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The Development of Sectarianism. Carl Ernst Reli 180, Introduction to Islamic Civilization September 4, 2008. Upcoming quiz September18. In class quiz, 25 minutes A list of 25 names and terms will be circulated a week in advance The quiz will contain 10 names and terms - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Development of Sectarianism
Carl Ernst
Reli 180, Introduction to Islamic Civilization
September 4, 2008
Upcoming quiz September18
In class quiz, 25 minutes
A list of 25 names and terms will be circulated a week in advance
The quiz will contain 10 names and terms
The task is to correctly identify and explain the significance of 5 names and terms, in relation to key issues in the course
2
Hints for studying for the quiz
Use the glossary in Egger (p. 319)
Use the index both in Egger and Following Muhammad
Write down notes in the margin of the book after you look things up, or take notes on your computer.
Think about names and terms in relation to key issues in the course
3
`Ali and the politics of division
Recap of first four CaliphsAbu Bakr, 632-634
`Umar, 634-644
`Uthman, 644-656
`Ali, 656-661
Tensions created by favoritism of `Uthman toward Meccan elites (nepotism), leading to his assassination
Resentment of those who favored `Ali4
The declaration of Ghadir Khumm
“him for whom I am the master, so this Ali is his master”
“master” can also mean “client,” “ally,” etc.
Was `Ali named as Muhammad’s successor? 5
`Ali’s Caliphate: Shi’ites and Kharijites
`Ali’s popularity among opponents of `Uthman
Cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, married to Prophet’s daughter Fatima, father of Prophet’s grandsons, Hasan and Husayn
Seen as champion of outsiders including non-Arabs
6
`Ali’s Caliphate: Shi’ites and Kharijites (2)
`Ali battles opponents near Kufa (Battle of Camel, then is challenged by Mu`awiya and submits to arbitration
Shi`a = “faction, party” [of `Ali, or whoever]
Shi`i (Shi’ite) = “partisan, supporter” [of Ali]
Kharijites (“seceders”), one-time supporters of `Ali who reject him when he agrees to arbitration
Kharijite movement becomes extremist; sinners [everyone else!] should be killed
7
Ali’s death, Karbala, and martyrdom
`Ali’s death “a profound shock to his followers”
Mu`awiya establishes Umayyad dynasty, which is criticized for immorality
Hasan gives up claim on caliphate
Husayn raises revolt, massacred in Karbala (680) by army of Yazid (son of Mu`awiya)
Kufans failed to support him, suffered deep guilt , origin of lamentation rituals
8
Karbala
9
Husayn
10
The Abbasid Revolution
Other revolts against UmayyadsIbn Zubayr in Mecca (682-692)
Mukhtar revolts in name of `Ali’s son, Ibn al-Hanafiyya, claimed to be Mahdi (messiah)
• Doctrine of Jesus as Mahdi
After death in 700, Ibn al-Hanafiyya said to be “in concealment”
Should Imam-Caliph be related to `Ali (Alid), or more generally to the Prophet? Descendents of Prophet’s uncle `Abbas = Abbasids
11
Abbasid strategy
Abbasids claim succession to Ibn al-Hanafiyya as spiritual heirs
Pretend to postpone the decision on caliph until after overthrow of Umayyads\
Abu Muslim organizes propaganda in Iran, “black banners” unfurled
Umayyads overthrown in 750 with great slaughter, `Abbasids claim caliphate, to great disappointment of Alids
Shi`ite identities
Ghulat (“extremists”) and Zaydis
Husayni Alids: descendents of Ali via Husayn become respected figures or Imams (Muhammad al-Baqir, Ja`far al-Sadiq)
Development of doctrine of Imam: designation of successor, extraordinary spiritual knowledge, renouncing politics
Crisis of succession after Ja`far when his son Isma`il predeceases him
13
Imami Shi`is (Twelvers)
Dissimulation of religious identity permissible under threat
Death of the 11th Imam (Hasan al-`Askari, 874), doctrine of 12th (“hidden”) Imam
Represented by deputies during Lesser Concealment (874-941)
After 941, Greater Concealment, 12th Imam expected to return as Mahdi
Dominant religion in Iran, Iraq14
Isma`ilis (Seveners)
Broke away from Imamis after Isma`il died
Preoccupation with esoteric knowledge
Imam believed to be concealed
Missionaries find Berbers receptive, establish Fatimid caliphate in North Africa (910), `Abd Allah recognized as Imam-Caliph and Mahdi (compare to Dune)
• Shi`is as “embattled minorities”
15
16
Sunnis as majoritarians
Claim to follow sunna or example of Prophet, accept political authority
Texts are authorities, not Imams
Ritual practice: proclamation of faith, ritual prayer, alms giving, fasting, pilgrimage
Tension between Shi`i emphasis on charismatic leaders and Sunni acceptance of tradition
17