The Effectiveness of City Government Fishery Projects to Livelihood of Fishermen in Selected Areas in City of Cabuyao, Laguna

Pamantasan ng Cabuyao College of Business Administration and Accountancy 1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Philippine archipelago is surrounded by bodies of water. One of these is

the Laguna de Bay which is the largest lake in the country. Laguna de Bay, also

known as Laguna Lake, is a significant natural resource, being the catchment of

an expansive and environmentally important watershed. Furthermore, the

broader Laguna de Bay Region surrounding it is inhabited by a fast growing

population, many of whom are highly dependent on the natural resources of the

lake for their livelihoods and daily needs.

Fisheries are a basic and important economic resource in many areas. In

current situation, it does not mean that if you are living near the lake, you have

already business, especially for people living in poverty where financial capital is

barely produced. Thus, engaging in this simple business may be still quite

impossible. Usually, individuals tend to involve themselves in credit transactions

to secure their needs. There’s no doubt that borrowing money to any financial

institution is convenient, but in return, it is costly and risky due to high interest

rates.


As a result, the City of Cabuyao organized and proposed fishery projects

for every registered fisherman in the community. The local government

conducted a project that will help residents to have an additional equipment to be

use in their fishing. They had allotted different paraphernalia for every barangay

based on their needs. In that way, people may rely to the government for the

support in their financial difficulties.

Background of the Study

Unemployment is one of the major concerns of the local government units.

Over the years, the rapid growth of population has created poverty everywhere.

Because of this, the local government of Cabuyao, with the help of Agriculture

Department, organized various projects. The city government project aims to

enhance the quality and degree of living of the Cabuyeño by means of

continuous, meaningful and effective services in relation with livelihood,

education, ecology, health, social, culture and other contributions to welfare of

the community in order to achieve progressive and peaceful city.

The only major natural resources which can be found in Cabuyao is the

Laguna de Bay. The lake is a major life line for most of the countryside town’s

people. It is of great economic importance to the region as it provides for many of

the region’s needs. Fisheries are still the lake's most dominant use as of the


present as a source for domestic water supplies and industrial cooling, a

transport route, as a source for power generation and irrigation and a place for

irrigation.

The lake is a vital fishing ground, with open water capture fisheries and

aquaculture pens dotting on its surface. In Cabuyao, this is where 304 families

depend for their livelihood. The other minor sources are the river sand and filling

materials which are abundant in Barangay Banlic and other coastal areas.

Since fishing is one of the major reservoirs of revenue in Cabuyao, the

researchers decided to aid the government to determine the success of Fishery

Projects conducted by them. Barangays situated along the lake are Bigaa,

Butong, Marinig, Gulod, Baclaran and Mamatid.

According to Section 15, the government funds shall be utilized in

accordance with the appropriations authorized for the purpose. Moreover,

departments, bureaus, offices or agencies, including GOCCs and LGUs shall

ensure that utilization of government funds comply with applicable laws, rules

and regulations. There are projects which require inter-agency implementation.

The funds are released to the agency which programmed the project in its

Budget. In turn, these funds are transferred/sub-allotted to the government

agency which will implement the project.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamatid,_Cabuyao_City

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclaran,_Cabuyao_City

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulod,_Cabuyao_City

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinig,_Cabuyao_City

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butong,_Cabuyao_City


Theoretical Framework

Not all people are capable of producing enough capital to form a

business. Even though they had the talent to operate such industry, it is still not

sufficient.

The local government action may associate to the Social exchange theory

which was introduced by the sociologist George Homans. He defined social

exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less

rewarding or costly, between at least two persons.

