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THE ELECTROGRAVITATIONAL THEORY
PART ΙΙΙ
THE ETHEROSPHERE OF CELESTIAL BODIES
Cristos A. Tsolkas
As discussed earlier (See Electrogravitational Theory Part I), the free positive and
negative electrins in the universe constitute the Ether, i.e. the “dark matter”, as it is
commonly termed today.
Ether is matter’s fifth state (solids, fluids, gases, plasma, Ether).
In addition, as it is known, according to the Electrogravitational Theory:
a. Electrins (positive and negative) are of an electric nature, and
b. Electricity exhibits properties of attraction and inertia.
As a consequence), the free positive and negative electrins in the universe (i.e. Ether)
are attracted by various celestial bodies, thus, forming around them an
“Etherosphere”, Fig. 1, (as occurs, for example, with the air’s molecules making up
the atmosphere around the Earth).
fig. 1
Therefore, according to the postulates of the Electrogravitational Theory, a free
(positive or negative) electrin oq± of Ether is always attracted by a celestial body by
a force F, namely:
(1)
where Μο is the celestial body’s pure mass, r is the distance of the electrin oq± from
the celestial body’s center of mass, qo is the absolute value of the electric charge of
the positive or negative electrin (qo > 0), and oτ is the electrogravitational constant of
2
oo
r
qMF
⋅= τ
electricity, which is calculated by conducting the Cavendish experiment, (See
Electrogravitational Theory, Part ΙΙ).
We will hereafter refer to Relation (1) as the “basic relation of the Etheropshere
of celestial bodies”.
PROPERTIES OF THE ETHEROSPHERE OF CELESTIAL BODIES
According to basic relation (1), the Etherospheres of celestial bodies have the
following properties:
PROPERTIES
1. The Etherosphere of celestial bodies is denser when close to their surface and
becomes thinner when moving away to a greater height.
2. Moreover, relation (1) shows that the greater the mass of the celestial body, the
denser its Etherosphere.
Thus, the Earth’s Etherosphere, for instance, is less dense than the Etherosphere of the
Sun or of a white dwarf or a black hole.
3. The Etherosphere of every celestial body is inseparably linked with the celestial
body and follows this body’s course in the universe.
4. The free positive and negative electrins of the universe which do not form part
of the Etherospheres of celestial bodies will be hereafter referred to as “Free Ether”
of the universe.
Therefore, the entire universe is full of “Free Ether”.
5. Ether is the ideal “electric fluid” and as a result, all celestial bodies and their
Etherosphere meet infinitesimal resistance when moving in the “Free Ether” of the
universe.
6. The boundaries between the Etheropshere of celestial bodies and “Free Ether” are
not clearly marked.
As a result of this, at the farthest boundaries, at the point where the Etherosphere ends
and the “Free Ether” of the universe begins, there exists a zone wherein prevails a
turbulent movement both of the electrins of the celestial bodies’ Etherosphere and of
the electrins of the universe’s “Free Ether”.
This zone will be referred to as “turbulent zone” of the Etherosphere of celestial
bodies.
7.Assuming that ρο is the density of the Etherosphere of a celestial body on its
surface, then density, ρ at a height h from its surface will be ρ < ρο and is obtained by
the following relation:
(2)kh
ο eρρ−
=
where k is a positive number, whose value is calculated experimentally.
INDICATIONS OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE CELESTIAL BODIES’
ETHEROSPHERE
1. The curvature of light
As mentioned earlier, the various celestial bodies of a very large mass, such as the
Sun, white dwarfs, black holes, etc, are surrounded by a dense Etherosphere.
Additionally, because Ether is the bearer of all electromagnetic waves (and hence of
light also), when a light ray from a star Α, (Fig. 2), enters the Etherosphere of this
celestial body, it meets ever denser layers of the Etherosphere, a fact causing this ray
to curve (i.e. it undergoes a sort of “Etheric refraction”, and an observer Ο sees star Α
in position A′.
fig. 2
Apparently, this very cause accounts for the phenomenon of «gravitational lenses”
which has been observed in the universe.
Conclusion
The phenomenon of curvature of light rays exists in the universe and is
exclusively attributed to the existence of the Etherosphere surrounding celestial
bodies and not to the curvature of space – time as the Theory of Relativity
wrongly asserts.
2. The red-shift phenomenon
According to the Electrogravitational Theory, the speed of light c is not constant in
the universe, yet this speed c, is always a function of density ρ of Ether in which light
is propagated.
More specifically, the greatest the density ρ of Ether, the lower the speed of light.
Let us assume (Fig. 3) that we transmit a beam of rays upwards by means of a
transmitter Α from the surface of the Earth.
fig. 3
In this case, according to the Electrogravitational Theory, the following relation will
apply: ��� �� ⋅= ν (3)
where Cο is the speed of light on the surface of the Earth, νο is the frequency of the
rays γ and λο is their wavelength on the surface of the Earth.
