The End of our Third Decade (volume I). Papers written on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the institute of Prehistory, Volume II

8/15/2019 The End of our Third Decade (volume I). Papers written on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the institute of Prehistory, Volume II

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Tlhgsto`g Vrgss K `gw bg`grktlo` om Vujclsnl`b

\ou krg rgkhl`b k mucc vgrslo` om tnls jooe, mor mrgg!Xnls jooe ls pkrt om tng Tlhgsto`g g -cljrkry wngrg aost om ourpujcldktlo`s krg muccy kddgssljcg mor mrgg. Mor kddgss to aorgmrgg jooes vlslt9 www.slhgsto`g.doa/cljrkry

How`cokh Mucc VHM]lslt tng Tlhgsto`g g -cljrkry to how`cokh aost om our g -jooes moro`cy ₣ 8,76. Mor tnls al`lakc mgg you wlcc rgdglvg k muccy mu`dtlo`kcVHM k`h jy hol`b so, you ngcp to eggp our cljrkry ru``l`b.



K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7





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"K vglc om sto`gs"9 o` tng l`tgrprgtktlo` om k` gkrcy Alhhcg Vkckgocltnld cow hg`sltysdkttgr kt Akkstrldnt-Jgcvìhîrg (Xng @gtngrck`hs) ;

]krlkjlcltì ou spìdlkclsktlo` mo`dtlo``gccg? W`g rìvlslo` hu rkpport g`trg morag gtmo`dtlo` ku Aoustìrlg` ;2

Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale kus Agl`hcl`b, Bga. Ojgrsdn`glhl `b, Cher. Ttrkujl`b-Jobg` :7

Dngrt produrgag`t strktgblgs l` tng CJE sgttcgag`t om Agl`hcl`b, Jkvkrlk 84

Mrults k`h sgghs mroa tng Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale sgttcgag`t kt Agl`hcl`b, Bgrak`y, wltn

spgdlkc rgmgrg`dg to Vkpkvgr soa`lmgrua 77

Xng Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale mkragrs om Agl`hcl`b, tnglr clvgstode k`h bkagjkb =<

Hks Ohjkdntkc la `lghgrjkygrlsdng` Bkujohg` kcs Tlghcu`bsrkua la Kct-, Alttgc- u`hjgbl``g`hg` Iu`b`gocltnleua 2<





Ghltorlkc

L` ;<<: tng L`stltutg om Vrgnlstory dgcgjrktgh lts 46tn k``lvgrskry. Kctnoubn k dgcgjrktloòm k :7tn k``lvgrskry ls aorg doaao`, tng L`stltutg nks k trkhltlo` om dgcgjrktl`b gvg`tsgvgry tg` ygkrs. Xng survlvkc om tng mlrst tg` ygkrs kmtgr lts mou`hktlo` l` ;<=: wks akreghjy spgdlkc mgstlvltlgs. Xg` ygkrs cktgr, tng sgdo`h spgdlkc oddkslo` wks tng rgtlrgag`t om tngmou`hgr, Vromgssor Hr V.I.Z. Aohhgrak`. Xng ygkr ;<<: akregh tng g`h om tng tnlrhhgdkhg. L` ;<<: tngrg wks kòtngr gvg`t to doaagaorktg. Xng mlrst vocuag om K`kcgdtkVrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk wks pujclsngh l` ;<=8. Xng sgdo`h moclowgh l` ;<== k`h tng tnlrhl` ;<26. Kmtgr tnkt tng vocuags kppgkrgh gvgry ygkr - ;<<: snouch jrl`b ùajgr :7.Xngrgmorg tng lhgk wks joa to jrl`b out k iujlcgg vocuag to wnldn kcc durrg`t rgsgkrdngrswouch do`trljutg. Ks usukc wltn tnls el`h om g`tgrprlsg, tng doccgdtl`b om tng dopy tooesoag tlag, jut l` tng g`h kcaost gvgryjohy prohudgh k pkpgr. Aorgovgr, tng vocuag wlccl`dcuhg tng vgry ckst rgport o` k` gxdkvktlo` gxgdutgh jy tng mou`hgr om jotn tng L`stltutgk`h tng K`kcgdtk, Vrom. Hr. V.I.Z. Aohhgrak`. Rltn tng pujcldktlo` om "Agl`hcl`b" kccnls gxdkvktlo`s wlcc nkvg jgg` akhg pujcld, k rkrg mgkt.

Xng kaou`t om pkbgs ommgrgh wks sudn, tnkt lt wks hddlhdh to pujclsn k houjcì vocuag9K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk :7 k`h :=. Xng mlrst ag`tlo`gh do`tkl`s tng krtldcgs o`Vkckgocltnld, Agsocltnld k`h @gocltnld sltgs l` Guropg, kctnoubn soag om tnga rgkdnmurtngr wngrg agtnohs k`h projcgas krg do`dgr`gh. ]ocuag := wlcc do`tkl` krtldcgs o`cktgr pgrlohs, ò`-Guropgk` sltgs k`h kcc rgakl`l`b sujigdts. Xng two vocuags tobgtngrprovlhg k rgvlgw om tng el`h om wore tnkt wks ho`g l` tng gkrcy `l`gtlgs. Xngy prgsg`t tngstktus quo kt tng tlag om tng L`stltutg's 46tn k``lvgrskry. K doapkrlso` wltn tng mlrst

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wlc Zogjroges "K vglc om sto`gs"9 o` tng l`tgrprgtktlo` om k` gkrcyHlaltrl Hg Cogdegr Alhhlg Vkckgocltnld cow hg`slty sdkttgr kt Akkstrldnt-Vkul Ng``geg`s Jgcvìhîrg (Xng @gtngrck`hs)Alrika vk` cgpgrg`

Kt Akkstrldnt-Jgcvìhîrg k` kttgapt wks akhg tohoduag`t tng cow-hg`slty sdkttgr ommcl`t krtgmkdts kbkl`st

wnldn tng 'rldn' sltgs krg prgsg`t wltnl` tng :76,666 ygkrsoch l`tgrbckdlkc hgposlts tngrg. K snort prgsg`tktlo` k`hl`tgrprgtktlo` om tng cow-hg`slty sdkttgr (Tltg @) ls moclowghjy k jrlgm hlsdusslo` om tng lapcldktlo`s tnls wore al bcltnkvg mor our ll/`cgrstk`hl`b om tng krdnkgocobldkc rgdorh.

;. L`trohudtlo`Xng akiorlty om Vkckgocltnld mlgchwore ls ngkvlcy sltg-

orlg`tgh, rktngr tnk` o` stuhlgs om tng wky pkckgocltnldmorkbgrs aovgh tnroubn mor`lgr ck`hsdkpgs. Zkw aktgrlkcstuhlgs nowgvgr jgbl` to snlmt our kttg`tlo` towkrhs sudn kck`hsdkpg pgrspgdtlvg (3 . Bg`gstg ;<>7, ;<>>5 Zogjrogesgt kc. ;<>>5 Mìjcot-Kubustl`s ;<<4), wnldn nks kcwkys jgg`rktngr dg`trkc l` ak`y gtnò-krdnkgocobldkc stuhlgs om tngspktlkc orbk`lzktlo` om nu`tgr-bktngrgrs Tudn stuhlgs

jkdebrou`h om cow hg`slty sdkttgrs om lsocktgh or sasgts om krtgmkdts, sujtcg akres wltn k cow vlsljlclty,

el`hs om tnl`bs o`g oddkslo`kccy g`dou`tgrs wng`survgyl`b sgdtlo`s (l.g. dross-sgdtlo`s tnroubn gkrclgrck`hsurmkdgs).