Self-interest and interdependence are central properties of social

exchange. These are the basic forms of interaction when two or more actors

have something of value to each other, and they have to decide whether to

exchange and in what amounts. Homans uses the concepts of individualism to

explain exchange processes. To him, the meaning of individual self-interest is a

combination of economic and psychological needs. Fulfilling self-interest is often

common within the economic realm of the social exchange theory where

competition and greed can be common. In social exchange, self-interest is not a

negative thing; rather, when self-interest is recognized, it will act as the guiding

force of interpersonal relationships for the advancement of both parties’ self-

interest" — Michael Roloff (1981) Thibaut and Kelley see the mutuall

interdependence of persons as the central problem for the study of social

behavior. They developed a theoretical framework based on the interdependence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Homans


of actors. They also highlighted social implications of different forms of

interdependence such as reciprocal control. According to their interdependence

definition, outcomes are based on a combination of parties’ efforts and mutual

and complementary arrangements.

Social exchange process brings satisfaction when people receive fair

returns for their expenditures. The major difference between social and economic

exchange is the nature of the exchange between parties. Neoclassic economic

theory views the actor as dealing not with another actor but with a market and

environmental parameters, such as market price.

Adequate monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of development

projects is essential as a means of providing the information necessary to both

adjust ongoing projects and formulate new ones. ( Richard B. Pollnac)

Social impact assessment is a theory to review the social effects of

infrastructure projects and other development interventions.

This monitoring and evaluation is necessary and may link to the Social

impact assessment which is a theory to review the social effects of infrastructure

projects and other development interventions.

According to the International Association for Impact Assessment, "Social

impact assessment includes the processes of analyzing, monitoring and

managing the intended and unintended social consequences, both positive and


negative, of planned interventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) and any

social change processes invoked by those interventions. Its primary purpose is to

bring about a more sustainable and equitable biophysical and human

environment."

Social impact assessment overlaps with monitoring and evaluation.

Evaluation is particularly important in the areas of public policy, health and

education initiatives, and international development projects more generally,

whether conducted by governments, international donors, or NGOs.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitoring_and_evaluation


Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Figure 1

The conceptual framework of the study shows the flow of activities in the

research. The input box represents the fishermen from selected Barangays in

City of Cabuyao particularly in Barangay Butong, Bigaa, and Gulod as the

respondents and primary sources of data. The process box represents the

instruments used which includes self-made questionnaires, semi-structured

FEEDBACK

- Demographic profile of the respondents

- Fishery projects received by fishermen

- Level of effectiveness of fishery projects

Effectiveness of city government fishery projects to livelihood of fishermen

Data Collection

-survey through questionnaire and interview

Data Analysis

Data Interpretation


interviews and correlation analysis. The output box represents the result of the

study which is the effect of city government fishery projects to the livelihood of

fishermen. The outcome depends only on the information gathered through the

questionnaires and interviews conducted.

Objectives of the Study

The following are the objectives set by the researchers to be able to come up

with answers to the questions presented in the statement of the problem:

1. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1Name

1.2Age

1.3Location

1.4Educational Attainment

1.5Civil status

1.6Other sources of income

1.7Range of Income

2. To determine the fishery projects received by the fishermen.

3. To determine the level of effectiveness of city government projects in

terms of:


3.1Growth of Harvest

3.2Social and Economic Status.

4. To determine if there is any significant relationship between city

government fishery projects and livelihood of fishermen.

Statement of the Problem

General Problem:

To assess the effectiveness of city government fishery projects to livelihood of

fishermen in selected areas in city of Cabuyao, Laguna.

Specific Problem:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1Name

1.2Age

1.3Location

1.4Educational Attainment

1.5Civil status

1.6Other sources of income

1.7Range of Income?

2. What are the fishery projects received by the fishermen?

3. What is the level of effectiveness of city government projects in terms of:


3.1Growth of Harvest

3.2Social and Economic Status?

4. Is there any significant relationship between city government fishery

projects and livelihood of fishermen?

Hypothesis of the Study

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between city government

fishery projects and livelihood of fishermen.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between city

government fishery projects and livelihood of fishermen.


Significance of Study

The researchers believed that this study would benefit the following:

Fishermen. They would be able to realize the real essence of city government

fishery projects to their business. By this, they may take necessary action to

maximize the use of fishing paraphernalia.

Community. The study help increase the awareness of the community about

the city government fishery projects and about the effects it can provide.

