Upload
putrird
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 1/71
The Dental Laboratory What is the Dental Laboratory ?
The dental laboratory is the place where dental technicians work. The
dental laboratory is the environment in which the dental techniciansapply their knowledge and skills to carry out dental laboratoryprocedures.
Aim of the Dental Laboratory
The aim of the dental laboratory is to have all of the things the dental
technicians need to work safely. The aim of the dental laboratory is tosupply all of the facilities the dental technicians require to carry outdental laboratory procedures safely.
What is dental technology?
Dental technology is the practice of preparing; fabricating and
reparing the prosthesis appliances and related items required for
restoring ' correcting the function and aesthetics of the mandible 'maxilla and face of the patient .
Requirements of the Dental Laboratory
a. Area
The area for the dental laboratory needs to be large enough for :
- All of the facilities required for dental technicians to carry out dental
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 2/71
laboratory procedures safely.
- All facilities required to be organized correctly, so they can be usedsafely and easily.
- All personnel to be able to move around safely and easily.
b. Illumination ( Lighting )
c. Ventilation Ventilation is important to keep the air of the dental laboratory clean
and cool.Some dental laboratory procedures produce dust, fumes or heat, which
need to be removed from the dental laboratory.
Air extraction is a part of ventilation. There are 3 common types:1. Environmental extraction.
2. Work area extraction.
3. Equipment extraction.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 3/71
The Dental Laboratory
d. Services The dental laboratory requires 4 services:
1. Electricity (110v and 220v)Required for electrical equipment.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 4/71
2. Gas.
Required for gas equipment.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 5/71
3. Water (cold, hot and waste)
4. Compressed air.
e. Materials and equipment
The dental laboratory requires the materials and equipment, which the dentaltechnician requires to do his work.
Material is the thing of which something is made.Equipment is the thing used to manipulate and process the material.
f. First-Aid and Fire
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 6/71
First-aid kit:- To be able to treat minor wounds quickly.- Must be available at all times.
Fire fighting equipment:
- To extinguish a small fire or to protect life in a large fire until the emergency servicesarrive.
Emergency Exits.
- To be able to exit quickly in an emergency.
- Must be clearly visible.- Must be easily opened and have a clear path with no obstructions.
Medical and fire emergency procedures.- To be able to act quickly and effectively in an emergency.
- Must be presented to all personnel.- Must be posted clearly for everyone to see.
The Dental Laboratory
Organization of the Dental Laboratory
a. Technician Work Stations The technician work stations include the facilities required by the dental technician to do
the procedures wich are:
- Detailed.
- Sensitive .The technician work stations are separated from the ather areas so they are:
- quiet .
- clean .
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 7/71
- safe ( away from unnecessary hazardous facilities ) .
Each technician work station includes an adjustable chair to ensure a correct andcomfortable seating position.
b. Wet area
The wet area includes the facilities required by the dental technician to do the
procedures which require water and gypsum:- Pouring, trimming, articulating casts.
- Flasking.
- Duplicating- Investing.
c. Machinery AreaThe machinery area includes the facilities required by the dental technician to
do the procedures:
- Processing heat cured acrylic resin.- Trimming.
- Polishing.- Cleaning.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 8/71
The Dental Laboratory
Organization of the Dental Laboratory
d. Casting Area The casting area includes the facilities required by the dental technician
To do the procedures:
- Casting alloys.
- Soldering alloys.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 9/71
e. StorageStorage areas are required to store the materials and equipment used in the
dental laboratory .
The Dental Laboratory
Organization of the Dental Laboratory
d. Casting Area
The casting area includes the facilities required by the dental technician
To do the procedures:
- Casting alloys.- Soldering alloys.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 10/71
e. StorageStorage areas are required to store the materials and equipment used in the
dental laboratory .
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 11/71
Common Dental Terminology
What is Dental Terminology?
Dental terminology is the language of dentistry. All dental professionals use it so they can
communicate clearly with each other, in Saudi Arabia and around the world.This lesson will introduce some common dental terms, which will be practiced and built uponduring future lessons of this course.
Oral Anatomy
Oral anatomy : parts of the mouth
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 12/71
Posterior : Toward the back of the mouth
Anterior : Toward the front of the mouth
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 13/71
Occlusion : Any contact between the teeth of the upper arch and lower arch.
Dentate : With all teeth.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 14/71
Common Dental Terminology Edentulous : Without teeth.
Partially edentulous : With 1 tooth or some teeth missing.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 15/71
An Impression : An imprint of some anatomy.
A Cast : A gypsum reproduction of some anatomy.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 16/71
A Prosthesis : An artificial body part
Common Dental Terminology
Procedures
A procedure : The way to do a task
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 17/71
To Pour : To add a liquid material
To Adapt : To fit a material to an object
To trim : To remove unwanted material from an object.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 18/71
To polish : To make the material of an object smooth and shine.
To fabricate : To make.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 19/71
Common Dental Terminology
Removable Prosthodontic Technology
Removable prosthodntics : The practice of replacing missing oral anatomywith a removable prosthesis .
A removable prosthesis : Artificial oral anatomy which the patient canremove easily.
