn
ectio
ns, n
otab
ly
thos
e in
the
nat
ural
eco
logi
es.
Ser
val r
iv-
ers,
and
str
eam
s flo
ws
acro
ss it
. Rec
ently
, th
e Im
jin R
iver
cam
e un
der
scru
tiny
whe
n th
e an
un-
notifi
ed N
orth
Kor
ean
dam
dis
-ch
arge
kille
d 3
and
swep
t aw
ay 6
Sou
th
Kor
eans
in S
epte
mbe
r, 20
09.
Sin
ce t
here
w
as n
o si
gnifi
cant
rai
n ar
ound
the
tim
e of
th
e re
leas
e, t
his
was
see
n as
a p
rovo
ca-
tion.
(S
epte
mbe
r 20
09,
“The
New
Yor
k Ti
mes
”).
This
us
e of
w
ater
cour
se
and
dam
s as
wea
pons
or
aggr
essi
ve o
ffens
e is
not
new
. In
198
6, it
was
rev
eale
d th
at
Nor
th K
orea
was
bui
ldin
g a
mas
sive
dam
up
stre
am o
f th
e H
an R
iver
, w
hich
flow
s th
roug
h S
eoul
, the
cap
ital o
f Sou
th K
orea
. Th
is le
ad to
the
Sou
th K
orea
n go
vern
men
t to
bui
ld t
he “
Pea
ce D
am”
furt
her
dow
n st
ream
, an
effo
rt t
o w
hich
virt
ually
eve
ry
Sou
th K
orea
n co
ntrib
uted
tho
ugh
taxe
s an
d pu
blic
don
atio
ns i
n or
der
to c
aptu
re
the
wat
er fl
owin
g fro
m t
he N
orth
and
pro
-te
ctin
g S
eoul
. I
t w
as l
ater
rev
eale
d th
at
the
Sou
th K
orea
n go
vern
men
t’s c
laim
s of
N
orth
’s w
ater
agg
ress
ion
was
exa
gger
-at
ed to
mai
ntai
n th
eir
pow
er.
S
ince
the
late
199
0s, w
ith a
left-
lean
ing
Nor
th K
orea
n fri
endl
y S
outh
Kor
ean
gov-
ernm
ent,
the
“Sun
shin
e P
olic
y”
impl
e-m
ente
d an
unp
rece
dent
ed l
evel
of
eco-
nom
ic a
nd in
frast
ruct
ural
con
nect
ions
unt
il
the
deat
h of
a S
outh
Kor
ean
tour
ist i
n Ju
ly
2008
. In
199
8, t
he S
outh
Kor
ean
Hyu
n-da
i G
roup
was
per
mitt
ed t
o de
velo
p th
e re
sort
at
Mt.
Keu
mga
ng i
n N
orth
Kor
ea,
whi
ch p
laye
d a
sign
ifica
nt r
ole
in r
educ
ing
tens
ions
bet
wee
n bo
th c
ount
ries.
The
Mt.
Keu
mga
ng t
ouris
m p
roje
ct w
as a
n ef
fort
to
pro
mot
e pe
acef
ul r
elat
ions
and
reu
ni-
ficat
ion
(Min
istr
y of
Uni
ficat
ion,
200
6).
On
18 N
ovem
ber,
1998
, the
cru
ise
ship
Kum
-ga
ngho
sai
led
on it
s m
aide
n vo
yage
fro
m
Don
ghae
Har
bor
in t
he S
outh
to
Nor
th
Kor
ea,
carr
ying
826
pas
seng
ers,
mar
king
th
e hi
stor
ic s
tart
of
the
Mt
Kum
gang
tou
r (M
inis
try
of U
nific
atio
n, 2
007)
.
I
n Fe
brua
ry 2
003,
an
inla
nd t
our
to
Mt.
Keu
mga
ng s
et o
ut b
y pa
ssin
g th
roug
h th
e D
MZ.
Thi
s ro
ute
prov
ided
mor
e co
n-ve
nien
t ac
cess
tha
n sa
iling
from
Don
ghae
H
arbo
r. S
ince
then
, in
addi
tion
to 4
00,0
00
tour
ists
in 2
007,
alm
ost
two
milli
on S
outh
K
orea
ns h
ave
visi
ted
Mt.
