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Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Module 10
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WORKBOOK
Name: …………………………………………………………
Location
1Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Use the diagram in your handout to help you label the organs of the digestive system and accessory organs. You may also like to use the labels below:
1. 8. 15.2. 9. 16.3. 10. 17.4. 11. 18.5. 12. 19.6. 13. 20.7. 14.
2Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Mouth Salivary Glands Ileo-caecal valve AnusTongue Pharynx Appendix StomachTeeth Oesophagus Rectum LipsLiver Gall Bladder Pancreas
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)Large intestine (caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
Structure and Function
Complete the chart below giving the structure and function of the following digestive organs:
Organ Structure Function
Mouth
Tongue
Teeth
Pharynx
3Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
The wall of the digestive tract has a basic structure consisting of four layers of tissue. Describe each layer:
Layers Structure
Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa
Oesophagus
4Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Describe the structure and function of the oesophagus:
Structure Function
Stomach
What are the functions of the stomach:
1.
2.
3.
List the four regions that the stomach is divided into:
5Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Structure of the walls of the stomach: Name the three layers of smooth muscle fibres:
1.
2.
3.
What else makes up the structure of the stomach walls?
1.
2.
Gastric glands contain what type of gland cells? …………………………………
List the names of these three types of cells:
1.
2.
3.
What do mucous neck cells produce?..................................................................
6Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
What do chief cells secrete? ………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
What do parietal cells produce? ……………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
The secretions of mucous, chief and parietal cells are collectively called:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
In your own words, describe what happens to food when it arrives in the stomach:
Small Intestine
7Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Name the three organs that make up the small intestine and say how long each part is:
1.
2.
3.
Give the function of the following:
Function
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What is the function of the ileo-caecal valve? …………………………………………
8Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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What is the name of the pouch that receives food from the small intestine via the ileo-caecal valve?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Which organ is attached to it? ……………………………………………………………
Draw your own diagram of the large intestine indicating the following structures:
Appendix Transverse Colon Ascending ColonIleum Caecum Descending ColonSigmoid Colon Rectum Anal Canal
Briefly describe the functions of the colon:
9Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Function
Absorption
Mass Movement
Microbial Activity
Colon - Structure
10Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
How do the walls of the large intestine differ to those of the small intestine?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
The walls of the colon secrete large quantities of mucus. What is the function of the mucus?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
State the function of the following:
Organ Function
Rectum
Anus
Accessory Organs
11Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Describe the structure of the following:
Accessory Organ Structure
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Liver
Describe the functions of the following organs:
12Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Accessory Organ Functions
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Liver
Chemical and Mechanical Digestion
13Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Match the process to the description – chemical or mechanical digestion:
The breaking down of food into smaller particles by physical processes such as chewing, squeezing and churning up.
Food molecules are broken down by enzymes.
Before they can be absorbed into body cells, complex food substances must be broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible substances.
Complete the following chart:
Food substances Broken down by Into
Protease and peptides
Fats Fatty Acids & glycerol
Amylase
What are enzymes and where do they come from?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Complete the following chart:
14Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
The main sites of digestion in humans
Glands that secrete digestive enzymes
Names of the enzymes secreted
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where in the body are the following food groups broken down?
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Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Protein
Fats
Carbohydrates
Briefly explain Peristalsis:
Three liquid secretions help in the chemical digestive process. Name them and say where they are produced:
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Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Liquid Secretion In which part of the body are they produced?
What are the functions of hydrochloric acid?
1.
2.
3.
What is hydrochloric acid a component of?..............................................................
17Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
The duodenum receives pancreatic juice from the pancreas. What does it consist of?
Explain what happens to the composition of food when it passes from the stomach to the duodenum:
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Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
What does bile consist of?
19Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Where is it stored? ………………………………………………………………………….
What is the function of bile?
1.
2.
3.
Composition of digestive waste/faeces
List the constituents of faeces:
20Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How does mucus help in the defaecation process? ……………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
What substance is responsible for turning faeces a brown colour? …………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
What substances help to bulk up the faeces? …………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Give the digestive timings of food in the following:
21Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Mouth
Stomach
Small Intestine
Colon
The role of water in efficient digestion:
Name the three sources where the body can get fluids from:
1.
2.
3.
In your own word, explain how drinking water can help the digestive process:
22Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
List some of the signs and symptoms of dehydration:
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Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
The Digestive Process
Read the following descriptions of digestive activities and place the correct heading in the correct box. Use the headings below:
24Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Ingestion Propulsion Digestion Absorption Elimination
Faeces consist of wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, cells, digested materials that were not absorbed. Mass movement forces the contents of the sigmoid colon into the rectum to be expelled.
In this stage, food and liquids are placed in the mouth.
This takes place in the jejunum and ileum (small intestine). Villi that line the inner surface of the small intestine, absorb nutrients from digested foods and pass them into the blood/lymph capillaries for circulation to the body’s cells.
Alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract mix food and secretions and move them towards the anus.
This stage is involved in the breakdown of ingested food into small molecules. The processes are achieved mechanically and chemically.
List the function of the following minerals:
Mineral Function
25Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Iron
Iodine
List the functions of the following Vitamins:
Vitamin Function
26Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne TrainingLevel 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Vitamin A - retinol
Vitamin B1 - thiamine
Vitamin B3 - niacin
Vitamin B6 – pyridoxine
Vitamin B12 - cobalamin
Vitamin C - ascorbic acid
Vitamin D - cholecalciferol
Vitamin E - tocopherol
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