The East Asian WorldThe East Asian World

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China and Its Enemies during the China and Its Enemies during the Late Ming EraLate Ming Era

China at Its ApexChina at Its Apex From the Ming to the Qing

Peasant rebellion of Zhu Yuanzhang, 1368• Ming (Bright) Dynasty

Territorial expansion Spread of Chinese influence into the Indian Ocean

First Contacts with the WestFirst Contacts with the West

China’s view of Europeans Portuguese arrival, 1514, Macao

Problems with the Portuguese Portuguese and trade

Jesuit missionaries Parallels between Christian and Confucian

concepts

Ming Brought to EarthMing Brought to Earth Decline in the 16th century due to a series of weak rulers Internal problems

Economic• Inflation from foreign silver• English and Dutch disrupted silver trade

Agricultural• Crop yields fall with “little ice age”

Frontier Manchus (Jurchen)

Disease Peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng (Li Tzu-ch’eng, 1604-1651)

Occupied Beijing, 1644 Manchus conquer Beijing and create new dynasty with the name Qing

(Ch’ing, or Pure)

The Greatness of the QingThe Greatness of the Qing Manchu policies provoked resistance Chinese to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles Manchus adapted to Chinese conditions Kangxi (K’ang Hsi, 1661-1722)

Arguably the greatest ruler in Chinese history Pacified the people on the northern and western

frontiers Patron of the arts Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits

The Greatness of the Qing (cont.’d)The Greatness of the Qing (cont.’d) The Reign of Qianlong (1736 – 1795)

Kangxi’s policies continued by his successors First signs of internal decay emerge under Qianlong Corruption in the central government led to unrest in rural areas

Qing Politics Retained Ming political system Devotion to the principles of Confucianism Manchus only 2 percent of the population

• Manchu nobles’ privileges• Bannermen• Ethnic Chinese cannot settle in Manchuria

Dyarchy

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The Qing Empire in the The Qing Empire in the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century

China on the Eve of the Western China on the Eve of the Western OnslaughtOnslaught Russian traders in Manchuria

Refused tributary status Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689

England replaced Portugal as the dominant European trader in Asia First trading post at Canton, 1699 Qing licensed Chinese traders Large amounts of silver to pay for Chinese goods Mission under Lord Macartney, 1793

Changing ChinaChanging China The Population Explosion

70 to 80 million in 1390 to over 300 million at the end of the 18th century

• Long period of peace and stability• Introduction of new crops from America (peanuts, sweet potatoes,

and maize)• New species of faster growing rice from Southeast Asia

Seeds of Industrialization Trade and commerce

• Under control of the government• Political and social prejudice against commerce

Matteo Ricci, clocks

Daily Life in Qing ChinaDaily Life in Qing China The Family

Joint family Large families to maintain agriculture Filial piety Clan

The Role of Women Inferior to men Carry on sacred rituals/govern Husband could divorce his wife, take second wife, or take on a concubine

if first wife did not produce a male heir Problems that face widows Influential role in the family

Cultural DevelopmentsCultural Developments

Rise of the Chinese Novel Colloquial style Sympathized with the downtrodden The Golden Lotus and The Dream of the Red Chamber

Art of the Ming and Qing Architecture and the Imperial City in Beijing Decorative arts Artists

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Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan

Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan The Three Great Unifiers

Oda Nobunga (1568-1582) Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582-1598)

• Osaka• Korea

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598-1616) Opening to the West

Portuguese arrive in 1543, begin trading Visitors welcome at first Jesuit missionaries Franciscans Expulsion of all missionaries Prohibited foreign trade Dutch at island of Hirado and Nagasaki

Last Headquarters of son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, it was seized by forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1615 on the latter’s ascent to the shogunate©

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Osaka CastleOsaka Castle

The Tokugawa “Great Peace”The Tokugawa “Great Peace”

Ruled through a coalition of daimyo and a council of elders

State divided into territories, han Daimyo had to have two residences

Families left at Edo Economic problems

Social system Changes with samurai system

Seeds of CapitalismSeeds of Capitalism Commercial expansion Major cities Consumer culture Impact on the samurai Ronin Land problems

Impact on rural population Low population growth

Life in the Village Bakufu Ie Role of women

Tokugawa CultureTokugawa Culture The Literature of the New Middle Class

Saikaku (1642-1693) Theater

• Kabuki Basho (1644-1694)

• Hokku• Haiku

Tokugawa Art Castle building/décor and furnishings Influence of other cultures Influence of “Dutch Learning” Woodblock Printing

Korea: The Hermit KingdomKorea: The Hermit Kingdom

Followed the Chinese model Yangban (aristocratic class) Chonmin (slaves) Development of phonetic alphabet, hangul Growing economy Attempts to keep Korea isolated

Japanese invasion Manchu invasion Relatively untouched by Europeans

Marble Steps to the Imperial Marble Steps to the Imperial PalacePalace

These marble steps leading up to the Imperial Palace in Seoul were carved in imitation of those at the Imperial Palace in Beijing.

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions How did the Manchus adapt themselves to Chinese

conditions? How successful were they in establishing control over China?

What contributed to economic change in Ming and Qing China? What factors limited the process of industrialization?

What were the most important changes in Japanese society under the Tokugawa?

In what ways was Korean society and government different from the Chinese and Japanese models it drew upon?