Similarly, at a height h, above the surface of the Earth, we place a receiver Β. In this
case the following relation will apply for the beam of rays γ:
111 λC ⋅= ν (4)
where C1 is the speed light at the height h, ν1 is the frequency of rays γ and λ1 their
wave length, at height h.
Relations (3) and (4) give:
1
ο
1
ο
1
o
λ
λ
C
C⋅=
ν
ν
(5)
1
ο
o
1ο1
λ
λ
c
c⋅= νν
Relation (5) will be referred to as “Fundamental relation” of the red-shift
phenomenon.
In relation (5), as it is known, c1 > co.
Now, if we also measure experimentally the wavelengths λο and λ1, then relation (5)
yields:
ο1 νν <
Conclusion
The red-shift phenomenon exists in nature and is exclusively attributed to the
change in the density of the Etherosphere surrounding celestial bodies.
Consequently, this phenomenon is not due to the equivalence principle as the
General Theory of Relativity erroneously holds.
3. The negative result of the Michelson – Morley experiment
As mentioned above, the Etherosphere of celestial bodies is dragged along with these
bodies during their motion in the universe.
As a result of this, the Michelson – Morley experiment yields indeed a negative result.
However, the negative result of the Michelson – Morley experiment does not imply in
any case that Ether does not exist in nature and that celestial bodies are not
surrounded by their Etherosphere.
On the contrary, the negative result of the Michelson – Morley experiment
confirms, in the way it was conducted, the existence of Ether and of the
Etherosphere around the Earth. For, if we carry out the Michelson – Morley experiment on a vehicle (e.g. a train,
aircraft, satellite, etc) moving at a velocity V relative to the Earth, then it will yield a
positive result.
Obviously, this proves that Ether exists in nature and that the Earth is surrounded by
its Etherosphere.
Note: Experiments such as the above, which are truly interesting, are proposed on
www.tsolkas.gr
THE SPEED OF LIGHT INSIDE MATERIAL BODIES ELECTRIC FIELDS
AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
Let us assume that ρο is the density of the universe’s Ether (i.e. of the “Free Ether”)
away from gravitational, electric and magnetic fields and that c is the speed of light
inside it.
a. The density ρ of Ether inside a material body, e.g. water is:
ρ > ρο (6)
b. The density ρΕ of Ether inside an electric field is:
ρΕ > ρο (7)
c. The density ρΜ of Ether inside a magnetic field is:
ρΜ > ρο (8)
Therefore, for the above three cases:
a. The speed of light c' inside water is:
c' < c (9)
b. The speed of light cE inside an electric field is:
cE < c (10)
γ. The speed of light cΜ inside a magnetic field is:
cΜ < c (11)
The above lead to the following conclusion:
Conclusion
The speed of light inside material bodies, electric and magnetic fields is slower
than the speed of light c (in vacuum) that the Theory of Relativity accepts. The
speed of light is always a function of the density ρ of Ether.
Experimental proof
After everything analyzed above in order to establish that the speed of light c
decreases inside electric or magnetic fields, we will perform the following
experiment:
Experiment
We use the exact same experimental apparatus (Fig. 4) employed in the famous
Michelson – Morley experiment and we carry out the experiment in the following two
phases:
fig. 4
Phase Ι: With the interferometer being motionless and without rotating it, we emit a
monochromatic light from a light source S.
In this case, light and dark interference fringes can be seen inside dioptre D.
Phase II: In this phase, the light ray corresponding to arm OA of the interferometer,
comes into a powerful electric or magnetic field of intensity B. The magnetic field Β
may be constant or alternating.
With the interferometer being motionless and without rotating it, we emit a
monochromatic light from a light source S. In this case, light and dark interference
fringes can be seen again inside dioptre D. Therefore, when we conduct this
experiment in these two phases, we will observe the following:
Inside the dioptre, the light and dark fringes which have been formed during
phase II, have shifted relative to the light and dark fringes formed in phase I of
this experiment.
Apparently, this occurs because the speed of light c' inside the electric or magnetic
field (Fig. 4) is slower than the speed of light c outside these fields (c'< c).
This phenomenon is a further proof of the existence of Ether in nature.
The result of this experiment, i.e. the deceleration of light inside powerful electric
or magnetic fields, has never been recorded to this day by modern Physics.
This is a simple experiment and can be easily conducted in any university or other
laboratory.
Note: Instead of light, the above experiment may be also conducted with microwaves,
by measuring the corresponding times.
Conclusion
The light decelerates inside powerful electric or magnetic fields, that is, the speed
of light c decreases when light moves inside powerful electric or magnetic fields.