Fishermen may contribute more in the earning capacity of the city, thus,

improving the city’s economic status.

Government. They will become aware whether the proposed project is effective

or not. Subsequently, they may produce another proposal to assist the financial

difficulty of fishermen.

Taxpayers. They will become knowledgeable of whether their taxes are spent on

rational and logical means.

Researchers. They gain useful and fruitful information which they could

recommend to community development planners to ensure the improvement of

the future projects.


Future researchers. They can use this research as a basis of information for

their own research in line with this and addition to their resources of related

studies.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope of the study focused on the existing city government fishery

projects in Barangay Bigaa, Butong and Gulod. Herein, the researchers selected

registered fishermen for every said barangay. The study limits its extent to the

effect of fishery project in terms of growth of harvest, social and economic status

and sustainability.

Furthermore, the researchers did not intend to discover other aspects

affecting the income of fishermen such as the household and industrial pollution.

Definition of terms

The following terms are defined operationally to have a clearer

understanding of the study:

Capital. The money or wealth needed to produce goods and services. It is

needed in order to form a business.


Coastal area. It is the area which is between the land and sea.

Effectiveness. The capability of producing a desired result.

Fisheries. The industry or occupation devoted to the catching,

processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic animals.

Livelihood. The way of earning money in order to live; means of support.

Fishermen. Someone who captures fish and other animals from a body of

water.

Fishing paraphernalia. Equipments used by fishermen.

Poverty. General scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain

amount of material possessions or money.

Taxpayer. An individual or entity that is obligated to make payments to

municipal or government taxation agencies.


Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Every piece of on-going research needs to be connected with the work

already done to attain an overall relevance and purposes. The review of literature

does become a link between the research proposed and the studies already

done.

Foreign Studies

Socioeconomic Impact of Fourth Fisheries Aquaculture Extension Project on

Improving Livelihood of Fish Farmers in Some Selected Areas Of Kazipur in

Sirajganj District

The Fourth Fisheries project (FFP) is a special project of Government of

Bangladesh (GOB) sponsored by the Ministry of Fishery and Livestock and

implemented by the Department of Fisheries (DOF) in collaboration with

Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and the Local Government

Engineering Department (LGED). The project is funded by the GOB in

partnership with International Development Agency (IDA) of the World Bank, the

United Kingdom, Department for International Development (DFID), the Global

Environment Facility (GEF) and the beneficiaries themselves. Total project


funding around Tk 30,035 lakh. (A lakh is a unit in the Indian numbering

system equal to one hundred thousand.)

FFP is managed by a Project Management Unit (PMU) based at the

department of Fisheries Headquarters in Dhaka. The PMU is supported by a

Technical Assistance Team comprising main fulltime and several part-time

international consultant, 18 fulltime national consultants and 12 ancillary staff.

The project works in partnership with DOF field staff throughout the country. The

project has 5 main components, which are as follows:

1. Open water fisheries management;

2. Shrimp and coastal aqua-culture

3. Fresh water aqua-culture, extension and training;

4. Aquatic resource development management and conservation studies;

and

5. Institutional Support.

These components addressed the major areas of concern in the inland

fisheries sector using flexible and adaptive approach to draw a wide range of

institutional and local stakeholders I to the process of developing appropriate

solutions to the problems facing the sector.

The main objective of the project is to support sustainable growth in and

equitable distribution of the benefits generated from increased fish production for

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100000_(number)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numbering_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numbering_system


domestic consumption and exports. The project contributes to poverty alleviation

in Bangladesh by improving the livelihoods of poor people dependent on fishery

resources. Immediate of the project are:

1. To improve the access of poor people to aquatic resources for food and

income;

2. To improve the capacity of local users to manage aquatic resources in a

sustainable and equitable fashion;

3. To sustain and enhance the production of fish by small scale producers;

4. To improve employment, opportunities and incomes of small scales

producers; and

5. To improve the capacity of the department of fisheries and other concern

public concern agencies, to effectively support privates sector fisheries.