A complete denture : A removable prosthesis which replaces all teeth. (For an
edentulous arch)
A removable partial denture A removable prosthesis
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 20/71
RPD which replaces 1 or more teeth.( For a partially edentulous arch)
Fixed Prosthodontic Technology
Fixed Prpsthodontics : The practice of restoring existing teeth, andreplacing missing oral anatomy with a fixedprosthesis.
A fixed prosthesis : Artificial oral anatomy which is fixed to the
Prepared tooth/teeth of the patient
A preparation : A tooth which has been trimmed (by the dentist) to provide space
for a fixed prosthesis.
Crown : A fixed prosthesis which restores 1 prepared tooth ( for a dentate or a
partially edentulous arch)
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 21/71
: A fixed prosthesis which replaces Fixed Partial Denture
1 or more missing teeth. ( For a partially edentulous
arch) FPD
Common Dental Terminology
Orthodontic Technology
Orthodontic : The practice of correcting the positions of teeth and occlusion.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 22/71
An orthodontic appliance : an appliance for moving teeth And/or changingocclusion.
A removable Appliance : An orthodontic appliance which the patient can remove
easily.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 23/71
: An orthodontic appliance which Istemporarily fixed to some of the Patients'
teeth.
A fixed Appliance
&
Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Technology
Maxillofacial Prosthodontics : The practice of restoring the maxilla and face.
A splint : An appliance for stabilising oral anatomy E.g. broken maxilla and/ormandible afafter an accident.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 24/71
An turator : : A prosthesis which fills a hole in the maxilla.
A facial prosthesisb> : : A prosthesis which replaces a part of the face.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 25/71
Common Dental Laboratory Materials
What are Materials?
'Materials' are the things of which something is made. 'Dental materials' are the materials
used in dentistry .this lesson will introduce some of the common dental materials used inthe dental laboratory, which will be developed and applied during this course and the rest of the dental program.
Gypsum Products
Some Uses
Fabricating a cast.
Mounting casts on an articulator.
Flasking a denture wax up.
Description Before Mixing
Fine powder(Common colours-white, yellow, blue, green)
Manipulation
Place the required amount of water in a mixing bowl.
Add the required amount of powder to the water, slowly.
Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until smooth and creamy with no lumpsremaining.
Working time is 2-4 minutes.
( The time you have to work with a material)
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 26/71
Setting time is 30-60 minutes.
(The time of this material takes to harden 'set')
Trim the set material using a model trimmer to the size and shape required.
Description After Setting
Rigid.
Hard surface.Porous (Absorbs water)Dental stone is harder and stronger than dental plaster.
Common Dental Laboratory Materials
Acrylic Resins
A. Cold Cure Acrylic Resin
A Use
Fabricating a custom impression tray.
Description Before Mixing
Fine powder- 'polymer'( Common colours- Green, blue, white)
Liquid – 'Monomer'.
Manipulation
Place the required amount of monomer in a glass or ceramic mixing bowl.
Add the required amount of polymer to the monomer,Slowly.
Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until the mixture is a smooth and creamydough ( Dough stage)
Adapt to cast and cut to shape.
Working time is 2-4 minutes.
Curing time 8-12 minutes.( The time of this material takes to harden- 'cure')
Trim and polish the cured acrylic resin, using a trimming And polishing lathe.
Description After Curing
Rigid.Hard surface.
Polished surface has a low to medium shine.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 27/71
Common Dental Laboratory Materials
B. Heat Cure Acrylic Resin
A Use
Fabricating a complete denture .
Description Before Mixing
Fine powder- 'polymer'
( Common colour - Pink )
Liquid – 'Monomer'.
Manipulation
Place the required amount of monomer in a glass or ceramic mixing bowl.
Add the required amount of polymer to the monomer,Slowly.Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until the mixture is a smooth and
creamy .Wait a few minutes for the dough stage.
Pack the stiff dough into the denture mould.
Working time is 4-6 minutes.Cover the packed denture mould with cold water.
Heat the water to 100 centigrade over a period of 6 hours.Curing time at 100 centigrade is approximately 1 hour .
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 28/71
Remove from the water and allow to cool for 1-2 hours.
Remove the cured acrylic resin carefully from the mould.
Trim using a micromotor with the correct trimming burrs and stones.Polish using a polishing lathe and polishing materials.
Description After Curing
Rigid.
Hard surface.Polished surface has a medium to high shine.Heat cured acrylic resin is harder and stronger than cold cure acrylic resin.
Waxes
A. Baseplate Wax
A Use
Waxing up a complete denture.
Description Before Heating
Sheet of wax.
Flexible.Soft.Common colour-Pink.
Manipulation
Soften: Use warm water or a Bunsen burner flame to soften the wax.
Melt: Use a Bunsen burner flame or waxing instruments which have been heated in aflame, to melt the wax.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 29/71
Add: Melt the surface to be added to, then add melted wax.Carve: Allow the wax to cool and use cold carving instruments to carve the wax.
Description After Cooling
Similar to 'Before Heating' except for the new shape which has been formed.
Common Dental Laboratory Materials
B. Inlay Wax
A Use
Waxing up a wax pattern for a fixed restoration.
Description Before Heating
Stick of wax.
Rigid.Harder than baseplate wax.
Common colour Blue.
Manipulation
Soften: Use warm/hot water or a bunsen burner flame to soften the wax..