Keu
mga
ng s
ince
its
ope
ning
in
1998
(M
inis
try
of U
nific
a-tio
n, 2
008)
. In
Dec
embe
r 20
07,
a se
cond
ag
reem
ent
betw
een
the
Hyu
ndai
Gro
up
and
Nor
th K
orea
sta
rted
the
Kae
song
City
to
ur, a
one
-day
, clo
sely
con
trol
led
tour
that
ex
plor
es th
e hi
stor
ic a
nd c
ultu
ral l
egac
y of
K
aese
ong,
(C
ho,
2007
). W
hile
the
pas
t de
cade
w
itnes
sed
posi
tive
mov
emen
ts
in
inte
r-K
orea
n re
latio
ns
rega
rdin
g to
ur-
ism
and
bus
ines
s de
velo
pmen
ts, t
ensi
ons
reem
erge
d as
the
resu
lt of
a N
orth
Kor
ean
sold
ier
shoo
ting
a S
outh
Kor
ean
tour
ist
near
the
Mt.
Keu
mga
ng r
esor
t w
hile
she
w
as ta
king
a w
alk
in J
uly
2008
. Nor
th K
o-re
a re
fuse
d th
e S
outh
’s r
eque
st fo
r a
join
t in
vest
igat
ion
of t
he d
eath
, an
d S
outh
Ko-
rea
susp
ende
d al
l tou
rs to
the
reso
rt (B
BC
, 20
08).
Par
alle
l to
this
, th
e K
aeso
ng In
dust
rial
Com
plex
in N
orth
Kor
ea w
as e
stab
lishe
d in
200
2. T
his
indu
stria
l par
k op
ened
in D
e-ce
mbe
r 20
04.
Just
10
Km
(6 m
iles)
nor
th
of t
he D
MZ,
it
seek
s sy
nerg
ies
betw
een
the
high
ly p
rodu
ctiv
e ye
t ch
eap,
lab
or o
f N
orth
Kor
ea a
nd t
he t
echn
olog
ical
kno
w-
how
and
cap
ital
of t
he S
outh
. W
orke
rs
earn
$75
a m
onth
, ha
lf of
Chi
nese
and
5%
of
wha
t th
e S
outh
Kor
ean
coun
ter-
part
s ea
rn. T
he o
pera
tion
star
ted
in M
arch
20
05,
and
as
of
June
20
10
empl
oys
42,0
00 N
orth
Kor
eans
and
800
Sou
th K
o-re
ans.
Fut
ure
plan
s ar
e to
hire
26,
000
ad-
ditio
nal w
orke
rs a
nd to
incr
ease
the
pow
er
supp
ly fr
om it
s cu
rren
t 15
MW
to 1
00M
W,
tran
smitt
ed fr
om th
e S
outh
.
I
n ad
ditio
n to
gov
ernm
ent
colla
bora
-tio
ns a
nd fl
ows,
the
re a
re n
atur
al e
co-
logi
cal fl
ows,
suc
h as
mig
rato
ry b
irds,
and
ot
her
flora
s an
d fa
unas
that
are
flou
rishi
ng
in th
e D
MZ
due
to la
ck o
f hum
an in
terv
en-
tion.
The
DM
Z ha
s be
com
e an
invo
lunt
ary
wild
life
park
that
is n
ow re
cogn
ized
as
one
of t
he b
est
pres
erve
d te
mpe
rate
hab
itats
in
the
wor
ld. T
his
has
driv
en m
any
envi
ron-
men
talis
ts t
o pu
sh t
o tr
ansf
orm
the
DM
Z in
to a
n ec
o-pe
ace
park
or
a U
NE
SC
o
Wor
ld H
erita
ge S
ite.
Des
pite
Nor
th K
orea
’s j
amm
ing
of r
adio
an
d te
levi
sion
sig
nals
, an
d no
mor
e th
an
thou
sand
re
sear
cher
s an
d hi
gh
offic
ials
ha
ving
acc
ess
to th
e In
tern
et, o
utle
ts s
uch
as t
he N
orth
Kor
ea R
efor
m R
adio
, Fr
ee
Nor
th
Kor
ea
Rad
io,
ope
n R
adio
N
orth
K
orea
and
Dai
ly N
K (
Web
site
in
Seo
ul)
mak
e th
eir
way
to
ordi
nary
Nor
th K
orea
ns
and
mot
ivat
e so
me
to r
isk
thei
r liv
es a
nd
defe
ct to
Sou
th K
orea
, mai
nly
via
Chi
nese
bo
rder
s. S
eem
ing
empt
y bu
t cov
ertly
pro
-gr
amm
ed 3
GB
thum
b dr
ives
circ
ulat
e w
ith
info
rmat
ion
of S
outh
Kor
ea a
nd th
e re
st o
f th
e w
orld
, car
ryin
g m
usic
, vid
eos,
pho
tos,
an
d vo
ice
files
that
sel
f-er
ase
afte
r a m
onth
or
sev
eral
dow
nloa
ds (“
The
Atla
ntic
,” A
pril
2011
). In
ear
ly 2
011,
ten
sion
s es
cala
ted
with
Sou
th K
orea
n N
Go
s an
d th
e m
ili-ta
ry s
endi
ng m
illion
s of
GP
S t
echn
olog
y dr
iven
pr
opag
anda
le
aflet
s on
ai
rbor
ne
ballo
ons
to t
he N
orth
. Th
e pr
opag
anda
le
aflet
pac
kage
inc
lude
d in
form
atio
n on
re
cent
up
risin
gs in
Nor
th A
frica
and
Nor
th
Kor
ea’s
dic
tato
rshi
p, fo
od,
mon
ey,
radi
os,
DV
D a
nd o
ther
ess
entia
ls.
