The Effect of The Effect of Temperature on Temperature on

the Reaction Rate the Reaction Rate of Rubisco Activaseof Rubisco Activase

Vincent BiancoVincent Bianco

Manhasset Science ResearchManhasset Science Research

NeeNeeddGraph 1 shows that starting in 2000

to 2100 there will be a global temperature increase of about 1.1°C – 6.4°C. The y-axis represents the change in temperature from the 1961 – 1990 average, the x-axis represents years.

www.buy-climate-smart.com/climate-change.html

Graph 2 shows that the current warming climate trend since 1981 has caused a great decrease in Wheat, Maize, Soy, Barley, and Sorghum production. The x-axis representing time and the y-axis the impact of climate trend in metric tons.

http://watthead.blogspot.com/2007_03_01_archive.html

Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base

Figure 1 shows the process of photosynthesis in a chloroplast, more specifically the Calvin cycle.

Literature ReviewLiterature Review

Weston (2007) while studying two different genotypes of Weston (2007) while studying two different genotypes of Acer rubrum, Acer rubrum, one from Florida (FL) and one from one from Florida (FL) and one from Minnesota (MN) Minnesota (MN) found that at 33/25found that at 33/25°C (day/night)°C (day/night) the FL the FL maintained double the rate of photosynthesis and 22% maintained double the rate of photosynthesis and 22% increase in the rate of Rubisco carboxylation. increase in the rate of Rubisco carboxylation.

http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/94/6/926/F1

Literature ReviewLiterature Review Salvucci (2000) while studying cotton and tobacco plants Salvucci (2000) while studying cotton and tobacco plants

found that Rubisco deactivated in leaves when found that Rubisco deactivated in leaves when temperature increased and in response to high CO2 and temperature increased and in response to high CO2 and low O2. Decrease in activation occurred at 35low O2. Decrease in activation occurred at 35°C. Activities °C. Activities of isolated activase and Rubisco were highest at 42°C and of isolated activase and Rubisco were highest at 42°C and >50°C, respectively. >50°C, respectively.

http://www.pnas.org/content/97/24/13430.full

Sage (2005) while growing sweet potatoes under green Sage (2005) while growing sweet potatoes under green house conditions found that when the CO2 levels increased house conditions found that when the CO2 levels increased to a point where there was a 90% reduction in O2 content to a point where there was a 90% reduction in O2 content the activation state of Rubisco decreased. the activation state of Rubisco decreased.

Literature ReviewLiterature Review

http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/vol139/issue2/images/large/pp066233F03_LW.jpeg

Literature ReviewLiterature Review

Chatfield (1988) found that the Chatfield (1988) found that the regulation of Rubisco activation and regulation of Rubisco activation and deactivation was provided by deactivation was provided by Rubisco activase and RuBP, Rubisco activase and RuBP, respectively. respectively.

Purpose - HypothesisPurpose - Hypothesis

Purpose- to determine the effect of Purpose- to determine the effect of temperature on the reaction rate of temperature on the reaction rate of Rubisco activase.Rubisco activase.

Alternate - If the temperature of the Alternate - If the temperature of the environment increases, then the reaction environment increases, then the reaction rate of Rubisco activase will also rate of Rubisco activase will also increase.increase.

Null - The temperature of the Null - The temperature of the environment will have no effect on the environment will have no effect on the reaction rate of Rubisco activase. reaction rate of Rubisco activase.

MethodoloMethodologygyThe Effect of Temperature on the Reaction Rate of Rubisco Activase

Rubisco Activase

1ml

Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase / Oxygenase

5ml

Placed in 22°C (room temperature) environment

Placed in 47°C environment

Placed in 53°C environment

Placed in 80°C environment

Placed in 80°C environment

Placed in 53°C environment

Placed in 47°C environment

Placed in 22°C (room temperature) environment

80°CRubisco Activase and Ribulose Biphosphate

Carboxylase / Oxygenase

53°CRubisco Activase and Ribulose Biphosphate

Carboxylase / Oxygenase

47°CRubisco Activase and Ribulose Biphosphate

Carboxylase / Oxygenase

22°CRubisco Activase and Ribulose Biphosphate

Carboxylase / Oxygenase

A test plate was frilled with one or two drops of 12KL (iodine-potassium-iodide) into several rows.

By taking 30 seconds between putting drops of the solutions into the 12KL the amount of time for the 12KL to turn from blue to yellow was recorded.