Melt: use bunsen burner flame or waxing instruments which have been heated in a
flame, to melt the wax.Add: Melt the surface to be added to, then add melted wax.Carve: Allow the wax to cool and use cold carving instruments to carve the wax.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 30/71
Description After Cooling
Similar to 'Before Heating' except for the new shape which has been formed.
Investment Material
A Use
Forming an investment mould by investing a wax pattern.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 31/71
Description Before Mixing
Fine powder (similar to dental plaster and dental stone).
Investment liquid.
Manipulation
Place the required amount of the special liquid in a mixing bowl.
Add the required amount of powder to the water, slowly.
Using a mixing spatula, mix for 15-30 seconds until all of the powder is mixed with theliquid.
Using a vacuum mixing machine, vacuum mix for 30-60 seconds.Pour the creamy mixture into the prepared ring containing the wax pattern.Working time is 2-4 minutes.Setting time is 30-60 minutes.Place in a burnout furnace and preheat to approximately 1000 centigrade for 1-2 hours
and hold at 1000'c For 20-60 minutes.At this high temperature, the wax will melt and burn out of the investment mould
leaving it empty to receive the casting alloy.
Description After Setting
Rigid.Hard surface.Porous.
Able to resist temperatures as high as 1500'c.
Common Dental Laboratory Materials
Dental Casting Alloys
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 32/71
Some Uses
Fabricating a removable partial denture metal framework.Fabricating a fixed prosthesis metal framework.
Description Before Melting
Ingots (Pieces) of the alloy (1-6 grams).
Very Rigid.Very hard surface.
Very strong.
Common colours - Grey, pale yellow.
Manipulation
Place the alloy ingots into the crucible of the casting machine.
The casting machine will melt the alloy ingots in the crucible at 900-1450 centigrade).Using tongs, remove the hot investment mould from the hot burnout furnace and place
correctly into the casting machine.The casting machine will force the melted alloy into the hot investment mould-this
procedure is called 'casting'.
The investment mould containing the cast alloy is allowed to cool slowly (1-2 hours) .Using a sandblaster, remove the investment material from the cast metal framework.
Trim the cast metal framework, using a trimming lathe or micromotor with the correcttrimming burrs and stones.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 33/71
Description After Casting
Similar to 'Before Melting' except for the new shape which has been formed and withoutshine.
Dental Porcelains
A Use
Fabrication of a porcelain fused to metal fixed prosthesis.
Description Before Mixing
Fine powder (Common colours - Pink, blue, yellow).Modeling liquid.
Manipulation
Place a small amount of porcelain powder on a clean glass surface.Add a small amount of modeling liquid.
Using a clean glass instrument, mix until smooth and creamy.
Using a clean porcelain brush, apply the mixed porcelain to the metal framework.Place the porcelain on the metal framework in a porcelain furnace and fire (bake) at
920-950 centigrade for 1-2 minutes.
Using tongs, remove the prosthesis from the porcelain furnace and allow it to coolslowly.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 34/71
Trim, using a micromotor with trimming stones for porcelain.Glaze the porcelain ( make it shine) by firing again in the porcelain furnace.
Description After Firing
Very Rigid.
Very Hard surface.Porous.Appearance should be as natural teeth.
Common Dental Laboratory Materials
Wrought Metals
A Use
Forming a wire component of an Orthodontic appliance.
Description Before Bending
Wire.Strong.Flexible.
With shine.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 35/71
Manipulation
Using wire cutters, cut the wire to the required length.Using orthodontic pliers, bend the wire to from the shape of the component required.
Description After Forming
Similar to 'Before Bending' except for the new shape which has been formed.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 36/71
Introduction to Health & Safety within the
Dental Laboratory
Health & Safety Guidelines-Why?
Health and Safety guidelines are important so that dental laboratory personnel can work
safely in the dental laboratory.This lesson will introduce some of the more important health and safety guidelines, whichare to be followed while in the dental laboratory. Health and safety instruction will be
practiced and developed during this course and the rest of the diploma program.
The Dental Laboratory
The dental laboratory must have:
Enough area so that all laboratory personnel may move around safely.
Enough illumination to see clearly and to use materials and equipment safely.Enough ventilation so that dust, fumes and heat, produced from some laboratory
procedures, may be removed.
Services supplied safelyE.g. No exposed electrical wires.Electricity supply above water supply and never contact each other.
No gas leaks.
Services main on/off points with easy access.Organisation so that hazardous materials and hazardous equipment are stored
and used in specific and safe areas.First aid and fire equipment, emergency procedures and emergency exits.
Personal Protective Equipment- PPE
a. Protective clothing
Always worn in the dental laboratory .Helps to protect personal clothing and bodyHelps to prevent loose clothing from entangling in rotary
equipment or igniting Near a flame . b. Protective eye goggles
Helps to protect eyes from flying particles, dust and fumes .
c. Protective glovesHelps to protect hands from some hazardous materials .
d. Protective facemask
Helps to protect mouth and respiratory system from flying particles,dust and fumes. e. Dark protective eye goggles
Helps to protect eyes from intense light . f. Heat resistant gloves
Helps to protect hands from hot equipment and hot objects .