Nor
th K
orea
n go
vern
men
t offi
cial
ly re
spon
ded
by s
ayin
g th
ese
oper
atio
ns a
re tr
ying
to d
ecei
ve th
eir
publ
ic,
and
that
the
y w
ould
tar
get
and
reta
liate
the
are
as w
here
the
se b
allo
ons
wer
e de
ploy
ed.
Source: United, Nations Command. 1953. Military Armistice in Korea and Temporary Supplementary Agreement, Signed at Panmunjom, Korea, July 27, 1953, Entered into Force July 27, 1953. Vol. 5197; 2782. Washington,: U.S. Govt. pg. 234 - 261. 127
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 235 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 234 1953
129
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 237 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 236 1953
131
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 239 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 238 1953
133
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 241 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 240 1953
135
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 243 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 242 1953
137
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 245 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 244 1953
139
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 247 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 246 1953
141
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 249 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 248 1953
143
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 251 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 250 1953
145
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 253 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 252 1953
147
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 255 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 254 1953
149
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 257 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 256 1953
151
HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 259 1953HeinOnline -- 4.1 U.S.T. 258 1953
153
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CREDITS지은이
157
Credits
This study was funded by the Penny White Travel Fellowship at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design. “Winifred G. (Penny) White had just completed her second year of the Master of Landscape Architecture program when she died suddenly of leukemia in 1976. In her memory, her family established a fund within the GSD to offer financial support for student projects. The projects are to “carry forward Penny’s ideal of a culture which empha-sizes a close relationship between people and nature in a cohesive living environment.”
Author Dongsei Kim, ANZIA. RA. Architect and Urban DesignerMDesS,’12 Harvard; MsAUD; Columbia, B.Arch(Hons); VUW.
Academic Advisors Pierre Bélanger, Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignNiall Kirkwood, Professor of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignNina-Marie Lister, Visiting Associate Professor (Spring 2011), Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignLars Muller, Lars Muller Publishers & Lecturer, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design
Proofreading, copy editing and graphic adviceEdward J Baker, Associate and Consultant, Harvard-Yenching Institute, Harvard UniversityMónica Belevan, MDesS, History & Philosophy of Design, 2013, Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignLauren Kim, MArch I, 2013, Harvard University, Graduate School of DesignTana Hovland, Architectural Designer, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF), NYC
All photographs by Dongsei Kim unless otherwise credited © Dongsei Kim 2011 159
All photographs and text are by Dongsei Kim unless otherwise credited© Dongsei Kim 20113rd edition, April 2012
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Dongsei is a registered architect and urban designer with more than seven years of professional experience in New York, Seoul, and Wellington. He is currently expanding his research in urbanism at Harvard University through the Advanced Studies Program, working towards a Master in Design Studies (MDesS),
Urbanism, Landscape, Ecology.
He holds a Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design from Columbia University and a Bachelor of Architecture with honors from Victoria University of Wellington. While practicing at CCM Architects in Wellington he worked on several NZIA regional and national award-winning projects. He was the 1st Prize winner in the Grand Concourse International Ideas competition in NYC 2009. He was an adjunct professor of architecture at Kyunghee University in 2010 and has taught undergraduate students at Victoria University of Wellington. He served as guest a critic at Columbia University, The City College of New York, Kunkook University and Yonsei University. He is registered with the New Zealand Registered Architects Board (NZRAB) since 2007. He is currently a Research Associate at the Zofnass Rating System for Sustainable Infrastructure at the GSD.
His research thesis “Border as Urbanism: A new lens for the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea” explores potential and effects of physical and non-physical infrastructural flows that overcome the traditional barriers of borders. The research attempts to understand and reveal specific processes of
urbanism borders engender.
MDesS, GSD, Harvard University, 2012;MSAUD, GSAPP, Columbia University, 2009;
B.Arch(Hons), Victoria University of Wellington, 2003.Registered Architect with the New Zealand Registered Architects Board (NZRAB)
Architect member of New Zealand Institute of Architects (ANZIA)
contact [email protected]