1
The effects of fire on presettlement and present day forest composition in the Lake States Caitlin E. Bergstrom 1 , Jessica R. Miesel 2,3 , P. Charles Goebel 2,3 , and David J. Mladenoff 1 1 Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of WisconsinMadison, 2 Lake States Fire Science Consortium, and 3 Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University Introduction I performed a comprehensive literature review to investigate the effects of fire on forest composition and tree species frequency from preto postsettlement in Lake States forests. I studied changes in frequency of jack pine (P. banksiana), red pine (P. resinosa), white pine (P. strobus), red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Q.alba), aspen (Populus spp.), and maple (Acer spp.). I recorded the number of forests where frequency of each tree species increased or decreased and performed a chisquare analysis to determine if the difference between categories was statistically significant. 15 study sites were found from 12 different articles Funding was provided by the Joint Fire Science Program Effects on tree species and dominance Suppression of fire has created conditions difficult for pine to regenerate. A lack of pine has allowed for other hardwood species to become increasingly dominant, most notably in this study maple and aspen. Oak has also increased in frequency in pine forests. While both oak and pine prefer the soil conditions fire provides for seedling regeneration, the seeds of each species react very differently to fire. Jack pine cones need intense heat to open, while oak acorns are very moist and do not survive the heat of fire. Without fire, oak can safely sprout with lack of competition from jack pine (Tirmenstien, 1996). Changes in forest composition may change food sources or habitat for wildlife. Management suggestions To eliminate aspen in jack pine forests where aspen has rapidly increased in dominance, Leadbitter (2002) suggests clearcuts of aspen stands to allow jack pine to better regenerate. Prescribed fire may help decrease frequency of less fire adapted species and restore forests to their presettlement condition. Working directly with Native American populations can increase understanding of indigenous fire management techniques and help restore the forests to presettlement conditions (Miller et al, 2010) Future research Focus on the change in frequency in other conifer species such as cedar and hemlock could still be further investigated. Full implications of the effect forest composition change has on wildlife, such as dispersion patterns, are yet unknown. Expanding knowledge on the impact that fire suppression has had on soil composition and nutrition could also be beneficial. Identifying gaps in current information to develop a greater understanding of the complexity of Lake States forest ecosystems is key to restoring and preserving our forests. 6 3 1 2 1 2 Pine Jack Pine White Pine Cedar Hemlock Maple 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 Pine Jack Pine Red Pine Hemlock Cedar Birch Aspen Maple Ahlgren, C.E., Ahlgren, I.F., 1984. The human impact on northern forest ecosystems In S.L. Flader (ed) The great lakes forest, The University of Minnesota Press & the Forest History Society, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA. Leadbitter, P., D. Euler, and B. Naylor. 2002. A comparison of historical and current forest cover in selected areas of the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Forest of central Ontario. For. Chron. 78:522529. Miller, A. M., I. J. DavidsonHunt, and P. Peters. 2010. Talking about fire: Pikangikum First Nation elders guiding fire management. Canadian Journal of Forest ResearchRevue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere. 40:22902301. Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer saccharum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2012, May 2]. A jack pine cone An aspen forest Red maple Results Discussion Author, year State or province Description of historic disturbance Historic fire interval Change in fire regime postsettlement Hist. dom species Curr. Dom. species Individual tree species O RO WO P JP WP RP A M Nowacki &Abrams, 2008 MI, MN, WI fire regime change infrequentfrequent suppressed burning, introduction of agriculture P, O A, B + Palik & Pregitzer, 1992 MI fire proliferation after deforestation ‐‐‐ suppressed burning H A + + + + Palik & Pregitzer, 1992 MI fire proliferation after deforestation 112227 yrs ‐‐‐ JP A + + + + Leahy & Pregitzer, 2003 MI logging, fire control, tree planting 200 yrs suppressed burning JP JP + + Stearns & Likens, 2002 MN, WI suppression of fire ‐‐‐ suppressed burning WP RP + + + + + Radeloff, 1999 WI suppression of fire ‐‐‐ suppressed burning JP JP + + + Pinto, 2008 ON industrial land use ‐‐‐ suppressed burning, logging P M + + + + + + Leadbitter, 2002 ON selective logging, suppression of fire ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ M M + VanDeelen, 1996 MI logging, wildlife management ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ C C, A + + Jackson et al, 2000 ON suppression of fire ‐‐‐ suppressed burning P B + + + Jackson et al, 2000 ON suppression of fire ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ M M + + + Suffling et al, 2003 ON logging and slash fires 26 yrs suppressed burning P H + + Suffling et al, 2003 ON logging and slash fires 26 yrs ‐‐‐ C H + + Whitney, 1987 MI fire proliferation after deforestation 172342 yrs ‐‐‐ P P + + + + + Whitney, 1987 MI fire proliferation after deforestation 172342 yrs ‐‐‐ P P + + + + + Fig. 3. Presettlement species dominance Fig. 4 Postsettlement species dominance 7 6 1 1 1 10 9 0 1 6 6 6 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 red oak white oak jack pine white pine red pine maple aspen # of Observations Tree Species # increase # decrease 10 9 2 10 2 1 13 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 maple aspen pine oak # of Observations Tree Species # increase # decrease European settlement had an enormous effect on forests in the Lake States. Suppression of both wild fires and fires used by Native Americans to manage the land, coupled with deforestation has drastically altered forest compositions (Miller et al., 2010). Tree species like pine need fire or fire conditions for seeds to properly germinate (Ahlgren & Ahlgren, 1984). Without fire, regeneration of pine is negatively affected. The purpose of this study was to compare how the frequencies of certain tree species have changed from preto postsettlement. I also investigated how dominance has changed in these forests following the suppression of fire. More studies reported an increase in frequency of red oak, maple, and aspen than decrease in frequency. More studies reported an increase in oak, maple, and aspen species groups. References Table 1. Comparison of historically and currently dominant tree species in Lake States forests and changes in frequency of individual tree species from presettlement to postsettlement periods. Red oak White pine forest Red pine White oak * * * * * * * More studies reported a decrease in pine species groups. There was no difference between the number of studies where frequency of white oak, jack pine, white pine, and red pine increased or decreased (p >.05) Fig. 1. Number of observations of increased or decreased tree species frequency Fig. 2. Number of observations of increased or decreased tree species group frequency Methods