Hazardous Materials
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 37/71
Gypsum Products
: Laboratory plaster and laboratory stone. Example
: Pouring an impression to fabricate a cast. A Use
: Fine dust may irritate eyes and respiratory system. Hazards
: Wear protective eye goggles and facemask. Precautions
Organic materials
: Monomer (liquid of acrylic resin). Example
: Complete denture, custom impression tray. Some uses
: Allergic reaction, carcinogenic, toxic vapour, flammable. Hazards
: Wear protective eye goggles, gloves and facemask.Use in a well-ventilated area.Use away from flames or heat sources.
Store separately and safely as a hazardous material.
Precautions
Flammable Liquids
: Alcohol. Example
: Fuel for small alcohol burners. A Use
: Fire, explosion. Hazards
: Use alcohol burner away from other flames or other sources.
Store in a cool place as a hazardous material.
Precautions
Flammable Gases
: Natural gas. Example
: Fuel for small alcohol burners.. A Use
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 38/71
: Fire, explosion. Hazards
: Never leave a Bunsen burner unattended.Always turn off the gas when not in use.
Precautions
Acid solutions
: Electropolishing solution. Example
: Electropolishing a removable partial denture metal framework. A Use
: Irritation to eyes, respiratory system and skin Burn. Hazards
: Wear protective eye goggles, gloves and facemask.
Handle metal framework with forceps - not fingers until rinsed inclean water.
Use in a well-ventilated area.
Store separately and safely as a hazardous material.
Precautions
Introduction to Health & Safety within the
Dental Laboratory
Hazardous Equipment
Rotary Equipment
: Micromotors, model trimmers, trimming and polishing lathes. Example
: Trimming and polishing. A Use
: High speed revolving parts. Hazards
: Wear protective eye goggles.Check fingers clear of revolving parts.Secure loose clothing and long hair.Always switch of when not in use.
Precautions
Dust Producing Equipment
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 39/71
: Micromotors. Trimming lathe, sandblasting machine. Example
: Trimming, cleaning surfaces. A Use
: Find dust and flying particles may irritate or damage eyes and
respiratory system. Hazards
: Wear protective eye goggles and facemask.Use dust extraction equipment.
Precautions
High Temperature Equipment
: Bunsen burner, burnout furnaces, casting machine, Soldering
equipment, wax elimination equipment. Example
: Melting wax, heating investment moulds, melting alloy, removingwax.
Some Uses
: Hot flaying particles.
Fumes may irritate eyes and respiratory system.High risk of being burned.
Intense light may damage eyes.
Hazards
: Wear protective eye goggles, face mask and heat resistant gloves.Secure loose clothing and long hair.
Use in well-ventilated areas.
Wear dark protective eye goggles if there is intense light.
Precautions
Sharp Equipment
: Scalpel, cut-off disks. Example
: cutting. Some uses
: cutting or sticking in the body. Hazards
: Use with care keeping fingers clear of the sharp edge or point.
Never leave at the edge of a work bench. Precautions
Conduct of Laboratory Personnel
Follow Health and safety Guidelines
Laboratory Personnel must follow health and safety guidelines, at all times, while in thedental laboratory.
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 40/71
ALWAYS:
Wear the correct personal protective equipment.
Use hazardous materials safely.Use hazardous equipment safely.
Know the dental laboratory's fire emergency and medical emergencyprocedures.
NEVER:
Eat.Drink.Smoke.
Rub your eyes.
Handle contact lenses.Wear lip balm.
Common Dental laboratory Equipment
What is Equipment?
'Equipment' are the things used to manipulate and process the materials.'Dental equipment' are specifically designed to manipulate and process dental materials.This lesson will introduce some of the common dental equipment, and their common uses,
used in the dental laboratory, which will be developed and applied during this course andthe rest of the dental program.
Common Dental laboratory Equipment and Common Uses
HEALTH & SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
COMMONUSES
EQUIPMENT
Eye Goggles
Face Mask
Mixing
Gypsumproduct
Rubber Bowl and Spatula
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 41/71
RotaryEquipment EyeGoggles Face
MaskVacuum mixingGypsum
products
Vacuum mixingInvestmentmaterials
(Reduce air
bubbles)
Vacuum Mixer
Pouringimpressions
Pouring
investmentMoulds
(Reduce airbubbles)
Dental Vibrator
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 42/71
RotaryEquipment
protective Eye
GogglesProtective Face
Mask
TrimmingGypsum casts
Model Trimmer
RotaryEquipment
protective EyeGoggles
Protective FaceMask Use with
Equipment
Extraction
Trimming & Polishing
Materials
Trimming and Polishing Lathe
RotaryEquipment
protective EyeGogglesProtective Face
Mask Use with
Trimming & Polishing
Materials
Micromotor with Trimming Burs &
StonesAnd Polishing Brushes
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 43/71
Equipment
Extraction
High Temp.
Equipment UsewithEnvironmentalExtractionbr>
Heating wax
Heating waxing
Instruments
BBunsen Burner
Sharp
Equipment
Instrumentsmay be hotbr>
Heating wax
Softening wax
Melting waxAdding wax
Carving wax
WWaxing Instruments
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 44/71
Common Dental laboratory Equipment
HEALTH & SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
COMMONUSES
EQUIPMENT
High Temp.
Equipment (Hotwax) Use with
EnvironmentalExtraction
Melting wax
Keeping wax ata
Constanttemperature
Wax Pot
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 45/71
High Temp.Equipment (Hot
water)
Use ResistantGloves Tongs
Use with WorkArea Extraction
Removing wax
fromA denture
mould(Using hot
water)
Wax Elimination Unit
High Temp.
