The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Terminalia Catappa

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5JSRD - I nternational Journal for Scientifi c Research & Development| Vol. 1, I ssue 5, 2013 | ISSN (onli ne): 2321-0613

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Abstract — Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of

coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia

catappa.

Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with

three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The

experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment

combinations replicated four times and laid out in a

completely randomized design. The results showed that root

cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots,

number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with

the longest roots (P<0.05) at 14 weeks after planting.Although cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk produced

more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings

and rooted cuttings with the longest roots, their results were

not significantly better (P>0.05) than those treated with 50%and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction

(P<0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk

concentration on the number of cuttings with roots, number

of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the

longest roots. Stem cuttings produced significantly more

leaves (P<0.05) at 14 weeks after planting.Conclusion and recommendation: There was a significant

interaction (P<0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk

concentration on the number of leaves produced. It wasrecommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut

milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of

the species

Key words: Coconut milk, cuttings, rooting, propagation

I. I NTRODUCTION

The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization

(FAO) estimated that 94 million hectares of global forest

were lost during the last decade of the 20th Century (FAO,

2005). Seedlings are the most widely used reforestation

stock material. However, it may not be possible to get a

desirable character from a plant produced from seed(Hartman et al, 2002).Vegetative propagation is a means by

which genetically identical plants are produced year after

year so that successful varieties are maintained (Fennessy et

al, 2000). Plants spread quickly by this means of vegetative

propagation (Fennessy et al, 2000). Allan and Greenwood,

(2001) said that a large number of flowering plants are able

to reproduce asexually by vegetative propagation

consequently, it provides a more effective means of

achieving genetic improvement (Husen and Pal, 2006).

Vegetative propagation through cuttings involves the use of

any detached plant part, which, under favorable conditions

will lead to the regeneration of new plants identical to the

parent plant. Cuttings are an important means of startingnew plants (David and James, 1998). In spite of the

advantages cuttings and other vegetative propagates have,

the suitability of a particular stock/ cutting type for

propagation depends on its potential for growth and survivalin the environment where it is out-planted; this is a measure

of propagation success (Ritchie G.A, 1984, Reilly, 2002).

They comparison of the regeneration potential of cuttings

and seedlings has been made possible by traits common to

both materials. According to (Morin and Gagnon, 1992)

most studies that compare the potential for growth andsurvival of seedlings and cuttings have drawn conclusions

based on either morphological or physiological

measurements.Terminalia catappa L is an averagely large tree that belongs

to the family combretaceae (Walter et al, 1999).It been

introduced and naturalized in the tropics. This tree species

propagated from seed. Propagation by seed however, gives

rise to variation with intermediate form in various characters

such as fruit size, color and shape. Its kernels (nuts) are

easily damage during extraction. The fruit and nut start to

mould within a period of 1-2 days at ambient temperatures

(Evans, 1999).The demand for forest products such as fruits,

timber, tannins, medicinal plants etc. has increased

considerably in the last couple of decades. There is therefore

a need to improve the early growth of Terminalia catappa at

the nursery stage to facilitate mass production of the speciesand increase its availability for the production of fruits, nuts,timber, ornamental and recreation purposes. The trial was

undertaken to (i) To determine the effect of coconut milk on

the vegetative propagation of cuttings of Terminalia catappa

and (ii) To determine the most suitable cutting type in the

vegetative propagation of the tree species.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The trial was carried out in the nursery of the FederalCollege of Forestry, Jos (Latitude 09

o51’N, Longitude

08o53’E at an altitude of 1158m above sea level) between

February and June 2007.Stem and root cuttings were

collected from a 12-year old tree of Terminalia catappa.Each of the stem and root cuttings were treated with three

concentrations of coconut milk 0%, 50% (50cl coconut milk+ 50cl water) and 100%. The treated cuttings were then

immersed in a fungicide (Ridomil), set in polythene bags

containing sterilized river sand, and watered twice daily.

Sprouting cuttings treated with insecticide (Rambo) to

control insect attack.

The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set (two cutting types x

three coconut milk concentrations) i.e. six treatment

combinations replicated four times and laid out in a

completely randomized design. Each treatment combination

had four cuttings, replicated 4 times. After 14 weeks, the

following parameters assessed; presence of leaves, numberof rooted cuttings, and number of roots on rooted cuttings

The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of

Cutting of Terminalia Catappa

Shidiki A.A. M.E. Akalusi Jatau D.F

1,2,3Federal College of Forestry Jos, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria P.M.B 2015 Jos.