Foreign Literature

Monitoring and Evaluating Impacts of Small-scale Fishery Projects

Adequate monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of development

projects is essential as a means of providing the information necessary to both

adjust ongoing projects and formulate new ones. A reading of fishery project

monitoring and evaluation reports from a sample of sources, however, reveals a

great deal of variation in the methods and products of monitoring and evaluation.

Some simply deal with disbursement of funds and use of personnel with little or


no indication of accomplishments. Others describe the numbers of new

technologies or other innovations introduced (e.g., motors, fish ponds, nets,

cooperatives, etc.) but report nothing concerning their use (e.g., how they are

distributed, who is using them, what are their impacts, etc.). In cases where

impacts are discussed, the descriptions are frequently vague and/or unverified

statements concerning impacts on production, income, and quality of life.

It has been more than a decade since Gerhardsen (1977) suggested that

insufficient empirical evaluation of fishery development projects inhibits

realization of expected benefits. In Chapter One of this volume, Trott points out

that we still fail to conduct post evaluations several years after fishery project

inputs are terminated; hence, we are unable to determine real, lasting project

impacts. Obviously, the system of fishery development project monitoring and

evaluation needs to be improved.

Development workers are aware of the need for improved monitoring and

evaluation of projects, and this awareness has resulted in a number of recent

and excellent publications on the subject (e.g., Casley and Kumar, 1988; Kumar,

1987; Norton and Benoliel, 1987; Salmen, 1987; White, 1986; Goldmark and

Rosengard, 1985; Cernea and Tepping, 1977). Most of thesepublications,

however, are of a general nature. If a sector is emphasized, it is most frequently

the agriculture sector..Little or no attention has been given to the fishery sector.

This is significant because the special nature of the fishery sector in all


economies creates the need for approaches to project monitoring and evaluation

which differ significantly from those used in other sectors. The product is

different, and except for aquaculture it is harvested from the wild with fishery

operations taking place at sea, making some kinds of observations for monitoring

and evaluation purposes difficult if not impossible.

The resource is a natural resource; its variation subject to a number of

recognized and non-recognized natural and manmade influences. Assessment of

stock sizes available for harvesting is made difficult by the fact that fish are

mobile, unrestrained, and their underwater habitat presents observational

difficulties. All of these factors necessitate use of special methods of information

acquisition in the fishery sector. Several publications deal with the methodology

for obtaining this type of information (e.g., Pollnac, 1988; Fox,1986; Stevenson,

Pollnac, and Logan, 1982, Smith, 1979; Roedet and Saila, 1979). These

information acquisition methods and techniques can and should be madea part

of adequately designed monitoring and evaluation programs for use in fishery

projects. The papers in this volume are a first step in this direction. The chapter

by Trott is written from the perspective of one who works directly for 3major

international development agencies. He points out how difficult it is to evaluate

specific instances of training and technical assistance projects and suggests treat

measurement of impacts would be facilitated if expectations were clearly

specified during planning and criteria for evaluating impacts developed before


project implementation. Importantly, Trott indicates that funding for evaluation of

projects several years after completion is usually unavailable.

Cost of evaluation is an excuse frequently used to justify its exclusion from

many projects. While detailed, quantitative data collection and analysis with

adequate controls is desirable (and expensive), many low cost information

acquisition techniques exist which can provide useful, although incomplete

information which is better than no information at all (cf. Kumar, 1987; Casley

and Kumar, 1988; Salmen, 1.987).

Local Studies

Coastal Environmental and Fisheries Profile of Danajon Bank, Bohol, Philippines

The Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest (FISH) project is a five-

year effort focused on strengthening the capability of local and national

institutions to manage coastal resources and marine fish stocks. FISH has

adopted an ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) framework that is

defined in the following manner:

EBFM considers geographically specified fisheries management that

takes account of knowledge and uncertainties about, and among, biotic, abiotic

and human components of ecosystems, and strives to balance diverse societal


objectives. Such an approach will address human activities and environmental

factors that affect an ecosystem, the response of the ecosystem, and the

outcomes in terms of benefits and impacts on humans. A distinguishing feature

of an ecosystem approach is an emphasis on protecting the productive potential

of the system that produces resource flows. For an ecosystem that is already

degraded, the goal becomes one of rebuilding or restoring the ecosystem

(Christie et al., unpublished)

The FISH project is initially focusing on four important target areas in the

Philippines. The Danajon Bank is an area of international significance due to its

double barrier coral reef formation. And above all, it is locally very important

because of its high degree of marine biodiversity and high dependence of coastal

communities on its marine resources.

