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200BC The principle of Archimedes. 500ca Invention of the rocket in China.1232 Rockets at the battle of Kai-fung-fu.1700 Reaction principle by Isaac Newton.1783 First flight in a balloon.1937 The Hindenburg crash in New Jersey.
From Archimedes to Newton
jVmF &=The most important equationof all times
Around 1500Wan Hu braces himself for lift-off
1250 Roger Bacon suggests the orthopter.1490 Leonardo da Vinci sketches flying machines.1738 The Bernoulli equation and the Smeaton coefficient. 1870 Gustave Trouve´flies 70 m in a flapping machine in France.2000 Renewed interest in Micro Air vehicles.
Flapping flight and the power it takes to fly
3 W/kg
2
21 Vq ρ=
2
21 Vq ρ=
Can a fly really fly??
SVCL L2
21 ρ=
2/sin4
2
ΦΦ= bg
mP ω
60 W/kg
Yes it can, but it takes a lot of power
The dwarf and the giants
300 W/kg
100 W/kg
3 W/kg
Nature´s great invention
DFlow
Downwash
L
1799 George Cayley discovers the fixed lifting wing.
Why did the birds have to develop that?
The birds do it better
L
mgVbem4
2πρ=&
eqbLqScD wf 2
2
π+=
wf SCeb
DL
4
2
max
π=
V
0
1
2
3
4
5
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Log m grams
Log S cm2
Tit
SwallowLark
KestrelStarling
Pigeon
Blackheaded GullCrow
Herring GullBuzzard
Vulture
Australian crane Berkut
Bumblebee
The Law of 2/3
The flight power curve
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
L/mg=1.5L/mg=1
dVV /
Min power Min drag
dPP /
Why are they doing like this?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
dVV /
dPP /
Long wings are better for gliding but harder to flap
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
=eC f /
L/D
wetSb /2
0.01
Albatross
0.003
Jet liner
Sparrows
Gulls
Insects
wf SCeb
DL
4
2
max
π=
The evolution of the fixed wing aircraft1799 George Cayley discovers the lifting wing and invents the airplane.1842 William Henson patents an aerial steam carriage. Proposes airline.1859 J.J. Etienne Loire and the internal combustion engine.1871 Francis Wenham builds the first wind tunnell.1874 Felix du Temple makes the first powered hop.1896 Samuel Langley flies a large scale model.1903 The Wright Brothers first manned flight
reaches the power of a gull (25 W/kg).
Modern aeroplanes LD=αtan
Lilienthal stalling
The Wrights fighting Langley and the Smeaton coefficient
2VKq ρ= K=??
Flow
Downwash
Shed vortex
Kutta-JoukowskiLudwig PrandtlTheodor von Karman
Science enters aeronautics
The golden age of the propeller 1919 Junkers F13 First all metal airliner1933 Boeing 247 First all metal monoplane airliner1935 Douglas DC3 Most successful propeller airliner1938 Boeing 307 Stratoliner First pressurised airliner1943 Lockheed Constellation First long range airliner
Charles Lindbergs Spirit of Saint Louis 1927
The propeller meets the sound barrier
φ
Flight speed
Blade speed
α
The jet engine arrives1888 The Laval nozzle produces a supersonic jet1903 Aegidius Elling builds the first successful gas turbine1930 Frank Whittle patents a jet engine1935 Adolf Busemann proposes the swept back wing1937 Hans von Ohains first bench test of a jet engine1939 Heinkel 178 first jet flight.1947 Chuck Yeager breaks through the sound barrier Mach 11955 F104 Starfighter Mach 21962 SR71 Blackbird Mach 3
M>1M=1M<1
1930
WW2 JUMO 109-004B
Picture from the RAF museum at Cosford, Wolverhampton, England
1947 Volvo´s first jet engine
The swept back wing
α
α
Mach 1
CD
Thickness
Sweep
Friction drag
Wave drag0.02
0.01
1947 With a bang through the sound barrier
Running into the heat barrier
Wright
SR71
DC3
Jaeger
Scram
Concorde747
Propeller
Jet engine
4)1(1
2
0max ≈−
−=
TTM tc
γ
Mach
20
10
5
1.0
0.5
Year0.11900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2050
The by-pass engine and the revolution in air travel1948 First turboprop airliner . Vickers Viscount1949 First jet airliner. de Havilland Comet1954 Start of Boeing’s dominance of civil market. Boeing 7071960 GE discloses the bypass engine1967 Highest selling jet airliner launched. Boeing 7371969 World’s largest airliner. First widebody. Boeing 7471970 Airbus formed1982 First composite primary. Airbus A3101989 First fly-by-wire airliner. Airbus 320
0200400600800
10001200
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020Year
Largest size each decade
WrightHandleyPage Tupolev
747
Dornier DC10A310
Galaxy
777
A380Hughes
Passengers
Antonov
Transportation economy-size or speed? 1969 Concorde-First supersonic airliner1971 Boeing 2707 program-competitor to Concorde- cancelled1999 NASA High-Speed Civil Transport program cancelled2002 Boeing shelves Sonic Cruiser2003 Concorde taken out of traffic
BILLIONSOF $1993
YEARS
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 20050
5
1
1
20
25
30
35
40
45
50 ?