Equipment (Hot
water)
Use ResistantGloves TongsUse with Work
Area Extraction
Curing heat
cured
Acrylic resin
(Using hotwater)
Acrylic Curing Unit
High Temp.
EquipmentDark ProtectiveEye Goggles
Protective FaceMaskHeat Resistant
Gloves TongsUse with Work
Area Extraction
Removing wax
From anInvestmentMould
Burnout Furnace
High Temp.EquipmentDark Protective
Eye Goggles
Protective FaceMask
Heat Resistant
Gloves Tongs
Casting dentalcastingAlloy into a hot
Investment
mould
Casting Machine
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 46/71
Use with Work
Area Extraction
SharpEquipmentprotective Eye
GogglesProtective FaceMask
Removinggypsum fromA denture in a
denture mouldRemovinginvestment
Material from a
castingIn an
investment
mould
Air Chisel
Protective Eye
Goggles
Protective FaceMaskUse with
Environmental
Extraction
Removing
investment
Material from acasting
Sandblaster
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 47/71
High Temp.
Equipment
(Hot water)
Protective Eye
Goggles
Protective FaceMask
Use withEnvironmental
Extraction
Cleaning
materials
(Using hotsteam)
Steam Cleaner
HazardousChemicals
Protective Eye
GogglesProtective Face
MaskUse withEnvironmentalExtraction
Cleaningmaterials (Using high
frequency)
waves and
chemicalsUltrasonic Cleaner
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 48/71
High Temp.
EquipmentTongs
Use withEnvironmental
Extraction
Firing (baking)Porcelain
Porcelain Furnace
Common Dental laboratory Equipment
HEALTH & SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
COMMONUSES
EQUIPMENT
Mixing
porcelain
Glass Instruments
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 49/71
Buildingporcelain
Porcelain Brushes
Sharp Equipment
Sharp Wrought Wire
Cuttingwrought
wire
Wire Cutters
Sharp Equipment
Sharp Wrought Wire
Forming
(bending)
Wroughtwire
Orthodontic Pliers
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 50/71
Articulating
maxillary
cast andmandibularcast to
simulatetherelationship
between
the 2 archesof the
patient
Articulator
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 51/71
Introduction to
Fixed Prosthodontic Technology
What is Fixed Prosthodontics?
Fixed Prosthodontics the practice of restoring exhisting teeth and replacing missingteeth and surrounding tissue with fixed prosthesis.
Common Fixed Prosthesis and Related Items
DESCRIPTION MATERIAL ITEM
Gypsum cast from theprimary impression
Laboratory
stonePrimary cast
An impression tray,Specially made for the
patient
Cold cureacrylic resin
Custom impression tray
A temporary fixedprosthesis whichtemporarily restores 1
prepared tooth
Provisional
restoration
coldcure acrylicresin
(Toothcoloured)
Provisional crown
A temporary fixedprosthesis whichtemporarily restores 1
or more preparedteeth and replaces 1or more missing teeth
Provisionalrestoration
cold cure
acrylic resin(Toothcoloured)
Provisional
Fixed partial denture (FPD)&
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 52/71
Gypsum cast from the
final
impressionbr>(Customimpression)
With dies (parts)which can be removedand replaced, onwhich wax pattern is
made
die stone
(Die)Laboratory
stone (Base)
Working cast with removable die
Wax-up for any metal
work
Inlay wax WWax pattern
Metal substructure for
Metal-Ceramiccrown/FPD/font>
CeramicBonding alloy
Metal substructure
A metal fixedprosthesis which
restores an area of 1prepared tooth
Precious alloy Gold inlay
A metal fixed
prosthesis whichrestores 1 prepared
Precious alloy
FFull gold crown
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 53/71
tooth
A metal fixedprosthesis which
restores 1 or moreprepared teeth and
replaces 1 or moremissing teeth/font>
Precious alloy Full gold FPD
A porcelain-bonded-
to-metal fixedprosthesis, which
restores 1 prepared
tooth
Ceramic
Bonding alloyand Porcelain
MMetal-Ceramic crown
A porcelain-bonded-to-metal fixed
prosthesis, which
restores 1 or more
prepared teeth andreplaces 1 or more
missing teeth/font>
Ceramic
Bonding alloy
and Porcelain
MMetal-Ceramic FPD
A porcelain fixedprosthesis which
restores 1 prepared
toothbr>
Porcelain
AAll ceramic crown
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 54/71
A porcelain fixed
prosthesis whichrestores the face of 1prepared toothbr>
Porcelain AAll ceramic veneer
Common /font> Materials
MATERIAL USES
Laboratory plasterMounting upper and lower casts on an articulator
Laboratory stone Primary cast
Base of the working cast with removable die
Base-plate wax Spacer for a custom impression tray
Cold cure acrylic resin Custom impression tray
Provisional restorationCCold cure acrylic resin
(Tooth coloured)
Provisional crownbr> Provisional FPD
Die Stone Die of working cast with removable die
Inlay wax Wax pattern for any metal work
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 55/71
Investment material Preparing an investment mould by investing the
wax pattern
Precious alloyGold inlay
Full gold crown
Full gold FPD
Bonding alloy
Metal substructure of:-Metal-Ceramic crown-Metal-Ceramic FPD
Dental porcelains
Ceramic work of:
-Metal-Ceramic crown--Metal-Ceramic FPDAll ceramic crown
All ceramic veneer
Introduction to
Removable Prosthodontic Technology
Stages of Constructig a Common Removable Prosthesis Complete Denture
PROCEDURE EQUIPMENT MATERIAL STAGE
Pour primary impression
- Remove cast
-Trim to size and shape
SpatulaVacuum
mixing
machineModeltrimmer
Laboratory
stone
Prepare upperand lower
Primary casts
-Adapt base-plate wax
to primary cast.-Adapt cold cure acrylic
Resin dough
Bunsen
burner
Waxinginstruments
Acrylic mixinstruments
Base-plate
wax
Cold cureacrylicResin
Construct upper
and lower
Customimpression trays
Send custom impression trays to clinic for upper and lower final impressions
-Pour final impression
(Custom impression trayImpression)
-Remove cast-Trim to size and shape
SpatulaVacuummixing
machine
Modeltrimmer
Laboratorystone
Prepare upperand lowerFinal casts
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 56/71
-Adapt base-plate wax
to final cast.-Add occlusal rim
Bunsenburner
waxinginstruments
Base-platewax
Construct upperand lower
Record blocks
Send record blocks to clinic for ' Centric jaw relation record' of patient
-Connect the upper and
lower final casts to
the 'Centric jaw relationrecord'.