Important Remark
According to the EGT and after everything discussed above, we reach the following
conclusions:
1. Under no circumstances is the speed of light c a constant of Nature, as the Special
Theory of Relativity erroneously holds.
The speed of light c is variable and its values depends on a) the density of Ether
wherein the light is propagated and b) The observer (if the latter is at rest or in
motion).
2. There are velocities of particles in the universe greater than the speed of light c.
VELOCITY OF PARTICLES INSIDE ELECTRIC OR
MAGNETIC FIELDS
Let us assume that (Fig. 5) there is a source of fast neutrons S and a very powerful
field of intensity Β.
fig.5
Α. According to classical Physics:
a. When the magnetic field Β does not exist (Β = 0), a neutron will cover a
length L at a time t1, i.e.
1
1V
Lt = (12)
where V1 is the velocity of the neutron (V1 = constant).
b. When the magnetic field Β exists (Β > 0), the neutron will cover length L at
the same time t1, according to relation (12).
Β. According to the EGT.
In this case, when the magnetic field Β exists (Β > 0) and is very powerful, the density
of Ether ρ inside it is great, since density of Ether ρ is proportional to intensity B.
As a result, the fast moving neutron meets great resistance FR from the dense Ether
that exists inside the magnetic field and its velocity decreases from V1 to V2, (V2 <
V1).
Therefore, the time t2 that the neutron takes to cover length L will be:
2
2V
Lt = (13)
and because V2 < V1, relations (12) and (13) yield:
t2 > t1 (14)
if ∆t = t2 – t1 (15)
then, relations (14) and (15) give:
(16)
We will refer to this phenomenon, i.e. the time difference ∆t > 0 given by relation
(16), as “time hysteresis”. Under the Theory of Relativity, this phenomenon is
wrongly interpreted, in that the rest mass mo of a body increases with its velocity.
Obviously the Theory of Relativity ignores the resistance FR displayed by the
“dense” Ether which exists inside powerful magnetic or electric fields, e.g.
accelerators, and which causes the deceleration of particles that accelerate inside
such fields.
The phenomenon of time hysteresis is observed to a great extent in accelerators where
the intensity of electric and magnetic fields is particularly great and the velocities of
the accelerating particles are very high.
Therefore, during the particles’ motion inside accelerators, if one takes into account
the resistance FR of Ether to these moving particles, it is instantly proven that the mass
does not increase at all in relation to speed, as the Theory of Relativity erroneously
holds through the following formula:
2
2
o
c
v1
mm
−
=
This is another error of the Special Theory of Relativity.
Conclusion
A particle moving at a very high speed inside powerful electric or magnetic fields
(e.g. inside an accelerator) undergoes, during its motion, a resistance FR, which is
attributed to the great density of Ether that exists inside the accelerator’s electric
and magnetic fields.
Apparently, the greater the intensity of the electric or magnetic fields, the
greater the density of Ether existing inside these fields.
∆t > 0
VARIOUS OTHER PHENOMENA
The Casimir Effect
According to the EGT, the Casimir effect is due to the existence of Ether’s positive
and negative electrins found between the plates of this experimental device and which
interact with electric forces, the positive and negative electrins of these plates.
ELECTROGRAVITATIONAL WAVES
According to the EGT, all radiations existing in nature are divided in two categories
only:
a. Electromagnetic radiations (electromagnetic waves), and
b. Gravitational radiations (gravitational waves)
Other kinds of radiation, except those defined under (a) and (b) above, do not exist in
nature.
MAXWELL’S ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
As it is well known, electromagnetic waves are satisfactorily interpreted by
Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory.
Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory is accurate but not complete, for it does not
take into consideration the material composition and the properties of Ether
wherein electromagnetic waves are propagated.
Thus, Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory fails for instance to answer the following
basic question:
What is a displacement current and what causes it?
According to the EGT, the answer to this question is the following:
The displacement current is exclusively due to the electric current generated by
Ether’s free electrins (positive and negative) that are in motion between the
plates of the condenser in the commonly found electrical circuit producing
electromagnetic waves.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
As it is well-known, the following relation applies for electromagnetic waves:
λc ⋅=ν (17)
where c is the speed of light and v, λ are their frequency and wavelength respectively.
Finally, electromagnetic waves are transverse waves and have the properties of the
latter.
THE PHOTON
According to the EGT, the photon is not a particle moving in space at a speed c and
having wave-particle properties, as modern Physics holds.
Definition: The photon is made up of a very large number of Ether’s positive and
negative electrins, which vibrate as a result of the action of an electric charge �±
inside a period Τ, when the electric charge q± performs e.g. a harmonic oscillation at
a frequency ν and with oscillation width a.
a. The photon’s particle properties (the Compton effect) are the particle properties of
positive and negative electrins making up the photon.
b. The photon’s wave properties are the wave properties of Ether.
