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Lecture 16: vol. 1. The Digital Logic Level. Ass Prof Dr. Masri Ayob. Digital and Analog Quantities. Analog quantities have continuous values Digital quantities have discrete sets of values. Analog quantities have continuous values. Digital quantities have discrete sets of values. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Digital Logic LevelThe Digital Logic Level
Ass Prof Dr. Masri Ayob
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Digital and Analog Quantities Digital and Analog Quantities
• Analog quantities have continuous Analog quantities have continuous valuesvalues
• Digital quantities have discrete sets of Digital quantities have discrete sets of valuesvalues
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Digital and Analog QuantitiesDigital and Analog Quantities
Analog quantitiesAnalog quantities have have continuous valuescontinuous values Digital quantitiesDigital quantities have have
discrete sets of valuesdiscrete sets of values
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Digital and Analog QuantitiesDigital and Analog Quantities
Types of electronic devices or instruments:Types of electronic devices or instruments:• AnalogAnalog• DigitalDigital• Combination analog and digitalCombination analog and digital
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Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
• The conventional numbering system The conventional numbering system uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
• The binary numbering system uses just The binary numbering system uses just two digits: two digits: 00 and and 1.1.
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Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
• The two binary digits are designated The two binary digits are designated 00 and and 11
• They can also be called LOW and HIGH, They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where where LOW = 0LOW = 0 and and HIGH = 1HIGH = 1
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Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
Binary values are also Binary values are also represented by voltage levelsrepresented by voltage levels
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Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
• ttww = pulse width = pulse width• T = period of the waveformT = period of the waveform• f = frequency of the waveformf = frequency of the waveform
T1f
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Basic Logic Operations Basic Logic Operations
There are only three basic logic operations:There are only three basic logic operations:
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GatesGates
(a) A transistor inverter. (b) A NAND gate.(a) A transistor inverter. (b) A NAND gate.(c) A NOR gate.(c) A NOR gate.
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Overview of Basic Logic Functions Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Comparison functionComparison function• Decoding functionDecoding function• Counting functionCounting function• Arithmetic functionsArithmetic functions• Code conversion functionCode conversion function• Encoding functionEncoding function• Data selection functionData selection function• Data storage functionData storage function
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Overview of Basic Logic Functions Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Comparison functionComparison function– Compares two binary values and Compares two binary values and
determines whether or not they are equaldetermines whether or not they are equal• Decoding functionDecoding function
– Converts binary-coded information into a Converts binary-coded information into a non-binary formnon-binary form
• Counting functionCounting function– Generates sequences of digital pulse that Generates sequences of digital pulse that
represent numbers represent numbers
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Overview of Basic Logic Functions Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Arithmetic functionsArithmetic functions– Perform the basic arithmetic Perform the basic arithmetic
operations on two binary values:operations on two binary values:• AdditionAddition• Subtraction of two valuesSubtraction of two values• MultiplicationMultiplication• DivisionDivision
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Overview of Basic Logic Functions Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Code conversion functionCode conversion function– Converts, or translates, information Converts, or translates, information
from one code format to another.from one code format to another.• Encoding functionEncoding function
– Converts non-binary information Converts non-binary information into a binary codeinto a binary code
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Overview of Basic Logic Functions Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Data selection functionData selection function– Multiplexer (mux)Multiplexer (mux)
• Switches digital data from any number of Switches digital data from any number of input sources to a single output lineinput sources to a single output line
• Demultiplexer (demux)Demultiplexer (demux)– switches digital data from a single switches digital data from a single
input to any number of output linesinput to any number of output lines
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Overview of Basic Logic Functions Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Data storage functionData storage function– Retains binary data for a period of Retains binary data for a period of
timetime• Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators)Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators)• RegistersRegisters• Semiconductor memoriesSemiconductor memories• Magnetic-media memoriesMagnetic-media memories• Optical-media memoriesOptical-media memories
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Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
IC package stylesIC package styles• Dual in-line package (DIP)Dual in-line package (DIP)• Small-outline IC (SOIC)Small-outline IC (SOIC)• Flat pack (FP)Flat pack (FP)• Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
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Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Dual in-line package Dual in-line package (DIP)(DIP)
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Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Small-outline IC Small-outline IC (SOIC)(SOIC)
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Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Flat pack (FP)Flat pack (FP)
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Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Plastic-leaded chip Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)carrier (PLCC)
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Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
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Introduction to Programmable Logic Introduction to Programmable Logic
• SPLDSPLD——Simple programmable logic Simple programmable logic devicesdevices
• CPLDCPLD——Complex programmable logic Complex programmable logic devicesdevices
• FPGAFPGA——Field-programmable gate arraysField-programmable gate arrays
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Introduction to Programmable Logic Introduction to Programmable Logic
• SPLDSPLD– PAL (programmable array logic)PAL (programmable array logic)– GAL (generic array logic)GAL (generic array logic)– PLA (programmable logic array)PLA (programmable logic array)– PROM (programmable read-only memory)PROM (programmable read-only memory)
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Test and Measurement Instruments Test and Measurement Instruments
• Analog OscilloscopeAnalog Oscilloscope• Digital OscilloscopeDigital Oscilloscope• Logic AnalyzerLogic Analyzer• Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current
ProbeProbe• DC Power SupplyDC Power Supply• Function GeneratorFunction Generator• Digital MultimeterDigital Multimeter
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Logic Gates Logic Gates
• InverterInverter• AND GateAND Gate• OR GateOR Gate• Exclusive-OR GateExclusive-OR Gate• NAND GateNAND Gate• NOR GateNOR Gate• Exclusive-NOR GateExclusive-NOR Gate
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The Inverter The Inverter
Boolean expressionTruth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
The output of an inverter is always the The output of an inverter is always the complement (opposite) of the input.complement (opposite) of the input.
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The AND Gate The AND Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH Pulsed waveforms
The output of an AND gate is HIGH only The output of an AND gate is HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH.when all inputs are HIGH.
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The AND Gate The AND Gate
3-Input AND Gate3-Input AND Gate
4-Input AND Gate4-Input AND Gate
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The OR Gate The OR Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH
The output of an OR gate is HIGH The output of an OR gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are HIGHwhenever one or more inputs are HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
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The OR Gate The OR Gate
3-Input OR Gate3-Input OR Gate
4-Input OR Gate4-Input OR Gate
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The NAND GateThe NAND Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH
The output of a NAND gate is HIGH The output of a NAND gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are LOW.whenever one or more inputs are LOW.
Pulsed waveforms
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The NAND Gate The NAND Gate
3-Input NAND Gate3-Input NAND Gate 4-Input NAND Gate4-Input NAND Gate
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The NOR Gate The NOR Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH
The output of a NOR gate is LOW The output of a NOR gate is LOW whenever one or more inputs are HIGH.whenever one or more inputs are HIGH.
Pulsed waveforms
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The NOR Gate The NOR Gate
3-Input NOR Gate3-Input NOR Gate 4-Input NOR Gate4-Input NOR Gate
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Exclusive-OR Gate Exclusive-OR Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH
The output of an XOR gate is HIGH The output of an XOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are different.whenever the two inputs are different.
Pulsed waveforms
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Exclusive-NOR Gate Exclusive-NOR Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table0 = LOW1 = HIGH
The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are identical.whenever the two inputs are identical.
Pulsed waveforms
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