Lskkd (;<>;) nks hgsdrljgh tngsg lsocktgh krtgmkdts krdnkgocobldkc dorrgcktgs om mu`hkag`tkc pkrtldcgs. nlgrkrdnldkc aohgc om tng strudturg om tng spktlkc krlsocktgh krtgmkdts mora tng mlrst cgvgc. Xng `gxt cgvmoragh jy sl`bcg kdtlo` dcustgrs, mor l`stk`dg k sgt omdoìol`kjcg mckegs mroa o`g e`kppl`b gplsohg. Xng tnlcgvgc dk` jg om k vgry vkrlkjcg sdkcg, jut lt ls kcwkysdoapcgx dcustgr om mlrst k`h sgdo`h cgvgc oddurrg`dgrgprgsg`tl`b k ùajgr om gplsohgs or k ùajgr om hlmmkdtlo`s. Aost krdnkgocobldkc sltgs krg doaposgh omaktgrlkcs kt tnls cgvgc, l.g. dcustgrs om dcustgrs. Tudn g`tldk` jg orbk`lzgh or doapou`h ks hlsdussgh jy Erocc k`h





R. ZOGJZOGET GX KC. - K ]GLC OM TXO@GT

Xkjcg ;. Turvgy om tng Akkstrldnt-Jgcvìhîrg sltgs.

sltg mlgch hgslb`ktlo` hktg gxdkvktgh krgk (a: ) pgrloh om gxdkvktlo`

K Xrg`dn Gkst L Tkkclk` 7 Akrdn ;<>;J Xrg`dn @ortn Tkkclk` ;</:4 Iucy-Tgpt.;<>;D Xrg`dn Toutn Tkkclk` :=8 ;<>;-;<^4H Xrg`dn Gkst LL Tkkclk` - Kubust ;<>:G Xrg`dn RB Rgldnsgclk` 76 @ov.-Hgd.;<>:M Xrg`dn Gkst LLL Tkkclk` 8: Iu`g-Iucy ;<>8B TltgB Tkkclk` 76 ;<>8-;<>7N Tltg N Tkkclk` 78 Akrdn ;<>2I Tltg I Rgldnsgclk` :;6 Aky-Iu`g ;<>=E TltgE Tkkclk` 426 Hgd.c<>=-Iucy ;<>2

@ Tltg@ Tkkclk` 2=7 Mgj.;<>>-Tgpt.;<><

http://nov.-dec.1982/

http://feb.1988-sept.1989/

http://feb.1988-sept.1989/

http://nov.-dec.1982/





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;. Tk`h (;6 \Z >/;), dkcdkrgous, sclbnt norlzo`tkc ckal`ktlo`,aksslvg, coosg-vgry mrlkjcg (D-norlzo`).:. Tk`hy coka (;6 \Z 2/:), wltn Mg aottcgs (7 \Z =/=) om kjt. ; da.Aksslvg, mrlkjcg, wltn mgw doaao` A`-òhucgs (37 aa). K saootnk`h dcgkr jou`hkry wltn tng norlzo` jgcow (D-norlzo`).4. Tlcty dcky (;6 \Z 2/:), wltn Mg aottcgs (7 \Z =/>) 3;6 aa,brgy (;6 \Z 2/;) aottcgs 3;6 aa k`h vgry mgw A`-aottcgs(;6 \Z :/;), 7 aa, aksslvg, mlra. Cowgr jou`hkry saootn k`hdcgkr (D-norlzo`).8. Tk`h (;6 \Z 2/=-2/8), wgkecy ckal`ktgh, wltn doaao` A`-aottcgs37 aa, coosg, wltn k saootn k`h dcgkr cowgr jou`hkry.7. Tlct coka (2.7 \Z =/:), wltn Mg aottcgs (7 \Z 7/>) 37 aa,

aksslvg, mlra, kjrupt k`h saootn jou`hkry wltn tng norlzo` jgcow(tnl` sgdtlo` ;66).=. Brkvgc ckygr wltn coka (2.7 \Z 8/8), ò aottcgs, coka aksslvg kmrlkjcg, wltn doaao` to ak`y rou`hgh rodes 3;7 aa, k`h k saootnk`h kjrupt cowgr jou`hkry.2. Tlct coka (;6 \Z 7/=, towkrhs tng jksg9 ;6 \Z 8/=), ò aottcgs,aksslvg, mlra, A`-òhucgs 37 aa, do`dg`trktgh l` k norlzo`tkc ckygrom ;6 da, tng cowgr ;7 da pk`, vgry mlra to mlra, wltn krtgmkdts.Cowgr jou`hkry saootn k`h kjrupt. Xnl` sgdtlo` ;78 k`h ;::.>. Tlct coka (;6 \Z =/>), ò aottcgs, aksslvg mlra, doaao` porgs(aghlua, :-7 aa k`h vgry ml`g), mgw A`-@ohucgs (37 aa), cowgrjou`hkry saootn k`h dcgkr. Xnl` sgdtlo` ;=6 (J4 om tng Ggalk` Tochg Zodourt).<. Tlct coka (;6 \Z 7/=), mgw hlstl`dt, aghlua slzgh, snkrp slctaottcgs (;6 \Z 2/8), aksslvg mrlkjcg, dutk`s, dcky l` pgh surmkdgs,doaao` vgry ml`g (3; aa) k`h mgw aghlua (:-7 aa) A`-òhucgs,mgw to doaao` pghotujucgs (37 aa), cowgr jou`hkry òt ojsgrvgh.Xnl` sgdtlo` ;6 (J, om tng Ggalk` Toc hg Zodourt).



S S Kc c'^'XK c'ZKENLTXOZLDK ALHL S A S !.s

Mlburg 7. K vlgw om tng Tltg @ gxdkvktlo krgk sgg mroa tng wgst, Iucy ;<>>.

Zgmlttl`b om tng sakcc kssgajckbg rgsuctgh l` tngdoìol`l`b om 2; krtgmkdts, hlstrljutgh ovgr :4 broups.Glbntgg` om tngsg broups do`slst om rgmlttgh nroeg` krtgmkdts(`1 78) Tgvg`tgg` (ò`-aohlmlgh) mckegs douch jg



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k`h om tng jroeg` krtgmkdts krg snow` l` mlburg ;;. Xnrktngr ckrbg hlstk`dgs jgtwgg` doìol`l`b jroeg` mrkbagk`h jgtwgg` horskc/vg`trkc rgmlts dk` jg sgg` ks l`hldktl`bsoag rgworel`b om tng aktgrlkc l` tng snkccow agk`hgrhgprgsslo`.

Ttuhy om tng hlstrljutlo` om mku`kc rgakl`s supportsl`tgrprgtktlo`. Xng jgst gxkapcg ls provlhgh jy tnghlstrljutlo` om tng rgakl`s om tng cowgr ikw om k rgh ag`tlo`gh kjovg. Xng hlstrljutlo` l`hldktgs k cktgrkchlspckdgag`t l` tng skag orhgr om akb`ltuhg ks tnktrgdorhgh mor tng mcl`t krtgmkdts.

L` k` krgk ks ckrbg ks tng Tltg @ sdkttgr soag pkrts jg cgss hlsturjgh tnk` otngrs5 tng do`dg`trktlo` om vgrysakcc hgjrls l` k`h krou`h squkrg >7/8<2 l` tng dg`trkc-soutngr` pkrt om tng gxdkvktlo` albnt mor l`stk`dg l`hltnkt k sakcc e`kppl`b gvg`t wks wgcc prgsgrvgh tngrg, tng norlzo`tkc hlstk`dgs jgtwgg` rgmlttgh gcgag`ts l` tngkstgr` pkrt om tng gxdkvktgh krgk (mlb. ;:) krg do`slhsakccgr tnk` tnosg mroa tng wgstgr` nkcm.

4. L`tgrprgtktlo` k`h hlsdusslo`

Iuhbl`b mroa tng vkrlgty om tng rkw aktgrlkcs prgsgtng rgmlttl`b hktk om tng sakcc kssgajckbg, k ckrbg pkkrtgmkdts hlsdkrhgh wgrg l`trohudgh to tng sltg ks lsocplgdgs. Kao`b tnga krg toocs tnkt nkh jgg` prgvlouscyrgsnkrpg`gh ak`y tlags. Xngsg toocs wgrg akhg gcsgwnk`h hlsdkrhgh kwky mroa tnglr pckdg om akùmkdturg



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Mlburg ;:. K broup om mlvg rgmlttghmckegs, mroa tng gkstgr` pkrt om tnggxdkvktgh krgk (sdkcg :94).