-Mount this on anarticulator usinglaboratory plaster
ArticulatorSpatulaRubber bowl
LaboratoryPlaster
Articulate theupper and
lower final casts
usingCentric jaw
relation record
Replace the occlusalrimm with denture
Bunsen
burnerWaxinginstruments
Base-plate
wax(Denture
teeth)
Arrange the upper
and lower dentureteeth
Carve the base-platewax around the teeth
Bunsenburner
Waxinginstruments
Base-platewax
Wax –up theComplete denture
Send complete denture wax-up to clinic to try the fit in the patients
-Attach denture wax-
ups to the final casts
-Mount in the dentureflasks using laboratory
plaster
Denture flask
SpatulaRubber bowl
Dental
vibrator
Laboratory
Plaster
Flask the
Complete denturewax-up
Remove the wax from
the denture mouldsusing boiling water
Wax
elimination
unit
Wax elimination
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 57/71
-Mix acrylic the resin-Pack the dough intothe denture moulds
using the press
Acrylic mix
instrumentspress
Heat cure
acrylicResin
Pack the
Denture moulds
-place the packed
denture moulds, withpress, in the cold waterof the acrylic curing unit
-Heat the water slowlyto 100'c over 6 hours.-Hold at 100'c for 1
hour
Acrylic curing
unit
Heat cure
acrylicResin
Process the
Heat cured acrylic
resin
Remove the gypsummould and final castfrom the processed
complete dentures
Air chisel
Deflask the
processed
Completedentures
Trim unwanted material
from the processedcomplete dentures, untilsmooth and neat
TrimminglatheMicromotor
withtrimmingburrs and
stones
Trim the
Complete
dentures
Polish the trimmedcomplete dentures, until
smooth and shining
Polishinglathe
Polish theComplete
dentures
-Place the finishedcomplete dentures in the
cleaning solution of the
Ultrasoniccleaner
Clean theComplete
dentures
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 58/71
ultrasonic cleaner
-Switch on theultrasonic cleaner for
approximately 10minutes
Send the finished complete denture to clinic to fit in the patients mouth
Introduction to
Removable Prosthodontic Technology
What Removable Prosthodontics?
Removable Prosthodontics is the practice of replacing missing teeth and surrounding tissuewith removable prosthesis.
Common Removable Prosthesis and Related Items
DESCRIPTION MATERIAL ITEM
Gypsum castfrom the primaryimpression
Laboratorystone
Primary cast
An impressiontray, Specially
made for thepatient
Cold cure
acrylic resin
Custom impression tray
Gypsum cast
from the finalimpression(Custom
impression tray
impression)
Laboratory
stoneFinal cast
A base-plate and
occlusal rimUsed to record
the relationship
between The
Cold cure
acrylic resinBase-plate wax
Record block
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 59/71
upper and lower
arches of thepatient
Wax-up of acomplete
denture, or Wax-up of acrylicremovable partial
denture
Cold cureacrylic resin
Base-plate wax
Denture wax-up
Wax-up of metal
framework for aChromecobalt removable
partial denture
Casting wax Metal framework wax-up
Metal framework Chrome cobalt Metal framework
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 60/71
for a Chrome
cobalt removablepartial denture
alloy
An acrylic,
removableprosthesis For an
edentulous arch
Heat cure
acrylic resin
Complete denture
An acrylic,removable
prosthesis For apartiallyedentulous arch
Heat cureacrylic resin
Wrought metal
AcrylicRemovable partial denture (RPD)
A metal framed,removable
prosthesis, with
acrylic saddlesFor partiallyedentulous arch
Chrome cobaltalloy
Heat cure
acrylic resin
Chrome cobaltRemovable partial denture (RPD)
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 61/71
Common Materials
MATERIAL USES
Laboratory plasterMounting upper and lower casts on an
articulator Flasking a denture wax-up to forma denture mould
Chrome cobalt alloy br>Spacer for a custom impression trayRecord block
Arranging denture teeth and denture wax-up
Cold cure acrylic resin Custom impression tray
Laboratory stone Primary castFinal cast
Casting wax Metal framework wax-up
for a chrome cobalt RPD
Chrome cobalt alloy Metal framework of a chrome cobalt RPD
Wrought metal Clasps Incorporated in an acrylic
Heat cure acrylic resinComplete denture
Acrylic RPDAcrylic saddles of a chrome cobalt RPD
Introduction to
Removable Prosthodontic Technology
Stages of Constructig a Common Removable Prosthesis Complete Denture
PROCEDURE EQUIPMENT MATERIAL STAGE
Pour primary impression- Remove cast-Trim to size and shape
SpatulaVacuummixingmachineModel
trimmer
Laboratorystone
Prepare upperand lowerPrimary casts
-Adapt base-plate wax
to primary cast.-Adapt cold cure acrylic
Bunsen
burnerWaxing
Base-plate
waxCold cure
Construct upper
and lowerCustom
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 62/71
Resin dough instruments
Acrylic mixinstruments
acrylic
Resin
impression trays
Send custom impression trays to clinic for upper and lower final impressions
-Pour final impression
(Custom impression tray
Impression)-Remove cast
-Trim to size and shape
SpatulaVacuummixing
machine
Modeltrimmer
Laboratorystone
Prepare upper
and lowerFinal casts
-Adapt base-plate wax
to final cast.
