THE DIVERSE WORLD OF PROTISTS

PROTISTS

• First Eukaryotes to evolve ~ 1.5 Billion years ago

• Unicellular and multicellular

• Can live in colonies

• Live any where there is water – lakes, oceans, damp soil, sand, leaf litter

CLASSIFICATION

• Kingdom – Protists

• Subkingdom – Protozoa

• Protozoaproto = firstzoa = animalSingle celled organismsContain organelles to carry specific functions

CLASSIFICATION

• Comprised of seven phylumPhylum Sarcomastigophora

• Sarko = fleshy

• Mastigo = whip

Phylum CiliophoraPhylum Apicomplexa

• Apex = point

• Com = together

HOMEOSTASIS• Structure

Pellicle – rigid microtubules, maintains shape Ectoplasm – outside cytoplasm Endoplasm – inside cytoplasm

• Water Balance Water enters protozoa through osmosis Contractile vacuole – maintains water and

solute balance

REPRODUCTION

• Asexual reproduction Budding – pinching off of cell produces

smaller daughter cell Binary fission – mitosis produces two identical

offspring Multiple Fission (schizogony) – cell division

that produces multiple cells

MOVEMENT• Pseudopodia

Pseudo – false Pod – foot Extension of cytoplasm

• Cilia Hairlike protein fibers Movement and attachment

• Flagella Thin protein whip Rotates or whips back and forth

HOMEOSTASIS

• Nutrition Cytopharynx – mouth Food vacuoles – digestion and transport

of food Egestion vacuoles - contain digested

material Ctyopyge – release waste by exocytosis

LIFESTYLES

• Symbiosis – one organism lives in close association with another organism Parasitism – live in or on a host that is usually

harmed Commensalism – one member benefits and

host is not harmed Mutualism – both species benefit

PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

• Unicellular or lives in colonies

• Flagella and/or pseudopodia

• Autotrophic, saprozoic, heterotrophic

• One nucleus

• Sexual reproduction

PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

• Class Phytomastigophorea– Euglena

• Class Zoomastigophorea– Trypanosoma– Trichomonas– Giardia– Leishmania

• Amoeba

             

Euglena Anatomy

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EUGLENOID

African Trypanosomiasis

• Commonly called African Sleeping Sickness

• Caused by protozoan Trypanosoma brucei

• Vector - seven species of Tsetse Fly

African Sleeping SicknessLife Cycle

• Fly bites infected mammal and ingests the parasites

• Protozoan multiply and develop in fly• Fly bites human and passes on parasites• Trypanosoma infect blood and spinal

fluid• Also contract through maternal fluids,

blood transfusion, organ transplant

Tsetse Fly – Vector for African Sleeping Sickness

•

Trypanosoma

African Sleeping Sickness

• Infects 20,000 – 25,000 annually

• Causes 55,000 deaths each year

• Cattle loses amount to $2.7 billion a year

• No vaccine or drug for prevention

• Limited drugs for treatment

Trypanosoma cruzi in blood smears

African Sleeping SicknessControl

• Vector control through insecticides

• Protection against disease– Avoid areas of high infection– Wear thick, long-sleeved clothing– Use bed nets– Avoid dust and bushes

TRICHOMONIASIS

• STD caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis

• Effects 5 million Americans every year

• Infection frequently has no symptoms

TRICHOMONIASIS

• Infects vagina of woman and urethra (urine canal) in men

• Women – frothy yellow-green discharge with strong odor

• Men – mild discharge, burning during urination

• Can be treated with antibiotics (95% cure rate)

Trichomoniasis - Parasite

GIARDIA

• Giardia lamblia infects the small intestine

• Become cysts that are excreted

• Transmitted by contaminated food and water

Diarrhea infected with Giardia

TRICHONYMPHA –

PROTIST FOUND IN TERMITES

                                                                                                                                  

                        

Trichonympha Drawing

Trichonympha

Hypermastigid flagellates – large number of flagella

SUBPHYLUM SARCODINA

• Move with pseudopod

• Naked or with shell

• Most free living

Amoeba Anatomy

Amoebic Dysentary

• Caused by Entamoeba histolytica

• Infection of the intestine

• Species spread through the blood to infect the liver, lungs and brain

• Parasites found in contaminated food or drink

• Mostly found in tropical regions

GREEN ALGAE

RED ALGAE

BROWN ALGAE

DIATOMS

DIATOMS

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

• Cilia for locomotion

• Rigid pellicle and fixed shape

• Distinct cytosome (mouth)

• Dimorphic nuclei– Macronucleus for controlling cell functions– Micronucleus for cell division

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

• Paramecium

Paramecium Anatomy

             

PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA

• Parasitic with an apical complex to penetrate host cells

• One nucleus• Cilia and flagella lacking except in

certain reproductive stages• Life cycle is asexual (schizogony,

sporogony) and sexual (gametogony) phases

PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA

• Plasmodium – cause of malaria

• Toxoplasma - Toxoplasmosis

This is a thin film from a 27 year old female backpacker, with a recent history of trekking through Northern Thailand and high fever.

1. Disease caused from ingesting parasite Toxoplasma gondii.

2. Parasite found throughout world

3. Most people who are infected have few symptoms due to immune system

TOXOPLASMOSIS

1. Accidental ingest of cat feces

2. Consuming partially cooked meat (pork, lamb, venison)

3. Contaminated water with Toxoplasma

4. Dirty cooking utensils

5. Organ transplant or blood transfusion

CONTRACTING TOXOPLASMOSIS

1. Flu like

2. Swollen glands

3. Muscle aches

4. Severe symptoms = damage to brain,eyes, other organs

TOXOPLASMOSIS

SYMPTOMS

                                  

Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasm gondii in lung material

SLIME MOLD