Kòtngr pgrspgdtlvg blvg` jy tng ]glc-kpprokdn ls ltsmodus o` tng do`tgxt om k "sltg", kssgsskjcg l` tgras om tngdnkrkdtgr om tng ]glc surrou`hl`b lt. L` tng akl` cgvgc ktJgcvìhîrg tng jkdebrou`h sdkttgr ls do`splduouscy prgsg`t.

vgry projkjcy wltn slb`lmldk`t vkrlktlo`s l` hg`sltykddorhl`b to sudn mkdtors ks rktg om sghlag`tktlo`,kddgssljlclty om spgdlmld krgks k`h hlstrljutlo`s om moragrrgsourdgs. Nlbngr up l` tng strktlbrkpny k mcl`t rldn pktdnwks gxdkvktgh l` k rgsdug hlb l` ;<>=, g`dksgh l` GkrcyRgldnsgclk` cogss wltn k` gstlaktgh kbg om kjout >6,666

ls eòw` mroa ak`y Alhhcg Vcglstodg`g sltgs. L` mkdtkcaost kcc wgcc prgsgrvgh pkckgocltnld sltgs doag mrmcuvlkc sgttl`bs, jut o`cy rkrgcy hogs o`g pky gxpcldltkttg`tlo` to tng jkdebrou`h sdkttgrs tngrg. Ttuhyl`b tng

jkdebrou`h sdkttgrs ls rgcgvk`t mor our u`hgrstk`hl`b onow gkrclgr nuak`s aovgh tnroubn tng ck`hsdkpg, wngtngy opgrktgh out om jksg dkaps, cleg aohgr` nu`tgr-bktngrgrs, or wngtngr "rldn sltgs" krg iust tng rgsucts kdduaucktlo`s om aktgrlkcs ovgr ak`y, l`hgpg`hg`tgplsohgs om usg om k codktlo`.



;8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Ml`kccy, tng ]glc-aohgc nks lapcldktlo`s mor tng wky wghgkc wltn krdnkgocobldkc rgakl`s jotn l` tgras om mlgchworek`h l` ducturkc rgsourdg ak`kbgag`t. Lt ls dcgkr tnkt, lòrhgr to put sltgs l` tnglr ckrbgr spktlkc do`tgxt, wg wlccnkvg to pky aorg kttg`tlo` to tng jkdebrou`h sdkttgr.Rngtngr sudn k hoduag`tktlo` nks to tkeg pckdg jy agk`som gxdkvktlo`, ks rgportgh ngrg mor tng Tltg @ sdkttgr, or jyagk`s om tng sgdtlo`-survgyl`b tgdn`lqugs hgsdrljgh jyLskkd (;<>;) ls kòtngr, sgdo`hkry projcga. Vky l`bkttg`tlo` to tnls el`h om hlstrljutlo`s ls k cobldkc outdoag omtng trg`h l` l`drgksl`b tng sdkcg om gxdkvktlo`s k`h hlbbl`bckrbgr surmkdgs l` orhgr to ojtkl` jgttgr k`h `gw l`moraktloò` gkrclgr moras om ck`h usg. Xnls trg`h rgmcgdts tng rgdg`tsnlmt l` pkckgocltnld krdnkgocoby towkrhs tng hgvgcopag`tom k el`h om 'ck`hsdkpg krdnkgocoby' (39. ]lcck ;<<;). L`ducturkc rgsourdg ak`kbgag`t wg snouch òt o`cy try toprgsgrvg tng 'dckssldkc' pktdngs, jut l`hggh kcso tngrgcktlvgcy stgrlcg jckègts om sghlag`ts surrou`hl`b tnga.Xnls kcrgkhy ls laportk`t mor bgocobldkc k`h pkckgogdocobl-dkc stuhlgs, jul tng "]glc" khhs k` gxtrk hlag`slo` to tnlshlsdusslo`9 mor tng l`tgrprgtktlo` om k sltg eòwcghbg om tng

dnkrkdtgr om lts krtgmkdtukc surrou`hl`bs ls om drudlkclaportk`dg.L` snort, wg nkvg to stkrt hlsdussl`b tng l`dorporktlo` l`

our stuhlgs, ks wgcc ks l` tng ak`kbgag`t om tngkrdnkgocobldkc 'ngrltkbg', om tng 'ò`-sltg' hlstrljutlo`s

hlsdussgh ngrg. Xngsg hlstrljutlo`s, prgsgrvgh l` or gvg` ks surmkdg sdkttgrs, ylgch laportk`t l`mogkrclgr ck`h usg pkttgr`s k`h gkrclgr sujslstg`dg sJy do`dg`trktl`b o`cy o` tng 'dckssldkc' pktdngs, to pkrkpnrksg tng tltcg om k pkpgr jy Jl`morh (;<jg "Tgkrdnl`b mor Dkaps, jut Alssl`b tng DrudlkcGvlhg`dg".

Kdeòwcghbag`tsXng kutnors wlsn to tnkè kcc tng vocu`tggrs k

wno egpt o` hlbbl`b tnls 'ò`'-sltg tnroubn kcc tngml`hcgss ao`tns. Tpgdlkc tnkès to tng dorg om tndrgw9 Jg` Kdntg`jgrb, Nk` Jodnak`, @ldo Jovg`sLvo Hkncak`s k`h Vgtgr g` Cìo` ]rk`deg`. Vkrt omgxdkvktlo` wks supgrvlsgh jy Ksdo` Tplgesak. RgAkre Zojgrts (Co`ho`) mor nls doaag`ts upo` k` gvgrslo` om tnls pkpgr, Ngè hg Cora mor tng cl`gIk` Vkuptlt (mlbs 4, 7) k`h V.I. Jo`nom (mlb. ;:) mtng pnotobrkpnld wore, Blccgs Cgroy mor tng hrkmcl`t krtgmkdts, k`h tng Ttldntl`b Jgcvìhîrg mor support om tng Tltg @ rgsgkrdn. Xnls pkpgr ls k vgrslo` om k pkpgr blvg` jy R. Zogjroges kt tng TK`ùkc Do`mgrg`dg om tng L`stltutg om Mlgch KW`lvgrslty om Jlral`bnka, =-> kprlc ;<<:. Rg hghpkpgr to Vrom. Hr. R. Xkutg, wltn wnoa wg nkh k vstlaucktl`b hlsdusslo` o` tng topld om tnls krtldcg



;7 R. ZOGJZOGET GX KC. - K ]GLC OM TXO@GT

rgmgrg`dgs

Jgyrlgs, T.,G. Joîhk

Jl`morh, C.Z.

;<>4 Gtuhg tgdnòcoblqug gt trkdgs h'utlclsktlo` hgs 'ìdckts hìjorhk`ts' hg Dorjgnga (VDkckls), Juccgtl` T.V.M. >6, :27-:2<.

;<>6 Rlccow saoeg k`h hobs' tklc9 nu`tgr-bktngrgr sgttcgag`t systgas k`h krdnkgocoblmoraktlo`, Kagrldk` K`tlqulty 87, 8-:6.

;<>2 Tgkrdnl`b mor Dkaps k`h Alssl`b tng Gvlhg`dg? Kòtngr Cooe kt tng Cowgr VkL`9 O. Tommgr (gh.), Xng Vcglstodg`g Och Rorch. Zgblo`kc Vgrspgdtlvgs, ;2-4:. @gw \ore,

Vcgùa Vrgss.Joîhk, G.,

I.-A. Bg`gstg,C. Aglb`g`

Hg Cogdegr, H.

Mìjcot-Kubustl`s, I.

Mocgy, Z.

;<<6 Lhg`tlmldktlo` hg dnkl`gs opìrktolrgs cltnlqugs hu Vkcìocltnlqug k`dlg` gt aoyg`, Vkcìoò. :, 84->6.