In the case of FISH, the EBFM principles define project site boundaries

and guide planning and institutionalization initiatives in the following specific

manner:

1. The project areas are informed by ecological criteria (fisheries boundaries

that represent ecosystem function) rather than by political boundaries.

2. The project is working with clusters of municipal governments that

comprise the fisheries ecosystem of concern.

3. The planning effort is intended to encourage each municipal government

to look beyond their boundaries for planning purposes and to set the stage

for an ecosystem-based plan as opposed to only a municipal government


plan. FISH will still be supporting CRM plans in each municipal

government as a stepping stone toward an EBFM approach.

4. Early actions for coastal and fisheries management will be strategically

based on the results of baseline assessments that show opportunities to

improve fisheries from an ecosystem perspective. These early actions are

borne out of the need to start management quickly to catalyze long-term

planning processes and engender stakeholder commitment

Local Literature

Being an introduced technology, majority of the economic analyses

conducted on aquaculture are ex-ante project evaluation studies. Standard

measures of feasibility such as net present value (NPV), the internal rate of

return, and benefit-cost ratio are usually calculated. This study generally

indicates financial feasibility of various aquaculture ventures as well as

comparisons of alternative technologies and products.

An important study that examines the effect of government subsidy on

profitability was conducted by Macalincag (1971) on a one-hectare oyster in

Bacoor bay, Cavite. The study method varies. It also evaluated the effect on

social desirability of the project by providing for subsidy loan and the effect of

income tax deduction on the profitability of such investment. From the private


investor's standpoint, an interest rate subsidy of 3% interest on loan resulted in

an IRR of 41.20% while a tax deduction did not significantly impact on

profitability.

Sayson (1984) presented an economic evaluation of shifting from bangus

to sugpo farming using the NPV and IRR investment criteria. the project which

was the basis for economic assessment was a hypothetical ten-hectare bangus

pond system in Buenavista, Bohol covered by a 25-year fishpond lease

agreement. the shift from bangus to sugpo farming was found profitable,

increasing IRR substantially largely because of wide product price differential

between the two alternative outputs. Aquaculture production has indeed grown

considerably over the recent years on account of response to high prices,

government credit support, and technical assistance.

Gensan receives P80M agricultural projects

GENERAL SANTOS CITY, Oct 19 (PIA) – Some PhP80 million worth of

farming and fishing implements were turned over to several agri-fishery

projects and livelihood packages here recently.

The tools and equipment came from the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and were distributed to

several fishing and farming cooperatives.


One of the beneficiaries, the Nopol Communal Irrigators Association, Inc. (NCIAI)

in barangay Mabuhay, received one unit of 4-wheel drive tractor costing around

PhP2.5 million.

NCIAI president, Roger Balayo, 48, beamed when he rode the tractor for the first

time.

“Five months ago, we requested for this tractor to the DA. We did not expect that

they have a speedy approval for this. They (DA) said that we should thank our

city government for their persistent follow-up,” said Balayo in vernacular.

City Mayor Ronnel Rivera, who was present during the turnover, explained that it

is his priority to uplift the living condition of the farmers and fisherfolk in the city.

“When I first sat here as the city mayor, one of the things that I noticed is the

unattended welfare of our agricultural cooperatives. Gusto ko, ang local

government may close working relationship sa kanila because they are our

partners in improving more our economy (I want the local government to have a

close working relationship to them because they are our partners in improving

more our economy),” Mayor Rivera explained.