-Add occlusal rim
Bunsenburner
waxing
instruments
Base-platewax
Construct upperand lower
Record blocks
Send record blocks to clinic for ' Centric jaw relation record' of patient
-Connect the upper and
lower final casts tothe 'Centric jaw relation
record'.-Mount this on an
articulator usinglaboratory plaster
Articulator
SpatulaRubber bowl
Laboratory
Plaster
Articulate theupper andlower final casts
usingCentric jawrelation record
Replace the occlusalrimm with denture
Bunsen
burnerWaxing
instruments
Base-plate
wax(Dentureteeth)
Arrange the upper
and lower dentureteeth
Carve the base-plate
wax around the teeth
Bunsen
burnerWaxing
instruments
Base-platewax
Wax –up theComplete denture
Send complete denture wax-up to clinic to try the fit in the patients
-Attach denture wax-ups to the final casts
-Mount in the denture
Denture flaskSpatula
Rubber bowl
LaboratoryPlaster
Flask theComplete denture
wax-up
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 63/71
flasks using laboratory
plaster
Dental
vibrator
Remove the wax fromthe denture moulds
using boiling water
Waxeliminationunit
Wax elimination
-Mix acrylic the resin-Pack the dough into
the denture moulds
using the press
Acrylic mixinstrumentspress
Heat cureacrylicResin
Pack theDenture moulds
-place the packeddenture moulds, withpress, in the cold water
of the acrylic curing unit-Heat the water slowlyto 100'c over 6 hours.
-Hold at 100'c for 1
hour
Acrylic curingunit
Heat cureacrylic
Resin
Process the
Heat cured acrylicresin
Remove the gypsum
mould and final castfrom the processedcomplete dentures
Air chisel
Deflask the
processedCompletedentures
Trim unwanted material
from the processedcomplete dentures, until
smooth and neat
Trimming
latheMicromotor
withtrimming
burrs and
stones
Trim the
Completedentures
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 64/71
Polish the trimmed
complete dentures, until
smooth and shining
Polishing
lathe
Polish the
Complete
dentures
-Place the finishedcomplete dentures in the
cleaning solution of theultrasonic cleaner-Switch on the
ultrasonic cleaner for
approximately 10minutes
Ultrasonic
cleaner
Clean theComplete
dentures
Send the finished complete denture to clinic to fit in the patients mouth
Introduction to Orthodontic Technology
What is Orthodontics?