The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Terminalia Catappa (IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/035)


and the length of the longest root on rooted cuttings. The

treatments compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

III. R ESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Cutting type

COCONUTMILKCONCENTRATI

ON (%)

STEMCUTTIN

G

ROOTCUTTIN

G

MEA

N

LSD0.0

5

O 0.2 2.3 1.3

50 0.9 3.4 2.1 0.9

100 0.6 5.2 2.9

LSD0.05

interaction= 0.7

Mean 0.6 3.6

LSD0.05 = 1.1

Table 1: Effects of coconut milk concentration and cutting

type on the number of rooted cuttings of Terminalia catappa

after 14 weeks

Cutting type


ON (%)

STEMCUTTIN

G

ROOTCUTTIN

G

MEA

N

LSD0.0

5

O 0.5 6.4 3.6

50 1.6 9.3 5.5 4.2

100 0.7 11.6 6.1

LSD0.05

interaction= 2.9

Mean 0.9 9.1

LSD0.05 = 5.1


type on the number of roots on rooted cuttings of Terminalia

catappa after 14 weeks

Cutting type

COCONUTMILK

CONCENTRATION (%)

STEM

CUTTING

ROOT

CUTTING

MEA N

LSD0.0

5

O 0.7 6.2 3.7

50 1.6 8.3 5.0 3.1

100 1.2 10.4 5.6

LSD0.05

interaction= 2.9

Mean 1.7 8.3

LSD0.05 = 3.7


type on the length of the longest root on rooted cuttings of

Terminalia catappa after 14 weeks

Cutting type


ON (%)

STEMCUTTIN

G

ROOTCUTTIN

G

MEA N

LSD0.0

5

O 1.4 0.0 0.7

50 3.6 0.0 1.8 1.6

100 2.3 0.0 1.2

LSD0.05 interaction= 1.1

Mean 2.4 0.0

LSD0.05 = 2.0


type on the number of leaves on sprouted cuttings of

Terminalia catappa after 14 weeks

The results in Tables 1, 2 and 3 show that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of

roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest

roots (P<0.05) than stem cuttings, at 14 weeks after planting. According to Ifenkwe and Akalusi 2004 the

presence of terminal buds, resulting in higher concentrations

of phyto-hormones (auxin-like substances) in the apical

meristem of stem cuttings; that are not present in root

cuttings caused the stem cuttings to utilize most of their

reserves in shoot development (Table 4) which isdetrimental to root formation. The effectiveness of the

cutting type is necessary for optimal production of roots.

High levels of amino acids are produce at the root base of

plants for root cuttings (Hartman et al , 2002). The results

revealed that the number of rooted cuttings and number of

roots on rooted cuttings. The length of the longest roots on

rooted cuttings increased as coconut milk concentration

increased. The reasons might be due to plant higher

hormone concentrations that had favored root initiation,

formation and elongation. (Davis and Joiner, 1980; Ladipo,

1989; Ifenkwe and Akalusi, 2004).Although cuttings treatedwith 100% coconut milk produced the most rooted cuttings,

number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings withthe longest roots (Tables 1, 2 and 3) the results were not

significantly better (P >0.05) than those treated with 50%

and 0% coconut milk. There was however a significant

interaction (P<0.05) between cutting type and coconut milkconcentration in the number of rooted cuttings, number of

roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest

roots.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the results obtained from this study, it`s concluded

that Terminalia catappa can be propagated from root

cuttings using phyto-hormones. We also recommend that

vegetative propagation programs should use root cuttingstreated with 100% coconut milk for an optimum results.

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The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Terminalia Catappa (IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/035)


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A NNEXES

PLATE I: ROOTED ROOT CUTTING OF TerminaliaCatappa TREATED WITH 0% COCONUT MILK

14 WEEKS AFTE PLANTING

PLATE II: ROOTED ROOT CUTTING OF TerminaliaCatappa TREATED WITH 50% COCONUT

MILK 14 WEEKS AFTER PLANTING

PLATE III: ROOTED ROOT CUTTING OF Terminalia

Catappa TREATED WITH 100% COCONUT MILK 14

WEEKS AFTER PLANTING

PLATE IV: ROOTED STEM CUTTING OF Terminalia

Catappa TREATED WITH 50% COCONUT

MILK 14 WEEKS AFTER PLANTING

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The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Terminalia Catappa