;<<: Tltg E9 K Alhhcg Vkckgontnld Tltg kt Akkstrldnt-Jgcvìhîrg (Clajurb, Xng @gtng Krdnkocoblsdngs Eorrgspo`hg`zjcktt ::, 88<-8=6.

;<<8 O` tng rgmlttl b k`kcysls om Tltg E9 k Alhhcg Vkckgontnld ml`hspot kt Akkstrl

(Xng @gtngrck`hs), Gtnòbrkpnlsdn Krdnkocoblsdng Ygltsdnrlmt 47-;, ;62-;;2.

;<<4 Aojlclty Ttrktgblgs l` tng Cktg Alhhcg Vkckgontnld om Dg`trkc k`h Rgstgr` GurGcgag`ts om Ttkjlclty k`h ]krlkjlclty, Iour`kc om K`tnropocobldkc Krdnkgocoby ;:, :;;-:=7.

;<>;k Omm-sltg krdnkgocoby9 k` kctgr`ktlvg kpprokdn mor tng snort-sltgh. L`9 ;. Nohhg





d Cgaorll ]krlkjlcltg ou spgdlkclsktlo` mo`dtlo``gccg?W`g rgvlslo` hu rkpport g`trg morag gt mo`dtlo` kuAoustìrlg`

Hk`s ggt krtldcg òus kvo`s vårlmlì sl, hk`s cgs l`hustrlgscltnlqugs aoustìrlg``gs, dgrtkl`s typgs h'outlcs pguvg`ckvolr u`g spgdlkclsktlo` g` dg qul do`dgag cgs kdtlo`sgmmgdtuìgs. Tg do`dg`trkkt pcutôt sur c'ìtuhg hgsdorrìcktlo`s possljcgs g`trg Lg typg gt ck aktlîrg trkvklccìg,cgs rgdngrdngs prìdghg`tgs o`t pgu gxkal`ì ggt kspgdt.

@ous kvo`s ltuhlì qugcqugs-u`s hgs typgs cgs pcusrgprìsg`tìs hk`s cgs l`hustrlgs cltnlqugs aoustìrlg``gs gtòus kvo`s k`kcysg cgurs dkrkdtìrlstlqugs mo`dtlo``gccgs gùtlclsk`t cgs ho``lgs trkdlocoblqugs hg c'l`hustrlg cltnlqughg Brottk Jrgulc (Cktlua, Ltkclå) gt h'kutrgs blsgag`ts g`

Guropg gt ku Vrodng-Orlg`t. Ck doapkrklso` typgs- mo`dtlo`s k hìao`trì qug cgs pol`tgs gt cgs rkdcolrsdo`vgrbg`ts kddoapclssg`t pcuslgurs mo`dtlo`s, tk`hls qugcgs doutgkux k hos, cgs g`dodngs, cgs hg`tlducìs gt cgs kutrgsrkdcolrs prìsg`tg ! u`g dgrtkl`g spgdlkclsktlo` g` dg quldo`dgag cgs kdtlo`s gmmgdtuìgs

Cgs ho``ìgs gtnòbrkpnlqugs òus ao`trg`t qug ckaorpnocoblg hu trk`dnk`t hìtgral`g ;'utlclsktlo` h'u`gplîdg pour u`g mo`dtlo` ho``ìg gt qu'lc `'y k qug trgs pou pol`t hg stk`hkrhlsktlo` hg ck morag hgs plîdgs g`rkpport kvgd cgur mo`dtlo`, k ;'gxdgptlo` hgs dks oó dgttgmorag ojtlg`t u`g vkcgur syajoclqug. C'ojsgrvktlo` qu'lklt sl pgu hg dkrkdtìrlsktlo` aorpnocoblqug hg dgs tool elts,gst kttrljuìg pkr cgs dngrdngurs ku mklt qu'kuiourh'nulpcupkrt hgs broupgs o`t hgs outlcs aìtkcclqugs kvgd cglcs kddoapclssg`t toutgs sortgs hg mo`dtlo`s gt qug, g`bì`ìrkc, lcs utlclsg`t ck plgrrg hg mkdo` oddkslo``gccg

sktlsmklrg hgs jgsol`s laaìhlkts (Dross ;<>4).Dgs do`slhìrktlo`s pourrklg`t gxpclqugr Lg do`trkstg cgs l`hustrlgs cltnlqugs gtnòbrkpnlqugs gt cgs l`hustrlprìnlstorlqugs qul, ku do`trklrg, prìsg`tg`t jgkudoup hgtorags rìdurrg`tgs, dckssìgs g` typgs pkr cgs krdnìocob

Cgs typgs pourrklg`t ho`d sg rkpportgr k hgs mo`dtlo



LT K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

W` rkpport ìtrolt g`trg morag gt mo`dtlo` k ìtì hìao`trìpour cgs «qukrtlgrs h'ork`bgµ, u` typg hg plîdg clì kux sltgshg ck ducturg CJE hu @ìocltnlqug K`dlg` hg ;'Guropg hu@orh. Dgs plîdgs-dl prìsg`tg`t toutgs u` pocl dkrkdtìrls-tlqug, Lg pocl «:4µ, prohult pkr u`g ou pcuslgurgs aktlîrgsg`dorg l`do`ùgs trkvklccìgs touiours kvgd u` aovgag`ttrk`svgrskc (]k` Bli` ;<<6).

[uk`t kux l`hustrlgs aoustìrlg``gs hu VkcìocltnlqugL`mìrlgur gt Aoyg`, cgs ìtuhgs mo`dtlo``gccgs pkrklssg`tkvolr ao`trì qu'lc `'gxlstg kudu`g rgcktlo` g`trg ck morag gtck mo`dtlo`. Hgs typgs hlmmìrg`ts o`t gmmgdtuì cgs aéagsmo`dtlo`s5 u` outlc pgut kvolr kddoapcl hgs mo`dtlo`shlmmgrg`tgs kvgd u` ou pcuslgurs hg sgs trk`dnk`ts, rgtoudngsou jruts hg rgtoudng (K`hgrso`-Bgrmkuh ;<>;5 Jgyrlgs;<>2). C'u`lqug gxdgptlo` k dg ak`qug hg rkpport g`trg ckmorag gt ck mo`dtlo` pkrkït Lg dks hgs g`dodngs clìgs surtoutku lrkvklc hu jols (Jgylgs ;<>2).

K òtrg kvls, dgttg do`dcuslo` qul `lg c'gxlstg`dg h'u`dgrtkl` rkpport g`trg ck morag gt ck mo`dtlo` hgs outlcsutlclsìs hk`s cgs l`hustrlgs hu Aoustìrlg`, hgvrklt étrg

rgvlsìg k ck cualîrg hg qugcqugs do`slhìrktlo`s.Kvk`t tout, hk`s dgs ìtuhgs o` `'k pks als summlskaag`t;'kddg`t sur ck mo`dtlo` hu trk`dnk`t ou hgs trk`dnk`ts qulhìtgral`g`t Lg typg h'outlc5 lc gst ìvlhg`t qug, quk`h o`gxkal`g tous cgs trk`dnk`ts utlclsìs (rgtoudngs gt jruts hgrgtoudng) hg dnkqug outlc o` do`dcurk prgsqug touiours qug

prìdlsìag`t cgs dkrkdtìrlstlqugs qul hìtgral`g`t cg hg skvolr sl Jorhgs cgur kttrljug hlrgdtgag`t ou lag`t hgs slb`lmldktlo`s mo`dtlo``gccgs.

G`sultg, òus do`slhìrgro`s doaag dksg stuhy cgs hg ;'l`hustrlg hg Brottk Jrgulc (Cktlua, Ltkclå) ho ;'kugst g` trkl` h'kdngvgr ;'k`kcysg trkdìocoblqug(Brlakchl/Cgaorl`l ;<<45 Cgaorl`l ;<<6/;<<;). @prg`hro`s g` do`slhìrktlo`, typg pkr typg, cgs ho`mo`dtlo``gccgs hg 2> outlcs qul provlg```g`t hg cpcus k`dlg``g hu blsgag`t, ck doudng ^^ (`1 7: ouhgs doudngs supìrlgurgs 4,8 gt 7 (`1 ;= outlcs) gtdoudngs l`tgraìhlklrgs, cgs doudngs ^L gt ^LL (`(Jlgttlgt kc. ;<<6/;<<;).

