The Developing World What Will the Rest of the Slides Cover Definitions of development Attributes of...
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The Developing World What Will the Rest of the Slides Cover Definitions of development Attributes of less-developed nations Major theories and perspectives
The Developing World What Will the Rest of the Slides Cover
Definitions of development Attributes of less-developed nations
Major theories and perspectives on development Causes of poverty
Gender roles in the workplace and the place of women in the world
economy Successful and unsuccessful development strategies
Slide 2
Developing, Less developed, Underdeveloped Concepts
Underdeveloped: situations where resources are not yet developed
but is this a natural condition or a socially- constructed outcome?
Marxists use the phrase underdeveloped to reflect an outcome
Broadly, development entails growth in per capita income and the
reduction of poverty The list of development goals: balanced
healthy diet, adequate medical care, environmental sanitation &
disease control, labor opportunities commensurate with individual
talents, sufficient educational opportunities, individual freedom,
decent housing, sustainable economic development, and social and
political milieus promoting equality Development Growth
Slide 3
Most Common Measure of Development: GDP per Capita
Slide 4
Per Capita Purchasing Power A better measure of relative
wealth
Slide 5
Economic structure of the labor force A richer portrait would
indicate % in goods production & % in services
Slide 6
Literacy Rate
Slide 7
Students per teacher in primary schools
Slide 8
Literacy rate of women Compare Mongolia, Afghanistan, and
Pakistan (for example) w/Figure 14.4
Slide 9
Health Indicators: Caloric Intake as a percent of daily
requirements
Slide 10
Health Indicators: Persons per Physician Inversely correlated
with infant mortality rates see Figure 14.9
Slide 11
The Geography of AIDS
Slide 12
Life expectancy at birth not just correlated with per capita
income
Slide 13
Urbanization rising % of population in cities Figure 14.14
Slide 14
Human Development Index = f( life expectancy at birth, GDP per
capita, indices of schooling & literacy) Table 14.2
Slide 15
The North-South Split North (Developed) South (Developing)
Split A phrase referring to the First and the Third worlds, not
really to latitude Text has good narrative describing
characteristics of the Third World in Latin America, Southeast
Asia, East Asia (except Japan), South Asia, Middle East and North
Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa Note exceptions in NICs: Thailand,
Malaysia, Singapore, S. Korea, and Taiwan
Slide 16
Theory Regarding Development Modernization Theory rooted in
work of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, and Walter Rostow Dependency
Theory World-Systems Theories Immanuel Wallerstein
Slide 17
Every country can be positioned at one of these stages. Rostow
viewed capitalism to be the proper type of production system for
this development sequence. Critics of modernization theory
Slide 18
Dependency Theory Argues that the poor / periphery countries
remain this way due to colonialism, in which terms of trade were
unequal, labor remained unskilled and low-paid, and profit was
extracted from colonies Development of core countries is dependent
on the underdevelopment of periphery countries Imports tend to be
high-value goods from the core Policy to escape this trap has
emphasized self- reliance, exclusion of TNCs, promotion of import
substitution, debt default Criticism of dependency theory sweeping
treatment of all peripheral territory
Slide 19
World Systems Theory: dynamic capitalist relations, hegemonic
power
Slide 20
Development Strategies Are based on the concept that developed
countries can take actions that will help countries in the
periphery Expansion of trade with less developed countries Private
capital flows Foreign aid from advanced nations (Figure 14.21)
Slide 21
Industrialization in the Developing World East Asia?
Slide 22
Industrialization in the Developing World Very uneven text
notes 40 countries account for 70% of mfg. exports from developing
countries. So, most countries have not shared deeply in this
industrialization process Fastest growth in countries shifting from
an import substitution to an export-led strategy Import
substitution as a way of getting internal development but markets
are often too small & control often rests with foreign
capitalists Export led development, fueled by low tariffs on
imports of inputs & duty-free exports, subsidized
infrastructure and physical space, tax holidays, and abundant
low-wage labor
Slide 23
East Asian export processing And special economic Zones. Also
located in other countries Much industrial capacity by
Multinational corporations With operating systems Between locally
owned firms And foreign owned companies, Doing international
subcontracting, Or outsourcing: Nike
Slide 24
Export-led Industrialization, cont. Strong reliance on female
labor in many of these export platforms, especially in electronics
Sweatshops often controlled by U.S. corporations such as
Wal-Martpush suppliers to push down costs & keep wages low and
work days long (Some companies impose work standards) East Asian
Economic Miracle : education, high national savings, government
support, land reform, export-focus, unique corporate institutions,
U.S. development policy
Slide 25
Uneven Development in China, India China is starting to develop
strategies to lead to more even Development India Fig. 14.26