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THE DRUGS-VIOLENCE NEXUS:
THREE MODELS
DEFINITION OF VIOLENCE• 1 A : EXERTION OF PHYSICAL FORCE SO AS TO INJURE OR ABUSE • B : AN INSTANCE OF VIOLENT TREATMENT OR PROCEDURE• 2 INJURY BY OR AS IF BY DISTORTION, INFRINGEMENT, OR PROFANATION• 3 A : INTENSE, TURBULENT, OR FURIOUS AND OFTEN DESTRUCTIVE ACTION
OR FORCE • B : VEHEMENT FEELING OR EXPRESSION : FERVOR; ALSO : AN INSTANCE
OF SUCH ACTION OR FEELING C : A CLASHING OR JARRING QUALITY : DISCORDANCE
• FBI INDEX OF CRIMES INCLUDES FOUR VIOLENT CRIMES ;MURDER, AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, FORCIBLE RAPE AND ROBBERY
• DRUG USERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO PARTICIPATE IN SERIOUS VIOLENT OFFENSES THAN NONUSERS
• DRUG USERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO KILL AND BE KILLED THEN NONUSERS• MEDICAL EXAMINER IN LOS ANGELES, 1988 NOTED THAT 6 OUT OF 10
PEOPLE WITH COCAINE IN THEIR SYSTEMS HAD DIED A VIOLENT DEATH, TWO-THIRDS HAD BEEN SHOT OR STABBED, 1 IN 5 HAD BEEN COMMITTING VIOLENCE AGAINST ANOTHER PERSON BEFORE THEY DIED (BUDD, 1989)
• DRUG USE IS A LARGE PART OF THE WORLD OF VIOLENCE; THE FOLLOWING MODELS WILL EXPLAIN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN DRUGS AND VIOLENCE
THE PSYCHOPHARMOLOGICAL MODEL
• DEFINITION: THE ARGUMENT THAT DRUGS(SPECIFICALLY COCAINE)AND VIOLENCE (SPECIFICALLY MURDER) ARE STRONGLY CONNECTED BECAUSE OF THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF COCAINE CONDUCE TOWARD OR CAUSE VIOLENT BEHAVIOR.
• THIS IS THE MOST TRADITIONAL EXPLANATION AS TO WHY DRUGS AND VIOLENCE ARE CONNECTED.
• USERS THAT INGEST MORE THAN ONE SUBSTANCE, THEY “MAY BECOME EXCITABLE. IRRATIONAL, AND MAY EXHIBIT VIOLENT BEHAVIOR” (GOLDSTEIN, 1985, P. 494)
• ALTHOUGH THE EFFECTS OF THE OPIATES ARE NOT VIOLENT, THE “ IRRIBILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME….MAY LEAD TO VIOLENCE” (GOLDSTEIN, 1985, P. 495).
• A PERSON UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS IS MORE LIKELY TO BE A VICTIM…THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS MAY LEAD TO VIOLENCE
THE ECONOMIC-COMPULSIVE MODEL
• DEFINITION: THE ARGUMENT THAT MORE OR LESS ACCIDENTAL OR FORTUITOUS NARCOTICS ADDICTION CAUSES A LIFE THAT REVOLVES AROUND ENGAGING IN MONEYMAKING CRIMES; IT IS DRUG ADDICTION THAT CAUSES CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; CONSISTENT WITH THE MEDICAL MODEL; SEE ALSO :” PREDISPOSITION MODEL,” “INTENSIFICATION MODEL.”
• RESEARCHERS ARGUE THAT :• ADDICTS NEED LARGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY QUICKLY • BECAUSE OF THIS THEY ENGAGE N HIGH RISK CRIMES, THEFT, ROBBERY
AND BURGLARY• BOTH THE VICTIM AND PERPETRATOR ARE UNEASY DURING A ROBBERY
OR BURGLARY AND THIS MAY LEAD TO REACTIONS THAT WOULD CAUSE VIOLENT OUTCOMES
THE SYSTEMIC MODEL
• DEFINITION: THE ARGUMENT THAT THE REASON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN DRUGS AND VIOLENCE IS SO STRONG IS BECAUSE THE WORLD OF COCAINE DEALING IS INHERENTLY CONFLICTUAL, CONFRONTATIONAL, AND EXPLOITATIVE-AND NOT BECAUSE OF THE DIERCT EFFECTS OF COCAINE.
• THE DRUG WORLD HAD A HIGH VIOLENCE RATE • NO PROTECTION FROM THE LAW• DRUG SELLERS/DEALERS CARRY A LARGE AMOUNT OF MONEY AND ARE
TARGETS• DRUG SELLERS/DEALERS ARE EASILY ARRESTED AND TURNED IN BY
INFORMANTS• OTHER SELLERS/DEALERS ATTEMPT TO TAKE OVER TERRITORIIS• SYSETMIC VIOLENCE REFERS TO : “THE TRADITIONALLY AGGRESSIVE
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF DRUG DISTRIBUTION AND USE.”
• SELLERS/DEALERS AND USERS CAUGHT IN THIS LIFESTYLE KNOW THE RISKS INVOLVED AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL ON A DAILY BASIS
WHICH MODEL MAKES THE MOST SENSE?
• AT THE HEIGHT OF THE CRACK CRISIS IN NEW YORK CITY A GROUP OF RESEARCHERS WANTED TO KNOW WHICH MODEL BEST EXPLAINS THE STRONG RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRUG USE AND VIOLENCE (GOLDSTEIN ET AL, 1989)
• FROM A SAMPLE OF HOMICIDE EVENTS (414) , 118 WERE CRACK RELATED HOMICIDES.• 3% WERE CAUSED BY THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG• 7 % WERE ECONOMIC-COMPULSIVE IN ORIGIN• 85 % COULD BE EXPLAINED BY THE SYSTEMIC MODEL• THE CRACK BUSINESS IS UNSTABLE , UNORGANIZED, NO ONE IS IN CHARGE, IT IS SO
INEXPENSIVE THAT ANYONE CAN GET INTO THE BUSINESS.