Vour dnkqug typg gxkal`ì òus prìsg`tgro`s kusho``ìgs mo`dtlo``gccgs hgs l`hustrlgs cltnlqugs haoustìrlg``gs h'kutrgs blsgag`ts g` Guropg gt ku Orlg`t. Hg dgttg mkdo` òus pourro`s vìrlmlgr sl dkrkdtìrlstlqugs mo`dtlo``gccgs hg dnkqug typg dsdco` cd sltg ou sl gccgs o`t u`g vkclhltì pcus bì

Lc s'kblt hg pcuslgurs sltgs mrk`mkls9 cgs brottgt hu Zg``g (Krdy-sur-Durg), cgs brottgs/kjrls hg

Brg`kc, hg Aorlcckd gt hg Vgdn hg ;'Kzì L gt L] ;'kjrl Vlg Coajkrh, cgs sltgs g` pcgl` klr hg Dorjgnga, Zlg`dourt-cîs-Jkpkuag, hg Jlkdng-Tkl`t-]kkst gt hDorjlkd (K`hgrso`-Bgrmkuh ;<>;5 Jgyrlgs ;<>2, ;<<4)5 hg hgux blsgag`ts g` ;'Kraì`lg9 \grgvk` L Cuskegrt L (Ekzkryk` ;<<4) k'l`h t l ojslhlg``g5 h



D. CGAOZL@L - ]KZLKJLCLXÌ OW TVGDLKCLTKXLO@ MO@DXLO@@GCCG?

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4 Vol`tg cgvkccols 4 7 : ; : :7 Vol`tg psguho cgvkcc. ; : ; ;= Vol tg aoustìrlg` g ; : :< Zkdc. slapcg hrolt ;; ;; ; ; : : : ; ; 4;6 Zkdc. slapcg do`vgxg ;< ;2 ;4 : : ; 4 4 : 8 ; 4;; Zkdc. slapcg do`dkvg 8 8 : : ; 4;: Zkdc. houjcì hrolt ; ; ; ;;4 Zkdc. houjcì do`vgxg ; : : :;8 Zkdc. houjcì do`dkvg ; ; ; ;;7 Zkdc. houjcì jldo`vgxg ; : ; ; :;2 Zkdc. h. do`vgxg-do dkvg ; ; ; ;;> Zkdc. do`vgrbg`t hrolt ; ; ; ;;< Zkdc. do`vgrb. do`vgxg ; ; ; ;:6 Zkdc. do`vgrb. do`dkvg 4 7 7 : 4:; Zkdcolr hgigtg 8 7 8 ; ; : ::: Zkdc. trk`sv. hrolt 4 8 4 ; 4 ;:4 Zkdc. trk`sv. do`vgxg 8 7 4 ; ; ; ; : ;:8 Zkdc. trk`sv. do`dkvg : : : ; ;:2 Zkdc. k hos kal`dl ; ; ; ;:< Zkdc. k rgtoudng kctgr`g : 4 ; : : ;4> Doutgku k hos `kt. = = 8 ; ; ; 8 ;8: G`dodng 2 2 = ; ; 4 ; ; ;84 Hg`tlducì 4 4 4 ; ; ;

Xotkc >; <; == ;4 : 8 = ; > < < ;2 7 ; ;7 : ; = ;2

Mlburg ;. Brottk Jrgulc. Xkjcgku hgs kdtlo`s mkltgs gt hgs aktlgrgs trkvklccggs pkr dnkqug typg h'outlcs. @ous kvo`s prls g` do`slhgrktlo`



:6 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

trk`dnk`ts rgtoudngs. Hg pcus, pkral cgs <; trk`dnk`ts kvgdhgs trkdgs h'uskbg lhg`tlmlìgs sur cgs rkdcolrs, lc y g` k ==(24%) qul so`t rgtoudngs. Ho`d. lc pkrklt qug, hu pol`t hgvug mo`dtlo``gc, cgs trk`dnk`ts rgtoudngs so`t cgs pkrtlgscgs pcus slb`lmldktlvgs hg dgs outlcs (volr kussl, pour hgsrìsuctkts pkrglcs, Jgyrlgs ;<>2, ;<>>).

Hgs == trk`dnk`ts rgtoudngs 8= (26%) o`t kddoapcl hgskdtlo`s trk`svgrskcgs g` pgrdusslo` posìg5 g` pkrtlduclgr,:6 trk`dnk`ts o`t gmmgdtuì hu rkdckbg, hgux hu rkjotkbg, u`sguc hg c'kssoupclsskbg (hg pgku) gt :4 o`t gmmgdtuì hgskdtlo`s trk`svgrskcgs l`hìtgral`ìgs.

Vkral cgs kutrgs trk`dnk`ts lc y g` k hlx (;7%) qul o`tìtì utlclsgs pour hgs kdtlo`s co`bltuhl`kcgs, hgux pour Lgpgrdkbg (4%) gt hgux pour hgs kdtlo`s alxtgs (4%)5 surcgs slx trk`dnk`ts (<%) qul rgstg`t òus `'kvo`s pks puhìtgral`gr cgs kdtlo`s gmmgdtuìgs.

[uk`t kux aktlîrgs trkvklccìgs, sgucgag`t cgs trk`dnk`tskux kdtlo`s trk`svgrskcgs prìsg`tg`t u`g dgrtkl`g prìmìrg`dgpour Lg trkvklc hg ck pgku (;7 dks, 4:%) gt hu jols (;6 dks,:;%). @ìkàol`s, ck slb`lmldktlo` hg dgs ho``ìgs gst pcutôtrgcktlvg pkrdg qu'lc y k hlx trk`dnk`ts qul o`t u` pocl

l`hìtgral`ì.C'utlclsktlo` hgs trk`dnk`ts rgtoudngs surtout pour hgskdtlo`s trk`svgrskcgs g` pgrdusslo` posìg gst kussl ojsgrvìgsur cgs rkdcolrs qul provlg``g`t hg qugcqugs blsgag`tsaoustìrlg`s ku Tuh-Ougst hg ck Mrk`dg (K`hgrso`-Bgrmkuh;<>;) gt sur cgs rkdcolrs hu sltg hg Zlg`dourt cîs Jkpkuag

pcus l`hlquìs pour hgs kdtlo`s hg hìdoupkbg hg atg`hrgs.

8. Cgs rkdcolrs do`vgrbg`ts (mlbs ;, :j)Dg typg-dl prìsg`tg hgs dkrkdtìrlstlqugs mo`dtl

qul hlmmìrg`t pkrtlgccgag`t hg dgccgs hgs kutrgsgmmgt, sk aorpnocoblg, qul gst prgsqug pkrglccg«pol`tgsµ (lc k hgux trk`dnk`ts cktìrkux gt u`g zpol`tug), cul ho``g hgs possljlcltìs mo`dtlo``gccgvkrlìgs.

Aéag ;'l`hìtgral`ktlo` hgs hìml`ltlo`s qug Jorhgutlclsg pour hlstl`bugr g`trg pol`tgs aoustìrlg``g

rkdcolrs do`vgrbg`ts (Jorhgs ;<>;, 4>, 84) tìaolbdgttg rgssgajck`dg, dg qul dkusg hg brk`hgs hlmck dcksslmldktlo` g` typgs.

Cgs dl`q rkdcolrs do`vgrbg`ts hg Brottk Jrgulcg` trols dks, hgs kdtlo`s trk`svgrskcgs sur cgs trktk`hls qug, g` hgux dks, lcs prìsg`tg`t hu pgrdkbgzo`g pol`tug.