Gensan, albeit highly-urbanized, still has areas where agricultural works flourish

such as in its peripheral barangays of San Jose, Conel, and Mabuhay


Fishing remains active in the city, as its shores are along Sarangani Bay. The

barangays of Tambler and Bula are among the areas where most residents are

involved in fishing.

The City Agriculturist’s Office (CAO) headed by Merlinda Donasco identified the

appropriate cooperatives to benefit from the program.

The city government, through the CAO, gave a 15% counterpart to the said

agricultural grants from DA and BFAR.

Completed farm-to-market roads (FMRs) have the biggest share in the grant—

amounting to PhP68,621,676.69.

These FMRs are in Upper Blagan (San Jose), Purok Sarana, Upper Blagan (San

Jose), Purok Fataldao (San Jose), Purok 7 to Purok 15 (Mabuhay), Purok Udagri

(Conel), and Purok Kidam to San Vicente (Olympog).

Post-harvest facilities and farm implements, on the other hand, cost

PhP7,174,455.20.

High value crops development support such as plastic crates, organic and

inorganic fertilizers, and power sprayers received an allotment of PhP2,352,950.

Also part of the distribution is the PhP2 million worth of fishery projects from

BFAR which were granted to the city as a reward for being one of the top 100


cities/ municipalities in the Fisherfolks Registration (FishR) in 2014. (IJLagare-

Gensan CPIO/DEDoguiles-PIA 12)

Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature and Studies

The researchers gathered the written articles and studies to support their

concept about the effectiveness of city government fishery projects to livelihood

of fishermen. The previously cited studies show other projects conducted by the

government that affect the livelihood of fishermen. Government projects helped

small scale farmers to sustain their role in fishing industry and gave employment

to people who need job but don't have enough capital to acquire equipment.

The literature and studies of fishery projects had similarities and

differences from previous research to the recent study. The similarities of the

previous studies and this were connected since it dealt with the social and

economic effects of fishery projects to the status of fishermen. The results and

findings suggest that government fishery projects play a vital role in the livelihood

of fishermen, economic development of country and foundation of employment

for middle and lower classes of the society.


Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the research design of this

chapter, explain the sample selection, describe the procedure used in designing

the instrument and collecting the data and provide an explanation of the

statistical procedures to be used to analyze the data.

Research Design

The study will utilize the descriptive method of research to gather

information regarding the study of “The Effectiveness of City Government Fishery

Projects to Livelihood of Fishermen in Selected Areas in City of Cabuyao,

Laguna”. This process is a fact-finding study that involves adequate and accurate

interpretation of findings. Relatively, the method is appropriate to this study since

it aims to describe the present condition of the livelihood of fishermen.

The proponents opted to use this kind of research in order to acquire first

hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound

conclusions and recommendations for the study. Since the study is focused on

the assessing the effectiveness of city government fishery projects, the

descriptive method is the most appropriate use.


Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study will be composed of at least 16.67% for

each of the three selected Barangays. However, to clarify and validate data, the

researcher also included the people from the Agriculture Department, specifically

the Fishery Coordinator through informal interviews.

Population and Sampling Design

For this study, only three Barangays will be selected. And from that

barangay, researchers will choose the respondents through random sampling.

This sampling method is conducted where each member of a population has an

equal opportunity to become part of the sample.

Sources of Data

Questionnaires will be used to obtain pertinent data to achieve the

research objective. The researchers also conducted an interview to augment the

gathering of data and generated questionnaires for the survey to obtain the

information needed for the study. The secondary sources of data are books,

journals, and other dissertations. The internet also played an important role as a

source of data.


Instrumentation and Validation

The draft of the questionnaires was presented to the professors and

adviser in accounting. It was expected that there would be revisions, changes

and removal of the different items listed. The draft of the questionnaire was

finalized and prepared for the needed copies for the distribution to the target

respondents. These were the instruments or tools for gathering data in research

used as basis for drawing conclusions or making deductions. Some of these

were research questionnaires and interviews used by the proponents as they

conducted a proposed study.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers are convinced that necessary information and data could

be obtained by using questionnaires and interview. The information from

published thesis, related articles and internet were also utilized and used to

widen the understanding and knowledge about the topic.