Orthodontics is the specialty area of dentistry concerned with:The growth of the faceDevelopment of the teeth and their occlusionCorrecting the positions of the teeth and their occlusion
Common Orthodontics Appliances and Related Items
DESCRIPTION MATERIAL ITEM
The cast used fordiagnosis andtreatment planning(Has a large angels
trimmed, base)
Orthodontic plaster
Study cast('Angles trimmed')
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 65/71
The cast on whichtheOrthodontic applian
ce is fabricated (Has asmall base)
Orthodontic plasterWorking cast
A wire component of aremovable appliancefor retaining the
appliance
(Retaining component
0.7mm Orthodonticwire
Adams clasp
A wire component of aremovable appliance
for moving a
tooth/teeth(Active component
0.5mm or
0.7mmOrthodontic wire
Springs
A wire component of a
removable appliance
0.7mm Orthodonticwi
re
Labial bow
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 66/71
for moving an anterior
tooth/teeth, andretaining the appliance
(Retaining and Activecomponent
An orthodonticappliance, which can be
easily removed by thepatient
Orthodontic wireOrthodontic resin
Removable appliance
An orthodonticappliance, which is
temporarily fixed to
some of the patientsteeth, and can not be
removed by the patient
Bands Orthodonticwire
Fixed appliance
An appliance that Orthodontic wire Functional appliance
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 67/71
changes the occlusal
relationship betweenthe upper and lower
arches
Orthodontic resin
Introduction to Orthodontic Technology
Stages of Fabricating a Common Orthodontic Appliance 'Retainer' (Removableappliance)
(A 'Retainer' retains the position of the teeth which have been moved by other orthodonticappliances)
PROCEDURE EQUIPMENT MATERIAL STAGE
- Pour impression
- Remove cast- 'Angles trim' the base on the
orthodontic model trimmer- Polish the base
SpatulaVacuum
mixing
machineDental
vibrator
Orthodonticmodeltrimmer
polishing
Orthodontic
plaster
Prepare Upper
and lower
Study casts
Cut the 0.7mm orthodonticwire to a manageable length
Bend the wire to form the
shape of the adams clasp
Wire cutters
Orthodonticpliers
0.7mm0rthodontic
wire
Form theAdams clasps
Cut the 0.7mm orthodonticwire to a manageable lengthBend the to form the shape of
the labial bow
Wire cutters
Orthodonticpliers
0.7mm
Orthodontic
wire
Form the
Labial bow
Locate the adams clasps andlabial
Bunsenburner
Sticky wax Secure thewire
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 68/71
bow on the working cast, and
securewith melted sticky wax
Wax knife Components
to theworking cast
- Pour some polymer (powder)on to the correct area of theworking cast
-Add drops of the monomer
(liquid)on to the polymer
(Repeat until the correct shapeand thickness is achieved
Orthodontic
resinFabricate the
acrylic base
-Place acrylic base, with the
working
cast, in the pressure pot,covering the
acrylic with warm water-Close the pressure pot
-Apply air pressure-Wait 30 minutes then remove
Pressure pot
(with warmwater)
Cure the
acrylic Base
Trim unwanted material from
the cured acrylic based untilsmooth
Micromotor
with trimming
burrs andstones
Trim the
acrylic
Base
Polish the trimmed acrylic baseand wire components
Polishinglathe
Polish theacrylicbase and wire
components
- Place the finished "Retainer"
in the cleaning solution of theultrasonic cleaner
-Switch on the ultrasonic
Ultrasonic
cleaner
Clean the
finished'Retainer'
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 69/71
cleaner for approximately 10
minutes
Send the finished "Retainer" to the doctor to fit in the patients mouth
Introduction to
Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Technology
What is Maxillofacial Prosthodontic?
Maxillofacial Prosthodontic is the practice of restoring existing tissue and replacingmissing tissue of the maxilla and face by using specific appliances and prosthesis.
Common Maxillofacial Appliances, Prosthesis and Related Items
DESCRIPTION MATERIAL ITEM
Gypsum cast from the primaryimpression
Laboratory stone Primary cast
An impression traySpecially made for the patient
Cold cure
acrylic resin
Custom impression tray
Gypsum cast from the final
impression
(Custom impression trayimpression)
Laboratory stone Final cast
A metal appliance for stabilizing
teeth and their supportingtissueE.g. After an accident which has
resulted in:-Mobile teeth-Fractured maxilla (upper)
-Fractured mandible (lower)
Casting alloy Cast Splint
An acrylic appliance for
stabilizing the edentulous
(without teeth) mandibleE.g. After an accident which hasresulted in a fractured mandible
Heat cureacrylic resin
Gunning splint
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 70/71
An acrylic prosthesis which
closes a defect (a hole), andreplaces the missing tissue, of
the maxilla
Orthodontic wire
Orthodontic resin
Obturator
A prosthesis which replaces a
missing part of the face
Silicone Facial prosthesis
Introduction to Orthodontic Technology
Stages of Fabricating a Maxillofacial Prosthesis A Facial Prosthesis
PROCEDURE EQUIPMENT MATERIAL STAGE
Pour primary impression
-Remove cast
- Trim to size and shape
SpatulaVacuummixing
machine
Modeltrimmer
Laboratorystone
Prepareworking
(primary)Cast
Send facial prosthesis wax-up to clinic to try the fit and appearance on the
patients face
Form a mould of the
facial prosthesis wax-up
in the flask usinglaboratory plaster
FlaskSpatula
Rubber bowl
Dentalvibrator
LaboratoryPlaster
Flask thefacial
prosthesis
wax-up
Remove the wax fromthe mould using boilingwater
Waxelimination
unit
Waxelimination
Mix the silicone withcuring agent and
pigments (to match the
patients skin shade)
Mixinginstruments
Silicone(with curingagent
and
pigments-skin shades)
Mix the
silicone withcolours tomatch the
patients skin
shade
- Pack the mixedPress
MixedPack themould
7/28/2019 The Dental Laboratory
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-dental-laboratory 71/71
silicone into the mould
- Secure the mould inthe press
silicone
- Place the packedmould inside the cold
drying oven
- Cure the silicone byslowly heating to 70'cfor 6 hours
Dry ovenCure the
silicone
Remove the gypsummould from the curedfacial prosthesis
Air chisel
Deflask the
curedFacial
prosthesis
Trim the unwantedsilicone from the facial
prosthesis
ScissorsTrim thecuredFacial
prosthesis
Clean in water in the
ultrasonic cleaner
for 10 minutes
Ultrasoniccleaner
Clean thefinished
facial
prosthesis
Send the finished facial prosthesis to the clinic to fit on the patients face