Lc y k kussl h'kutrgs l`hustrlgs cltnlqugs oó dg

nkut `lvgku hg vkrlkjlcltì mo`dtlo``gccg. Hk`s hgVrodng-Orlg`t (Tngk ;<<4) cgs rkdcolrs do`vgrbgutlclsgs doaag proigdtlcgs, doaag rkdcolrs, doaaggt doaag doutgkux. K Jlkdng-Tkl`t-]kkst lcs `'o`tìtì utlclsgs sur ck zo`g pol`tug, akls sgucgag`t surtrk`dnk`ts pour gmmgdtugr hgs kdtlo`s trk`svgrsk



:; D. CGAOZL@L - ]KZLKJLCLXG OW TVÌDLKCLTKXLO@ MO@DXLO@@GCCG?

Mlburg :. Brottk Jrgulc9 qugcqugsgxgapcgs h'outlcs kvgd hgs trkdgsh'uskbg. k. Zkdcolr trk`svgrskchrolt5 kssoupclsskbg hg ck pgku.j. Zkdcolr do`vgrbg`t do`dkvg5pgrdkbg hg aktlîrg hurg.d. G`dodng5 kdtlo` trk`svgrskcgsur c'os. h. Hg`tlducì5 Zkdckbghgs tlssus dnkrùs gt hg c'os.g. Doutgku k hos `kturgc5 kdtlo`trk`svgrskcg sur hg ck aktlîrghgal-hurg. m. Doutgku k hos`kturgc5 hìdoupkbg hg aktlîrgtgl`hrg. b. Vol`tg psguho cgvkccols5;9 rkdckbg hg ck pgku5 :9 kdtlo`trk`svgrskcg sur hg ck aktlîrg hurg.(‘) kdtlo` trk`svgrskcg g`pgrdusslo` posìg5 (-.-.-.-) kdtlo`co`bltuhl`kcg5 ( ) kdtlo hg

rotktlo`. Hgssl`s hg T. Brlakchl(`¶ ;, :, 4, 8, 2) gt K. Cgaorl l(`¶7, =).

aktlîrgs tg`hrgs4 gt hg ;'kal`dlssgag`t (aouvgag`tk` k `bl hl`k ) h' ` k lî h l h

h'ksslalcgr kux g`gogngs rgtoudnìgs hg Brottk Jrgulc c` j h d l ì ` ` h kd



99 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

2. Cgs hg`tlducìs (mlbs ;, :h)«Dg so`t hgs outlcs sur ìdckt ou ckag, prìsg`tk`t sur u`

ou pcuslgurs jorhs ò` khikdg`ts u`g sìrlg h'g`dodngsdo`tlbuås mkltgs solt pkr pgtltgs rgtoudngs, solt pkr ckrbgs

g`dodngs hg typg dckdto`lg`µ (Jorhgs ;<>;, 78).Cg trk`dnk`t hg`tlducì hg trols plîdgs hg Brottk Jrgulc k

ìtì utlclsì, g` hgux dks, pour gmmgdtugr hgs kdtlo`strk`svgrskcgs g` pgrdusslo` posìg sur hg ck aktlîrg hurg ouhgal-hurg5 u` trolslîag trk`dnk`t k ìtì utlclsì pour rkhgrhgs tlssus dnkrùs gt hg ;'os.

V. K`hgrso` k hìtgral`ì jgkudoup h'kdtlo`s trk`svgrskcgs clìgs ku trkvklc hu jols sur cgs hg`tlducìs hg qugcqugssltgs hu Tuh-Ougst hg ck Mrk`dg5 gccg k kussl ojsgrvìqugcqugs kdtlo`s hg sdlkbg, touiours hu jols (K`hgrso`-Bgrmkuh ;<>;). K Zlg`dourt-cgs-Jkpkuag cg sguc hg`tlducìk`kcysg prìsg`tg hu trkvklc hg hìdnkr`kbg (kvgd uàouvgag`t trk`svgrskc) hg ck pgku (Jgyrlgs ;<<4). W`gmo`dtlo` pkrglccg k ìtì l`hlvlhukclsìg pkr Tndngcl`seli sur cgshg`tlducìs hg ck stktlo` hg @ovoso L (Jgyrlgs ;<<4). Tur cgssltgs hg Doajg-Brg`kc, h'Krdy-sur-Durg, hg Aorlcckd gthk`s ck brottg ]kumrky, o` k trkvklccì hu jols kvgd hgs

trk`dnk`ts hg`tlducìs.Lc pkrkït ho`d, qug cgs trk`dnk`ts hg`tlducìs o`t kddoapcl

hg prìmìrg`dg hgs kdtlo`s trk`svgrskcgs, tgccgs qug cg rkdckbgou cg brkttkbg. Cg jols gst ck aktlîrg ck pcus trkvklccìg5`ìkàol`s cgs trk`dnk`ts hg`tlducìs pkrklssg`t étrg utlclsìs

H'kprîs dgs ho``ìgs òus pouvo`s do`dcurg qugcgs l`hustrlgs aoustìrlg``gs prìsg`tg`t hgs moragsclìgs k dgrtkl`gs mo`dtlo`s. G` gmmgt, cgs rkdcolk hos, cgs g`dodngs gt cgs hg`tlducìs o`t gmmgd

typgs h'kdtlo`s qul rìkppkrklssg`t hk`s cgs l`hustpcuslgurs sltgs ho`t ck codkclsktlo` bìobrkpnlqugdnroòcoblg gst hlmmìrg`tg.

Hg pcus, òs ho``ìgs o`t do`mlraì dg qug h'kutdngrdngurs kvklg`t souclb`ì prìdìhgaag`t (K`hgrsBgrmkuh ;<>;5 Jgyrlgs ;<>2), d'gst-k-hlrg qug ccgs g`dodngs gt cgs hg`tlducìs prìsg`tg`t gux-kusdgrtkl`g spìdlkclsktlo` g` dg qul do`dgr`g cgs aktrkvklccìgs.

@ìkàol`s, lc mkut souclb`gr qug ck mortg prìsghu jols qul k ìtì hìtgral`ìg surtout hk`s cgs blsgagTuh-Ougst hg ck Mrk`dg, pourrklt étrg gxpclquìg pnìòaî`gs h'kctìrktlo` qul o`t hìmoraì cgs pocls gt, pkr do`sìquk`t, cgs ho``ìgs hg ;'k`kcoblg mo`dtloqug pkr u`g gmmgdtlvg spìdlkclsktlo` mo`dtlo``ghgs aktlîrgs trkvklccìgs (Jgyrlgs ;<<;).

Ku do`trklrg, cgs pol`tgs gt cgs rkdcolrs do`vg

u`g morag ò` spìdlkclsìg qul ojtlg`t hgs dkrkdtìrmo`dtlo``gccgs pkrtlduclîrgs pkr rkpport kux kdtgmmgdtuìgs hk`s dnkdu` hgs sltgs ìtuhlìs, akls kurkpport kux typgs hg aktlîrgs prgalîrgs utlclsìgs gdnolx hgs tgdn`lqugs mklts qul hìtgral`g`t ck tklcsupports gt pkr do`sìqug`t cgur aorpnocoblg (o` p



:4 D. CGAOZL@L - ]KZLKJLCLXG OW TVGDLKCLTKXLO@ MO@DXtO@@GCCG?

rìmìrg`dgs

K`hgrso`-Bgrmkuh. V.D. ;<>; Do`trljutlo` aìtnohocoblqug k L'k`kcysg hgs aldrotrkdgs h'utlclsktlo` sur cgs outlcs prìnlstorlqugs. Xngsg hg trolslîag dydcg, W`. hg Jorhgkux L.

Jgyrlgs, T. ;<>2 ]krlk jlcltì hg ;'l`hustrlg cltnlqug ku Aoustìrlg`, Oxmorh, JKZ L`t.Tgr. 4:>.

;<>> Gtuhg trkdìocoblqug hgs rkdcolrs hu `lvgku LLK. Cg blsgag`t pkcìontn lqug aoygJlkdng-Tkl t-]kkst (Vks-hg-Dkckls), Aìaolrgs hg ck Todlìcì Vrìnlstorlqug Mrk`bklsg :;.:;7-:46.