The questionnaires will be distributed one by one to the respondents and

each one will be given at least two days to complete the necessary information

needed by the researchers.


Evaluation and Scoring

The questionnaire was divided into three parts. The first part sought basic

information about the respondent which includes their which includes their name,

age, location, educational attainment, civil status, other sources of income and

range of income.

The second part contains questions to be answered by rating with the

scale and interpretation of (5) Excellent, (4) Very Effective, (3) Effective, (2) Fair,

(1) Poor.

SCALE INTERPRETATION

5 Excellent

4 Very Effective

3 Effective

2 Fair

1 Poor

Table 1. Scale particulars


The third part contains questions to be answered by rating with the scale

and interpretation of (5) Excellent, (4) Very Satisfactory, (3) Satisfactory, (2) Fair,

(1) Poor.

SCALE INTERPRETATION

5 Excellent

4 Very Satisfactory

3 Satisfactory

2 Fair

1 Poor

Table 2. Scale particulars


Statistical Technique

The following are the statistical techniques that were throughout the study.

The Slovin’s Formula was used to determine the number of sample of our

respondents.

n= ____N_____

1+ Ne2

Where: n = sample size

N = population size

E = desired margin or error (5%)

Relative Frequency

RF = F x 100 where: RF = relative frequency

N F = frequency of response

N = total number of cases

Weighted Mean

µ = ∑fx

N


Where: µ = weighted mean

∑ = summation

f = frequency

x = weight of the scale

N = total number of cases

Correlation Analysis

where: r = the obtained pearson r value

n = sample size

Pearson-r Correlation test

The correlation was computed using the formula:


Where: r = correlation

x = deviation of variable 1 (x)

y = deviation of variable 2 (y)

The results were interpreted based on the value of r through the

interpretations presented below.

Pearson r Interpretation

R Verbal Interpretation

± 1.00 Perfect Positive / Perfect Negative Correlation

± 0.76 - ± 0.99 Very High Positive / Negative Correlation

± 0.51 - ± 0.75 High Positive / Negative Correlation

± 0.26 - ±0.50 Moderately Small Positive / Negative Correlation

± 0.01 - ±0.25 Very Small Positive / Negative Correlation

0.00 No Correlation

The significance of the correlation coefficient could be tested using the

table of critical values of Pearson r. The computed “r” is compared with the

tabulated value with degree of freedom, df = n – 2 and at a specified level of

significance. If the computed r is equal to or greater than the tabular r, then there

is a significant correlation.


Testing the significance of the correlation coefficient;

Where: t = test

r = correlation

n – 2 = degree of freedom t the level of significance using two-tailed test

For every comparative analysis done, a computed t value (tc) was

generated and subsequently compared from the table of critical values of the t

distribution given the degree of freedom.


Bibliography

http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0720.pdf

http://www.msc.edu.ph/cabuyao/physical.html

Community fisheries management - The Fish Project

www.greenpeace.org/seaasia/phWhat-we-do/Toxics/Water-Patrol/The-problem/

Laguna-Lake/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exchange_theory

http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/reciprocity_norm.htm

http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/wp/pidswp9017.pdf

http://innri.unuftp.is/pdf/Philippine%20Fisheries.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_assessment

http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/1611445224926/gensan-receives-p80m-

agricultural-projects

www.saulibrary.edu.bd/daatj/public/index.../BAU200401_03-aec_5.pdf

http://innri.unuftp.is/pdf/Philippine%20Fisheries.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exchange_theory

http://www.greenpeace.org/seaasia/phWhat-we-do/Toxics/Water-Patrol/The-problem/Laguna-Lake/

http://www.greenpeace.org/seaasia/phWhat-we-do/Toxics/Water-Patrol/The-problem/Laguna-Lake/

http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0720.pdf

Documents

The Effectiveness of City Government Fishery Projects to Livelihood of Fishermen in Selected Areas in City of Cabuyao, Laguna