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Page 1: The effects of fire on pre settlement and present day ...lakestatesfiresci.net/docs/Bergstrom_IPposter_Spring2012.pdf · The effects of fire on pre‐settlement and present day forest

The effects of fire on pre‐settlement and present day forest composition in the Lake StatesCaitlin E. Bergstrom1, Jessica R. Miesel2,3, P. Charles Goebel2,3, and David J. Mladenoff1

1Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, 2Lake States Fire Science Consortium, and 3Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University

Introduction

• I performed a comprehensive literature review to investigate the effects of fire on forest composition and tree species frequency from pre‐ to post‐settlement in Lake States forests. 

• I studied changes in frequency of jack pine (P. banksiana), red pine (P. resinosa), white pine (P. strobus), red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Q.alba), aspen (Populus spp.), and maple (Acer spp.).  

• I recorded the number of forests where frequency of each tree species increased or decreased and performed a chi‐square analysis to determine if the difference between categories was statistically significant. 

• 15 study sites were found from 12 different articles 

Funding was provided by the Joint Fire Science Program

Effects on tree species and dominance• Suppression of fire has created conditions difficult for pine to 

regenerate.• A lack of pine has allowed for other hardwood species to become 

increasingly dominant, most notably in this study maple and aspen. • Oak has also increased in frequency in pine forests. While both oak 

and pine prefer the soil conditions fire provides for seedling regeneration, the seeds of each species react very differently to fire. Jack pine cones need intense heat to open, while oak acorns are very moist and do not survive the heat of fire. 

• Without fire, oak can safely sprout with lack of competition from jack pine (Tirmenstien, 1996).

• Changes in forest composition may change food sources or habitat for wildlife.

Management suggestions• To eliminate aspen in jack pine forests where aspen has rapidly 

increased in dominance, Leadbitter (2002) suggests clear‐cuts of aspen stands to allow jack pine to better regenerate.

• Prescribed fire may help decrease frequency of less fire adapted species and restore forests to their pre‐settlement condition.

• Working directly with Native American populations can increase understanding of indigenous fire management techniques and help restore the forests to pre‐settlement conditions (Miller et al, 2010)

Future research• Focus on the change in frequency in other conifer species such as 

cedar and hemlock could still be further investigated. • Full implications of the effect forest composition change has on 

wildlife, such as dispersion patterns, are yet unknown.• Expanding knowledge on the impact that fire suppression has had 

on soil composition and nutrition could also be beneficial.• Identifying gaps in current information to develop a greater 

understanding of the complexity of Lake States forest ecosystems is key to restoring and preserving our forests. 