Protocols for Protocols for MeasurementMeasurement

Use of a Thermometer to adequately Use of a Thermometer to adequately measure the temperature of each measure the temperature of each environmentenvironment

Use of a stop watch to measure the Use of a stop watch to measure the amount of time for each reaction to amount of time for each reaction to take placetake place

Do-AbilityDo-Ability

All materials are available in All materials are available in LaboratoryLaboratory

All materials that are not can be All materials that are not can be purchased:purchased: Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase /

Oxygenase Rubisco Activase Iodine Potassium Iodide Solution

BudgBudgetet

VendorVendor Cat. #Cat. # PagPagee

ItemItem QuanQuantitytity

Unit Unit PricePrice

Sigma-Sigma-AldrichAldrich

R800R80000

http://whttp://www.sigww.sigmaaldrimaaldrich.com/ch.com/catalogcatalog/Produc/ProductDetail.tDetail.do?langdo?lang=en&N=en&N4=R804=R8000|SIG00|SIGMA&NMA&N5=SEA5=SEARCH_CRCH_CONCATONCAT_PNO|B_PNO|BRAND_RAND_KEY&FKEY&F=SPEC=SPEC

D-D-RibulRibulose ose 1,5-1,5-DiphoDiphosphatsphate e CarboCarboxylase xylase from from spinaspinachch

0.1 0.1 mg mg solidsolid

$93.$93.1010

Santa Cruz Santa Cruz BiotechnologBiotechnology Inc.y Inc.

sc-sc-15864 15864

http://http://www.www.scbt.cscbt.com/daom/datashetasheet-158et-15864-ru64-rubisco-bisco-activaactivase-aa-se-aa-18-ant18-antibody.ibody.htmlhtml

RubiscRubisco o ActivaActivasese

200 200 µgµg

$259$259

Carolina Carolina Biological Biological Supply Supply CompanyCompany

86905869055 5

http://http://www.carolinwww.carolina.com/a.com/product/product/iodine-iodine-potassium+ipotassium+iodide+solutiodide+solutionon%2C+labora%2C+laboratory+gradetory+grade+30+ml.do?+30+ml.do?keyword=iokeyword=iodine+potassdine+potassium+iodideium+iodide&sortby=be&sortby=bestMatches#stMatches#

Iodine-Iodine-PotassiumPotassium-Iodide -Iodide SolutionSolution

500m500mll

$7.2$7.255

Total Price:

$359.35

BibliographyBibliography Calvin cycle." Calvin cycle." Merriam-Webster Online DictionaryMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009.. 2009.

Merriam-Webster Online. 6 June 2009Merriam-Webster Online. 6 June 2009<http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Calvin cycle><http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Calvin cycle>

Chatfield, Mark . "Catalysis of Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Activation Chatfield, Mark . "Catalysis of Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Activation by the Product of a Rubisco Activase cDNA Clone Expressed in Escherichia coli." by the Product of a Rubisco Activase cDNA Clone Expressed in Escherichia coli." Plant Plant PhysiologyPhysiology 87 (1988): 917-920. 87 (1988): 917-920.

Connor, Steve. "World's Most Important Crops Hit by Global Warming Effects." Connor, Steve. "World's Most Important Crops Hit by Global Warming Effects." Common Dreams | News & ViewsCommon Dreams | News & Views. 7 June 2009 . 7 June 2009 <http://www.commondreams.org/headlines07/0319-05.htm>. <http://www.commondreams.org/headlines07/0319-05.htm>.

"Future Climate Change | Science | Climate Change | U.S. EPA." "Future Climate Change | Science | Climate Change | U.S. EPA." U.S. Environmental U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyProtection Agency. 7 June 2009 . 7 June 2009 <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futurecc.html>. <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futurecc.html>.

Lobell, David. "Green Car Congress: Study: Warming Causing Decline in Global Crop Lobell, David. "Green Car Congress: Study: Warming Causing Decline in Global Crop Production." Production." Green Car CongressGreen Car Congress. 7 June 2009 . 7 June 2009 <http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/03/study_warming_c.html>. <http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/03/study_warming_c.html>.

MrMistery. "Rubisco - definition from Biology-Online.org." MrMistery. "Rubisco - definition from Biology-Online.org." Life Science Reference - Life Science Reference - Biology OnlineBiology Online. 7 June 2009 <http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Rubisco>. . 7 June 2009 <http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Rubisco>.

Sage, Rowan. "The Regulation of Rubisco Activity in Response to Variation in Sage, Rowan. "The Regulation of Rubisco Activity in Response to Variation in Temperature and Atmospheric CO2 Partial Pressure in Sweet Potato." Temperature and Atmospheric CO2 Partial Pressure in Sweet Potato." Plant PhysiologyPlant Physiology 139 (2005): 979-990. 139 (2005): 979-990.

Salvucci, Michael. "Rubisco activase constrains the photosynthetic potential of leaves at Salvucci, Michael. "Rubisco activase constrains the photosynthetic potential of leaves at high temperature and CO2." high temperature and CO2." Proceedings of the Nation Academy of Sciences of the Proceedings of the Nation Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaUnited States of America 97.24 (2000): 13430-13435 . 97.24 (2000): 13430-13435 .

Weston, David. "Characterization of Rubisco activase from thermally contrasting Weston, David. "Characterization of Rubisco activase from thermally contrasting genotypes of Acer rubrum (Aceraceae)." genotypes of Acer rubrum (Aceraceae)." American Journal of BotanyAmerican Journal of Botany 94 (2007): 926-934. 94 (2007): 926-934.