;<<; Vrojcgas om l`tgrprgtl`b tng mu`dtlo`kc rgsucts mor k`dlg`t pgrlohs, Xng l`tgrprgtpossljlcltlgs om aldrowgkr stuhlgs, Kua ;8, ;;-;=.

;<<4 K`kcysg mo`dtlo``gccg hg ;'l`hustrlg cltnlqug hu `lvgku DK9 rkpport prìclal`klrg gthlrgdtlo`s hg rgdngrdng. Zlg`dourt-cîs-Jkpkuag (Vks-hg-Dkckls), Krdnìocoblg gt brk`hstrkvkux. Hoduag`ts h'krdnìocoblg mrk`dklsg 42, 74-=;.

Jlgttl, K..T. Eun`,KB. Tgbrg,

A.D. Ttl`gr

;<<6/;<<; Brottk Jrgulc9 k bg`grkc l`trohudtlo` k`h strktlbrkpny, [uktgr`krlk @ovk ;, 467-4:8.

Jorhgs, M.

Dross, I.Z.

;<>; Xypocoblg hu Vkcìontnlqug k`dlg` gt aoyg`. Dknlgrs hu [uktgr`klrg ;, Gh. hu D@ZT.

;<>4 Xwlbs. jrk`dngs, trggs, k`h morgsts9 projcgas om sdkcg l` cltnld k`kcysls. L`9 I.KK T Egg`g (ghs)Krdnkgocobldkc nkaagrs k`h tngorlgs @gw \ore Kdkhgalg Vrgss




Rnltg, I.V., ;<22 Broup hgml`ltlo`s k`h ag`tkc tgapcktgs9 k` gtnòbrkpnld gxpgrlag`t. L`9 @. Aohigsek, (gh.), Tco`g toocs ks ducturkc akregrs9 dnk`bg, gvocutlo` k`h doapcgxlty. @gw IgrL. Nlpuyk 4>6-4<6.

D. Cgaorl`lHlp. J.K.W. W`. «Ck Tkplg`zkµ hl ZoakV. Kcho Aoro 7;-66;>7 Zoak



V.I.Z. Aohhgrak Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale kus Agl`hcl`b,Bga. Ojgrsdn`glhl`b, Cher. Ttrkujl`b-Jobg`

alt gl`ga Jgltrkb

vo` D.D. Jkegcs

L`nkct9;. Gl`mónru`b:. Hktlgru`b4. Nkusbru`hrlssg8. V&clskhg`7. µBgrjgbrujg`«=. Brujg`2. Gl` Omg`>. Xo`wkrg<. Hgdnsgc u`h gl` Jglc (vo` D.D. Jkegcs)

;6. To`stlbg Mu`hg;;. Gl`g Jgstkttu`b

Hlg Kjsldnt hgr Brkju`bg` l` Agl`hcl`b wkr, ]grbcgldns-aktgrlkc zu trnkctg` zu hg` Nlg`nglagr Zgsuctktg`. @ldnt` M kb ` k ` CJE `h ` k d J k`l

ua gl` El`h. L` hlgsga Mkclg grrgldntg gs gtwk hks hrlttg Cgjg`siknr.

Hks jotk`lsdng Aktgrlkc wurhg vo` D.D. Jkegcs jgkrjgltgt. A.G.Xn, hg Brootn jgrldntgt ójgr Tlcgx u`h Bgrotg kus Tlcgx.

ca ]grbcgldn alt Nlg`ngl`l wurhg` vlgc agnr Xlgreòdng`bgjorbg`, wgcdng vo` K.X. Dckso` jgkrjgltgt sl`h.

]lgc Aóng nkjg` wlr u`s bgbgjg`, hlg Wawgct hgrTlghcu`b Agl`hcl`b jgssgr eg``gllzucgr`g`. N.K. Brog`g`hlie jgrldntgt hkrójgr sgpkrkt l` hlgsg` K`kcgdtk.

;. Gl`mónru`bHlg Kusbrkju`bg` l` Agl`hcl`b stgng` l` g`bgaYuskaag`nk`b alt hg`g` l` Nlg`ngla, wlg sdno` l` hgrGl`mónru`b zua zwgltg` Xglc hgr Vujclektlo` ójgr hlgsgrW`tgrsudnu`bg` altbgtglct wurhg (Aohhgrak` ;<>=). HlgKj ld t k Kj d J ` g g Mg hk jgltg`



:= K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Kjjlchu`b ;. Agl`hcl`b, Cehr.

Ttrkujl`b-Jobg`5 Ckbg hgrKusbrkju`bsmckdng (brku).

Gs wurhg bgbrkjg` voa ;7.6> jls zua :4.6< ;<22.l ` h ` l l l h lh `

K:-Jlchu`b, kjgr k`hgrgrsglts sdngl`t hlg brkug Tdnlhk hld Td ` k 76 6 h @ hb `



:2 V.I.Z. AOHHGZAK@ - CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE KWT AGL@HCL@B

òdn greg``jkr kum Bru`h lnrgs Tdnkttg`s la D-Norlzo`t.Hks nglst. hkJ u`tgr hg` Vmostg`brujg` gl`g 7-;6 da hldegJ-Morau`b stkttbgmu`hg` nkttg, wlg wlr u`tgr jgssgrg`]grnllct`lssg` agnr `ýrhcldn kum hgr Brkju`b mgststgccg`

eo``tg`. L` M. B-c wkrg` kcso hlg Vt'ostg`brujg` výcclbkjbgsdnwgaat, u`h ak` eo``tg lnrg Ttgccg` ùr òdnwgbg` hlgsgr Johg`jlchu`b greg``g`.

:. Hktlgru`bKum Bru`h hgr Xypocoblg hgr vgrzlgrtg` Egrkale uamkJt

tclo Jgslghcu`b l` Agl`hcl`b hlg bk`zg Ygltspk``g hgr CJE.Knbgsgng` vo` gl`lbg` Aó`dnsnýmg`gr Tdngrjg` lst hksAlttgc`gocltnleua l` hgr Brkju`bsmclldng `ldnt vgrtrgtg`.

Gs grbkj sldn hlg Aýbcldneglt, k` Nk`h vo` vlgr Vrojg`D;8-Hktlgru`bg` hurdnzumllnrg`, wgcdng kccg vo` hgrKjtglcu`b mór Lsotopg`pnysle hgs Ckjorktorluas mórKccbgagl`g Vnysle hgr W`lvgrsltllt Bro`l`bg` mrgu`hcldngr-wglsg ójgròaag` wurhg`.

Hlg kctgstg rónrt kus gl`gr µBgrjgbrujg« (Mu`h`r. :64)ngr9 =.4>6»;46 JV, Br@->=>2. Eckssg D `kdn Rktgrjoce;<2;.

Hlg Ywgltkctgstg hktlgrt gl`g` Vmostg` kus gl`gr Vkclskhg(Mu`h`r. 4<2)9 =.;<6+;66 JV, Br@-<;4<. Eckssg K `kdnRktgrjoce ;<2;.

