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The Duel for North America
1608 – 1763AP US HISMr. Love
The French Settlement
1608 – First French settlement in the New World: Quebec
Samuel de Champlain – “Father of New France” Friendly relations with Huron Indians/
enemies with the Iroquois Indians Results in Iroquois Indians joining with Great Britain Many Iroquois fought and raided French settlements
Motive was to compete with Spain & England for Empire in America
Characteristics of New France
Autocratic- under direct control of the king
No popularly elected assemblies
No trial by jury Slow population
growth – French favored the West Indies
Fur trapping- main economic pursuit Recruited Indians to
help Jesuits missionaries
played vital role as explorers/ geographers
French legacy in the Mississippi River Valley Cajuns
Characteristics of New France
How are these French different from the English? Think along the lines of settlement, government and the judicial system.
Effects on the Indians
Decimated by the white man’s diseases & debauched by alcohol “firewater”
Jesuits missionaries converted few Indians.
Many were slaughtered by the natives
Battle for Empire in the New World p. 110
England v. France v. Spain 1688–1763 - 4 bitter world wars
King William’s War & Queen Anne’s War British against the French fur trappers & their
Indian allies & eventually Spain What type of soldiers are involved? Why not use massive amounts of soldiers to
fight? British won Britain provided the colonies with a period of
“salutary neglect” - fertile soil for rebellion
Battle for Empire in the New World p. 110
Watch out! Here comes the War of Jenkins’s Ear. How does this war start and what is the result?
It ended the peace which allowed for more war to come between these nations.
Wars continued
King George’s War - 1744-48 France allied with Spain New Englanders captured the French fortress
at Louisbourg, only to have it returned to the French by the peace treaty of 1748
American colonies felt betrayed by their British masters. Why did they feel this way?
Focus of rivalry then turned to the Ohio Valley
Ohio River Valley Conflict
Key area for the French Would connect their holdings in
Canada to Mississippi Valley 1749 – Colonial speculators claimed the
land French started building forts
Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)
Washington & War
1754 - George Washington was sent to secure Virginia’s claims
When encountering the French, the Virginians fired the first shots French leader killed, GW’s men retreated French returned with reinforcement
Surrounded Washington at Fort Necessity Washington forced to surrender after 10 hours
Results of Conflict
British authorities took action British uprooted 4000 Frenchmen in
Acadia (Nova Scotia) Many moved to Louisiana – Cajuns
Global War
French & Indian War 1756 – 1763 (Seven Years’ War) began in America/ fought in America,
Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, & the ocean
French wasted so much strength in Europe, they were unable to throw an adequate force into the New World
Colonial Unity
1754- Albany Congress was held to achieve greater colonial unity & bolster the common defense Only 7 of the 13 colonies attended Immediate purpose- keep the Iroquois tribes
loyal to the British in war Franklin proposed colonial home rule
rejected by both Britain (too much independence) & the colonies (not enough independence)
Benjamin Franklin’s famous cartoon: “Join, or Die”
French & Indian War/Seven Years’ War
1755 - General Edward Braddock sent to Virginia to help with war Gathered supplies from colonists Sent with 2000 militiamen (buckskins) to
capture Fort Duquesne “Bulldog” Braddock – behind-the-tree
methods of fighting Indians
Braddock’s Blundering
Expedition moved slowly Few miles short of Fort Duquesne,
Braddock encountered French & Indian army George Washington – aide to
Braddock Braddock mortally wounded Victory for the French
Indian Attacks
Excited about victory, Indians started attacks from Pennsylvania to North Carolina
English started offering money for Indian scalps
War Continues
Early British defeats result of tactical error: attacking exposed wilderness posts
simultaneously instead of focusing completely on Montreal & Quebec
Led to defeat after defeat for Britain
William Pitt – The Great Commoner
Became British Prime Minister in 1757 and focused Britain’s efforts on the Quebec-Montreal area
Battle of Quebec 1759 Selected James Wolfe to attack Quebec
Wolfe faced Marquis de Montcalm & both were mortally wounded
French defeated & city surrendered
Victories for Britain
Louisbourg recaptured 1758 Battle of Quebec 1759
Very important victory for Britain
Montreal fell to British in 1760 Last time French flag waved in Canada
Peace Settlement at Paris1763
Results: p. 115 French thrown completely off continent of North
America Could retain small sugar islands in West Indies
Mississippi River East & Florida – England French Canada – England Trans-Mississippi Louisiana/ plus New Orleans – Spain
In return for Cuba
Great Britain was now the dominant power in North America
Ottawa Chief Pontiac 1763
Led several tribes in a campaign to drive British out of the Ohio Valley
Indians wiped out all but 3 British posts west of Appalachians
British crushed uprising Helped convince British for need to stabilize
Indian-white relations & keep troops in colonies
British/American Friction
Colonials emerged with increased confidence in their military strength & self-esteem
Myth of British invincibility was shattered British distressed by the reluctance of the
colonials to support the common cause whole heartedly
Colonials demanded the rights & privileges of Englishmen, without the duties & responsibilities of Englishmen Did not want to provide for troops during war
Effect of French defeat
Threat of the French & Indians on the frontier removed
Land hungry colonials were now free to expand westward over the Appalachian Mountains
Colonials developed a new vision of their ultimate destiny
Proclamation of 1763
Prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachian Mountains
Designed to work out the Indian problems & avoid further uprisings Americans saw it as a violation of their rights Caused anger & defiance