6

3

1

2

1

2 Pine

Jack Pine

White Pine

Cedar

Hemlock

Maple

2

2

1

2

11

3

3 Pine

Jack Pine

Red Pine

Hemlock

Cedar

Birch

Aspen

Maple

Ahlgren, C.E., Ahlgren, I.F., 1984. The human impact on northern forest ecosystems In S.L. Flader (ed) The great lakes forest, The University of Minnesota Press & the Forest History Society, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA.Leadbitter, P., D. Euler, and B. Naylor. 2002. A comparison of historical and current forest cover in selected areas of the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Forest of central Ontario. For. Chron. 78:522‐529. Miller, A. M., I. J. Davidson‐Hunt, and P. Peters. 2010. Talking about fire: Pikangikum First Nation elders guiding fire management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research‐Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere. 40:2290‐2301. Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Acer saccharum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2012, May 2].

A jack pine cone

An aspen forestRed maple

Results Discussion

Author, year

State or province

Description of historic disturbance  

Historic fire interval

Change in fire regime post‐settlement 

Hist. domspecies

Curr. Dom. species

Individual tree species

O RO WO P JP WP RP A MNowacki&Abrams, 2008

MI, MN, WI fire regime change

infrequent‐frequent

suppressed burning, introduction of agriculture P, O A, B ‐ + ‐

Palik & Pregitzer, 1992 MI 

fire proliferation after deforestation  ‐‐‐ suppressed burning H A + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + +

Palik & Pregitzer, 1992 MI

fire proliferation after deforestation  112‐227 yrs ‐‐‐ JP A + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + +

Leahy & Pregitzer, 2003 MI

logging, fire control, tree planting 200 yrs suppressed burning JP JP + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Stearns & Likens, 2002 MN, WI suppression of fire ‐‐‐ suppressed burning WP RP + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + +

Radeloff, 1999 WI  suppression of fire ‐‐‐ suppressed burning JP JP + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ +

Pinto, 2008 ON industrial land use ‐‐‐suppressed burning, 

logging P M + + + + + ‐ +Leadbitter, 

2002 ONselective logging, suppression 

of fire ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ M M ‐ ‐ +VanDeelen, 

1996 MI logging, wildlife management ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ C C, A ‐ + +Jackson et al, 2000 ON  suppression of fire ‐‐‐ suppressed burning P B + + ‐ +Jackson et al, 2000 ON suppression of fire ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ M M + + ‐ +Suffling et al, 2003 ON logging and slash fires 26 yrs suppressed burning P H + +Suffling et al, 2003 ON logging and slash fires 26 yrs ‐‐‐ C H ‐ ‐ + +Whitney, 1987 MI 

fire proliferation after deforestation  172‐342 yrs ‐‐‐ P P + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + +

Whitney, 1987 MI

fire proliferation after deforestation  172‐342 yrs ‐‐‐ P P + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + +

Fig. 3. Pre‐settlement species dominance Fig. 4 Post‐settlement species dominance

76

1 1 1

109

01

6 6 6

21

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

red oak white oak jack pine white pine red pine maple aspen

# of Observatio

ns

Tree Species

# increase

# decrease

109

2

10

21

13

1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

maple aspen pine oak

# of Observatio

ns

Tree Species

# increase

# decrease

European settlement had an enormous effect on forests in the Lake States. Suppression of both wild fires and fires used by Native Americans to manage the land, coupled with deforestation has drastically altered forest compositions (Miller et al., 2010). Tree species like pine need fire or fire conditions for seeds to properly germinate (Ahlgren & Ahlgren, 1984). Without fire, regeneration of pine is negatively affected. 

The purpose of this study was to compare how the frequencies of certain tree species have changed from pre‐ to post‐settlement. 

I also investigated how dominance has changed in these forests following the suppression of fire.

• More studies reported an increase in frequency of red oak, maple, and aspen than decrease in frequency.

• More studies reported an increase in oak, maple, and aspen species groups.  

References

Table 1. Comparison of historically and currently dominant tree species in Lake States forests and changes in frequency of individual tree species from pre‐settlement to post‐settlement periods. 

Red oak

White pine forest

Red pineWhite oak

*

**

**

**

• More studies reported a decrease in pine species groups.

• There was no difference between the number of studies where frequency of white oak, jack pine, white pine, and red pine increased or decreased  (p >.05) 

Fig. 1. Number of observations of increased or decreasedtree species frequency 

Fig. 2. Number of observations of increased or decreased tree species group frequency 

Methods