The lift-to-drag ratio kills supersonic
Flyingwing
L/D
30
Concorde 1960
ATSF1989
NASA 1982
747
Waverider
B52
Slewedwing
NASA 2000
Canard20
10
Hypersonic0
0 1 2 3 4 5Mach
Ultraviolet radiation and climate change The environment as a new limit
Heating 0.3-0.6 C in the 1900’s
Ozo
n O
3
Water H
2O
Carbon dioxide CO2
Meth
ane C
H4
Radiation+ 4% 1970-1992
Towards hydrogen?
00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9
1
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
H/(C+H)
Wood
Coal
Oil
CH4Methane
H2
C2H5Ethanol
Source: J. Allen 1998
The civil transport of the future
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Litres/10 km/passenger
Comet
A300
B747-200
B737-100DC9-30
B727-100B707-120
B747-400
A320B767
B737-300
A340-300
Source DLR/EC 99
Which is the most efficient aircraft?
Turbulent LaminarSupersonicwave drag
Flying wingFlying saucers
Thermodynamic design of a civil jet engine
05
1015202530354045
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
% Efficiency
Ghost
JT3C
TF39
JT8D
JT9D
CF6 CFM56
RB211
PW2037PW4056
V2500PW4083
TrentGE90
The future civil engine
IntercoolerReheater Regenerator
Cooler
Geared fan
Ducted propfan IRR
Military engine requirements and design
Stall
Structure
loads
Flutter
Skin
temperature
CombatSupercruise
Afterburner
blow out
Min tim
e clim
b Accelerate
Escape
Altitude
11km
2.31.2 Mach number
The importance of the Thrust-to-Weight ratio
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
F/gWe
Dovern
RM6 J79
RM8AM53 F101
RM12F404
F100M88
EJ200F110
F414
F119
0.5
0.7
0.9
0.3
0.1
T-O acc g
Year
Off Design and Variable Cycles
The limits of the turbojet engine
Inletpressurerecovery
Rotationalspeed
Turbineinlettemperature
Chokingturbines
Compressorexittemperature
Chokingbypass canal
Staticpressure balance
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Efficiency %
Mach
MaxTIT
Designpoint
Throttling down
Main fuel=0
Ramjet mode
Vjet=V
Turboramjet
Kerosene
15. Ramjets and scramjets
Air
Fuel
Pulsejet<Mach 6Ramjet<Mach 6
M>1
Scramjet>Mach 6
Spaceflight-What velocities?
V gR=
V gR= 2
11200 m/sto leave earth
8000 m/s to leave the atmosphereMach 25
1942 The V2 at Peenemunde
Ariane
Rocket engines and combinations
LH2
Liquid air
LOX
Air
RamrocketLACE-Liquid Air Combustion Engine
Rocket
Ramrocket
H2
Air
O2
Scram
H2
18. Spaceplanes
Flight is a question of power
Wright Flyer and Gull 25 W/kg.
Humming bird 300 W/kg.Bee 40 W/kg.
Ariane 20000 W/kg.
Gripen 2500 W/kg.
Man 3 W/kg.