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
Let us assume that there is a Newtonian mass mu:
qqmm ou −+++= (18)
where q = q'.
This Newtonian mass mu is e.g. a small sphere of copper of radius r = 10 cm.
As it is commonly known, this Newtonian mass mu is electrically neutral.
Let us also assume that this sphere of copper (Fig. 6) performs e.g. a harmonic
oscillation at a frequency ν and with oscillation width a.
fig. 6
In this case, according to classical Physics, this sphere of copper does not emit any
radiation out in its surrounding space.
On the contrary, however, under the EGT, this sphere of copper emits out in its
surrounding space gravitational radiation in the form of gravitational waves.
This phenomenon is interpreted as follows:
According to the EGT, pure mass mο of copper (Relation 18) consists of gravitons.
These gravitons attract the positive and negative electrins of Ether by
electrogravitational forces.
Consequently, when the sphere of copper performs a harmonic oscillation by
attracting the Ether’s positive and negative electrins, it brings about a periodic
disturbance to these electrins which results in the emission of gravitational
radiation in the form of gravitational waves.
Gravitational waves (as opposed to electromagnetic ones) are transverse waves for
which the following relation applies:�� ⋅=ν (19)
where c is the speed of light and v, λ are their frequency and wavelength respectively.
In other words, gravitational waves move at the speed of light c inside a homogeneous
Ether.
At this point, it should be stressed that the gravitational mass mο of copper will be
referred to as gravitational charge to which the above gravitational waves are due.
Apparently, the greater the gravitational charge mο, the greater the intensity EG of
gravitational waves.
Thus, gravitational waves (just like electromagnetic ones) curve when passing
through the Etherosphere of a celestial body of a very large mass, e.g. a white dwarf, a
black hole, etc.
Finally, gravitational waves exist in the universe and are formed at a large scale when
great gravitational charges mο exist, moving at high speeds, such as in supernova
explosions or star collapsing occurring in the universe.
Example: As it is well known, 1 cm3 from the mass of a white dwarf weighs about
150 tn.
If we take, for instance, 1 m3
from the mass of a white dwarf (which is obviously
electrically neutral) and we cause it to oscillate at a frequency v e.g. v = 104 Hz and
with an oscillation width a = 10 m, then this mass will emit out in space gravitational
radiation of intensity EG in the form of gravitational waves.
UNIFIED WAVES
Let us assume that there is a non-Newtonian mass (Fig. 7) mu:
qqmm ou′−+++= (20)
where q < q', e.g. a negatively charged sphere of copper of radius r = 10 cm.
Moreover, let us assume (Fig. 7) that this sphere of copper performs a harmonic
oscillation at a frequency ν and with an oscillation width a.
fig. 7
1) In this case, according to Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory, this negatively
charged sphere of copper will emit out in space electromagnetic radiation in
the form of electromagnetic waves. These electromagnetic waves are
attributed to the fact that the sphere’s negative electric charge ��−
qqqE′−+=− (21)
attracts the Ether’s positive electrins and at the same time repels the negative ones.
The disturbance of positive and negative electrins provides, however, the structure of
electromagnetic waves where Ε and Β are the intensity of the electric and magnetic
field respectively in the electromagnetic wave.
As it is commonly known, electromagnetic waves are transverse waves for which
relation c = ν · λ applies.
2) However, as mentioned above, the gravitational charge mo of the negatively
charged sphere of copper simultaneously emits out in space gravitational radiation of
intensity EG in the form of gravitational waves, for which relation (19) applies.
Conclusion
When a negatively or positively charged mass mu performs an oscillation at a
frequency v and with an oscillation width a, it emits out in space electromagnetic
and gravitational radiation at the same time, in the form of electromagnetic and
gravitational waves.
The electromagnetic and gravitational waves emitted by the negatively charged sphere
of copper will constitute a unified wave.
Apparently, the electromagnetic and gravitational waves making up a unified wave
are of the same phase.
Therefore:
This signifies that Maxwell’s Equations of the Electromagnetic Theory should be
supplemented and further include the gravitational waves which are attributed
to the gravitational charge mo of non-Newtonian masses such as, the electron, the
proton, a positively or negatively charged mass mu, etc.
The resulting equations will be referred to as unified equations of the Gravito-
Electromagnetic Theory (G.E.M. – Theory).
In essence, the equations of the G.E.M. – Theory are equations of “unified fields”
which have never been put forward by modern Physics so far.
Copyright 2007: Christos A. Tsolkas Christos A. Tsolkas
April 2007
Unified wave = electromagnetic wave + gravitational wave
