The Electric Grid Technology of Energy Seminar Series Matthew
Glazer January 2015 [email protected] I am a Ph.D. student
in Materials Science and Engineering, My current research focuses
on Li-ion Batteries, and I have prior research experience studying
Nuclear Materials
Slide 2
What is Electricity? Electricity is analogous to the movement
of water. water Voltage = Current X Resistance Power = Voltage X
Current 1 kW = One Microwave Oven running 30 kWh = Levelized energy
consumption of average US home for one day 2
Slide 3
Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC) AC has one or more
frequencies or phases In AC, current and voltage not always
synchronized DC 3 AC
Slide 4
Apparent and Reactive Power (AC ONLY) 4
Slide 5
AC vs. DC Edison vs. Tesla: When to use AC: Multiple volumes of
power transmission from generation to load When to use DC: Single
volume of power transmission, especially over long distances (HVDC)
5
Slide 6
AC vs. DC Edison vs. Tesla: When to use AC: Multiple types of
electrical machines (e.g. industrial motors) When to use DC:
Electronics (e.g. Server Farms) 6
Slide 7
AC vs. DC Edison vs. Tesla: When to use AC: Synchronized
interconnected networks When to use DC: Linking AC grids 7
Commercial Residential Industrial
Slide 8
How Electricity is Delivered on the Grid Power Dissipated (7%,
Lost as Heat) = Current 2 X Resistance (P=I 2 R) Power Delivered =
Voltage X Current (P=VI) 8
Slide 9
US Grid Energy Mix (2012) Capacity (MW)Generated Energy (GWh)
9
Islanding and Microgrids Grids must be able to form islands in
the event of a major problem Microgrids can generate power locally
that can be sold or provide electricity during a blackout Image:
Northeast 2003 Blackout, A tree electrically connects with a 345 kV
line here 13
Slide 14
Reliability and Power Quality How does the power company know
how much to produce? Electrical Power cannot easily be stored in
large quantities, yet The load must be balanced across a grid
14
Slide 15
Renewable Generation Intermittency Wind, Solar and hydropower
generation depend on environmental conditions Grid must be able to
dispatch storage or generation quickly to accommodate sudden
changes Conventional power generation has a ramp- up time before
reaching maximum generation 15
Slide 16
Distributed Generation Renewables and Co-Generation Decreases
Transmission Losses Potential Increased Local Power Quality and
Resiliency 16
Slide 17
DG 2012 Statistics 17
Slide 18
Case Study: Smart Grid 18
Slide 19
Case Study: Smart Grid Efficient Building Systems Utility
Communications Dynamic Systems Control Data Management Distribution
Operations Distributed Generation & Storage Plug-In Hybrids
Smart End-Use Devices Advanced Metering Consumer Portal &
Building EMS Internet Renewables PV Control Interface 19
Slide 20
Basic Concepts Overlay electric grid with networking technology
Price and Availability of Electricity linked to Usage Two-Way
Communication 20
Slide 21
Advantages for Power Companies Enables rapid and automated
incident response Makes frequency regulation easier and increases
grid stability and power quality Load Leveling 21
Slide 22
Advantages to End-Users Distributed Generation more
cost-effective, can sell back to the grid May decrease cost of
electricity for consumers Enables the smart, programmable operation
of important systems or appliances 22
Slide 23
Challenges New infrastructure to communicate in both directions
required Electricity prices less transparent for consumer,
adjustment from fixed price to real- time pricing Security concerns
Behavioral Changes and Data Management Required 23
Slide 24
Smart Meters and Smart Machines Smart appliances networked and
programmed into grid demand Power companies can directly modulate
load balance and demand Many communication methods, not all require
new infrastructure 24
Slide 25
Smart Appliances 25
Slide 26
Phasor Measurement Units (AKA PMUs or Synchrophasors) Measure
Power Quality with a time stamp and GPS coordinates Located at
Generation and Distribution substations Enable greater automation
and intermittent resources CC DD 26
Slide 27
SPECIAL THANKS TO SCOTT BAKER AND PJM INTERCONNECTION FOR
ASSISTANCE IN PREPARING THIS SEMINAR! 27
Slide 28
Questions? 28
Slide 29
Fleet-wide Capacity Factors 29
Slide 30
US Electricity Imports/Exports 30
Slide 31
Conversion Equipment and Substations Transformers act to step
voltage up or down Circuit breakers and phase shifting transformers
moderate power quality and act as barriers for islanding Data
currently collected here to monitor power usage and dispatch
resources Design and placement enable redundancy to ensure
reliability 31
Slide 32
Current Deployments Enel (Genoa, Italy), completed 2005,
metering co. vertically integrated deployment Austin Energy
(Austin, TX), since 2003, 100% Smart Meter penetration, 90MW load-
shedding, smart grid community Hydro One (Ontario, Canada), +1.3
million smart meters deployed, 80% have time of use pricing 32
Slide 33
Smart Metering Growth 33
Slide 34
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Slide 35
What is Electricity? Electrons present in a conductor move, on
average, in response to a potential energy difference (Voltage).
The total flow rate of electrons (or Charge) through a conductor in
any one direction is referred to as the Current of electrons
travelling in that direction (amount of charge per second).
Resistance limits the amount of current that can travel down an
applied voltage. Units: Voltage = Volts (V), Current = Amperes (A),
Resistance = Ohms (), Power = Watts (W), Charge = Coulombs (C)
35
Slide 36
Basic Circuit Rules Voltage = Current X Resistance (V=IR) Power
Delivered = Voltage X Current (P = VI) Power Dissipated (Heat) =
Current 2 X Resistance (P=I 2 R) Resistance = Resistivity * Length
/ Area Charge, Power and Energy Conserved in any system! 36
Slide 37
Edison vs. Tesla: When is AC Better? Advantages of AC
Conversion Equipment (Generators, Transformers, etc.) Simpler,
Cheaper and more efficient Analog or Timing Signals Ubiquity
Disadvantages of AC Greater Transmission Line Losses over DC
Reactive Power Losses Skin Effect 37
Slide 38
Edison vs. Tesla: When is DC Better? Advantages of DC All
Electronic Circuits powered by DC No Reactive Losses Greater
Transmission efficiency Disadvantages of DC Voltage fluctuates
based on demand Motors and Generators Typically less powerful and
efficient Stepping Voltage much more difficult 38
Slide 39
High Voltage DC Transmission When benefits behind lower line
losses outweigh efficiency shortfalls in voltage stepping (Long
distances) Undersea cables (no reactive losses) Connecting
unsynchronized grids HVDC line linking Pacific NW Hydroelectric
Power and L.A. 39
