The Dynamic EarthThe Dynamic EarthChapter 3

Layers of the EarthHydrosphereAtmosphereGeosphere

The GeosphereThe GeosphereChapter 1, Section 1

The Composition of EarthThe Composition of EarthThe upper and lower crust, the

mantle, and the coreCore – Earth’s innermost

compositional layer

EarthquakeEarthquakeAn earthquake is the vibrations of the

Earth’s crust caused by slippage along a fault

The energy released by an earthquake occurs in the form of seismic waves

VolcanoesVolcanoesA mountain built from magma –

melted rock – that rises from the Earth’s interior to the surface

Most are located around the Pacific Rim

Which of the following does NOT both remove and add gases to the atmosphere?

PlantsAnimalsAutomobilesVolcanic Eruptions

Wind and Water ErosionWind and Water ErosionLikely to effect: mountains,

beaches, soil, soft rocksNot Likely to effect: tides

The AtmosphereThe AtmosphereChapter 1, Section 2

Layers of AtmosphereLayers of AtmosphereTroposphere – Nearest Earth’s surface◦The densest atmospheric layer◦Where all of Earth’s weather occurs

Stratosphere – O-Zone layerMesosphere – Coldest layer of

atmosphereThermosphere – Where nitrogen and oxygen

absorb solar radiation The topmost layerIonosphere – the lower Thermosphere

Greenhouse GassesGREENHOUSE gases in the

atmosphere, including WATER VAPOR, trap radiated heat and help maintain surface air temperature

Surface CurrentsSurface currents in the ocean can

influence CLIMATES OF land areas they flow past because they CARRY WARMER OR COLDER WATER GREAT DISTANCES

Mechanisms of Energy Mechanisms of Energy TransferTransferRadiation – The transfer of energy

across spaceConduction – The flow of heat

from a warmer object to a colder object when the objects are placed in direct physical contact

Convection – The transfer of heat by air currents

The Hydrosphere and The Hydrosphere and BiosphereBiosphereChapter 3, Section 3

HydrosphereHydrosphereIncludes all of the water on or

near Earth’s surfaceWhat about the water below

Earth’s surface?There are two types of water: salt

water and fresh water, in which salt water obviously contains more salt

The Water CycleThe Water CycleThe continuous movement of water into

the air, onto land, and then back to waterEvaporation – the process in which liquid

water is heated by the sun and then rises into the atmosphere as water vapor

Condensation – water vapor that forms droplets on dust particles

Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds

AerosolsAerosolsAerosols are tiny, liquid droplets

found in the atmosphere

World OceanWorld OceanA single, large, interconnected

body of water that covers 70% of Earth’s surface

Ocean LayersOcean LayersSurface Zone, Thermocline, and

Deep ZoneThe DEEP ZONE of ocean is from

base of thermocline to the bottom of the ocean

What drives the ocean surface currents?Tectonic platesGravitySalinityWind

Deepest OceanDeepest OceanThe four main oceans are the

Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, and the Pacific

The deepest ocean is the PacificCalled the Challenger Deep11,033 m below sea level

ThermoclineBoundary between warm and cold

water in ocean or lake

Where is most of the World’s Where is most of the World’s fresh water?fresh water?Only ~3% of the world’s water is

fresh waterMost of the world’s fresh water is

found in the ice caps and glaciers

TributariesTributariesTributaries are smaller streams

or rivers that flow into larger ones

Recharge ZoneLand surface area where water enters

an aquifer

Pack IceForms when frozen seawater is driven

together by wind and waves

Picture ReferencesPicture References Listed in order that they appear http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/education/rr/inde

x.php?activity=layers_of_the_earth http://www.thebestlinks.com/Cascadia_Earthquake.ht

ml http://www.greendiary.com/entry/q13-how-does-a-sup

er-volcano-blow-up-to-cover-an-entire-continent-with-ash

http://www.flickr.com/photos/benwhitlock/307834571/ http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/p71.htm http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/images/

ocp2003/ocpfy2003-fig5-1.htm http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/

WinterDC3.html http://homepage.risd41.org/kreimers/stories/

storyReader$14 http://www.news.com/2300-11397_3-6126409-

5.html http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/shorewood/

tributary.htm