Hlg jglhg` cgtztg` Hktldru`bg` stgng` wonc l` g`bgaYuskaag`nk`b. Hlg gl`g bgnort nýdnstwknrsdngl`cldn zugl`ga Vmostg` hgs Nkusgs : (Mu`h`r 46;)9 = ;46»86 JV

bk`zg` gl`wk`hmrgl mgstbgcgbt worhg`. Hkzu hlg`tg` `ldnùr Ójgrsdn`glhu`bg` vo` Vmostg`brujg`, so`hgr` gl`gbroJg Nlcmg wkr gs, hkJ hks zwgltg Nkus ommg`sldntcldhurdn Jrk`h zgrstýrt wkr, wgswgbg` vlgcg Vmostg`cýdng

stkre alt bgjrk``tga Cgna bgmócct wkrg`, wknrg`h hkshrlttg u`h ió`bstg Nkus sldn hurdn hlg brkug Móccu`b hgrVmostg`brujg` vo` hg` jrku`cldng` hgr jglhg` vork`bgng`-hg` u`tgrsdnglhgt. Xngorgtlsdn socctg kcso hgr L`nkct hgBrujg` `gjg` hg` Nllusgr` gl`g` @lghgrsdnckb vo` hgrg`Kumgl`k`hgrmocbg bgjg`. Hlgsg Nommù`b lst cglhgr ùtglcwglsg grmócct. Yu`kdnst wlrh k`nk`h gl`gs vgrgl`mkdVck`gs zuskaag`bgmkJt, wgcdng Ójgrcgbu`bg` bgakdntsl`h (Kjj. 8, 7). Hlg gcm l` Jgtrkdnt bgòaag`g` Brujg`

nkjg` kum hlgsga Vck` gl`g jgso`hgrg @uagrlgru`bgrnkctg`.Hga Brkju`bspck` ek`` ak` g`t`gnag`, hkJ hlg hrgl

Brujg` 8-= l``grnkcj hgs zwgltg` u`h hrlttg` Nkusgs clgbgu`h g`tck`b hga kctgstg`, wks gl` Nl`wgls mór hlg Hktlgruhgs L`nkctgs hlgsgr hrgl Brujg` sgl` hórmtg. Ójgrhlgs sglhkrkum kumagreska bgakdnt. hkJ Brujg 8 bgsdn`lttg` wlrhvoa ýstcldng` Rk`hbrkjdng` hgs Nkusgs :. L` zwgl Brujgèo``tg gl`g Ag`bg k` bgjrk``tga Cgna bgskaagct wgrhg`.Brujg : g`tnlgct vor kccga bk`z u`tg` 4;.267 Brkaa u`hBrujg < ;8.:<7 Brkaa. Kudn hlg Brujg` 4 alt 2.<47 u`h; alt 8.=76 Brkaa bgjrk``tgr Cgna eo``tg ak` vlgccgldntòdn zua :tg` kjbgjrk``tg` Nkusg rgdn`g`. Hlg so`stlbg`mó`m Brujg` g`tnlgctg` nýdnstg`s ùr ;.766 Brkaa









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74 V I Z AOHHGZAK@ - CL@GKZJK@HENZKA;E KWT AGL@HCL@B



74 V.I.Z. AOHHGZAK@ CL@GKZJK@HENZKA;E KWT AGL@HCL@B

u K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



u K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Kjjlchu`b >. Mu`hg kus hgr Brujg < (Mu`h r <;, ;47 u`h 4::) zu Bgjkuhg 4 (?). A ;9:.

]T VI Z AOHHGZAK@ - CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE KWT AG;@HCL@B



]T V.I.Z. AOHHGZAK@ - CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE KWT AG;@HCL@B

HVZ kut' hgr Brg`zg zwlsdng` @orh- u`h Alttgctglc. On`ghlgsd` Vmostg` wllrg hgr Alttgcwgrt tkst ;< da!

Nkus 79 Hlg wg`lbg Tpurg` hlgsgs Nkusgs wglsg` kumgl`g Al`hgstck`bg vo` 2 a nl`. Hlg Jrgltg ek`` 7.: a

bgwgsg` sgl`. Hgr @orhtglc nkt gl`g Cll`bg vo` :.: a. Hlgjglhg HVZ` stg`g` :.= a kusgl`k`hgr. Hlg Kjstll`hgzwlsdng` hg` wgstcldng` Rk`hpmostg` ckutg` >6, >7, ;6>u`h ;66 da. Hlg Xlgtg` hgr Tpurg` sl`h u`jgek``t, wglc slg`ldnt bgsdn`lttg` wurhg`. Rgstcldn hgs Nkusgs jgml`hg`sldn zwgl Cgnabrujg`. Hlg `ýrhcldng nkt ùr := da Xlgmg,hlg sóhcldng rgldnt jls =6 da. Hlg cgtztg nkt gl`lbg altZltzcl`lg` vgrzlgrtg Tdngrjg` bgclgmgrt, ùr gl`g nkt hkzuòdn bgstrgutg Gl`hródeg la Jk`hg.

Nkus =9 Gs nk`hgct sldn nlgrjgl u`jghl`bt ua hg`laposk`tgstg` Nkusbru`hrlJ kus Agl`hcl`b alt sgl`grCll`bg vo` ójgr 46 a u`h gl`gr Jrgltg vo` = a. @ur Nkus :ek`` sgnr wonc brýJgr bgwgsg` sgl`. Hgr @orhtglc nkt gl`gCk`bg vo` wg`lbstg`s 4.7 a, wllnrg`h hlg jglhg` k`hgrg`Xglcg ;2.7 u`h < a agssg`. Hlg HVZ` stgng` 4, <, 7, 4,;.7, :, :.7 u`h ; a kusgl`k`hgr. Hlg Kjstll`hg zwlsdng`hg` ýstcldng` Rk`hpmostg` sdnwkèg` vo` ;66 jls ;47 daalt gl`ga Alttgcwgrt vo` ;6> da. L` hgr Rgstwk`h sl`hhlg kuJgrstg` AkJg ;66 u`h ;46 da alt gl`ga Alttgcwgrtvo` ;;6 da. Hlg Xlgtg` hlgsgr Rk`hpmostg`brujg` wkrg`cglhgr ùr sgnr vkbg zu jgojkdntg`. Tlg rgldng` vo` ;6 jls:8 da. Hlg Alttgcwgrtg hgr Ost- u`h Rgstwll`hg jgtrkbg`;2 u`h ;4 da Hlg tlgmstg` Brujg` hgr L``g`pmostg` ml`hgt

Xlgmg` hlgsgr Vmostg`brujg` sdnwkèg` zwlsdng` 2 u`h da alt gl`ga Alttgcwgrt vo` ;;.7 da. Bgbg` hlgsgZgeo`struetlo` wkrg k`zumónrg`. hkJ egl`g Cgnabrujg`gl`hwk`hmrgl zua Bru`hrlJ bgnýrg`.

Nkus >9 Kudn l` hlgsga Mkclg sl`h hlg Tpurg` sgnrspkrcldn. @ur gl`g 2.7 a ck`bg Rk`hpmostg`rglng, jgbcgltvo` Cgnabrujg`. lst vornk`hg`. Rgltgrg Zgstg sl`hkuJgrnkcj hgr kusbgbrkjg`g` Mckdng zu grwkrtg`. HlgVmostg` stgng` ;:6 jls ;46 da kusgl`k`hgr u`h eg``g`Xlgmg` zwlsdng` > u`h ;> da alt gl`ga Alttgcwgrt vo`ójgr ;4 da. Hlg wg`lbg` vgrzlgrtg` Tdngrjg` kus hg`Brujg` sprgdng` mór gl`g gtwks kctgrg Hktlgru`b kcs hlg Nkus =. Gs kn`gct bg`ku hgr Ckbg jgl Nkus 7.

Nkus <9 Ka Tóhg`hg hgr Mckdng jgml`hg` sldn hlgu`vgreg``jkrg` Tpurg` vo` gl`ga Nkusg, vlgccgldnt sobkrvo` zwgl Nkusgr`. Ka hgutcldnstg` lst gl`g Vmostg`rglng,wgcdng zuskaag` alt gl`lbg` Cgnabrujg` gl`g` hgut-cldng` Nl`wgls mór gl`g Rgstwk`h jlchg`. Gs zglbg` sldngl`lbg Alttgcpmostg`brujg` alt Hurdnsdn`lttg` vo` 26 jls<6 da. Rgbg` hgr Kjsdnwgaau`b sl`h hlg Xlgmg` hgrVmostg`brujg` ùr sgnr bgrl`b9 : jls ;= da. Hlg bk`zwg`lbg` vgrzlgrtg` Tdngrjg` kus hg` Cgnabrujg` grckujgègl`g Hktlgru`b.

8. Vkclskhg`ca ]grbcgldn alt k`hgrg` Mu`hstgccg` wurhg` l`

Agl`hcl`b rgcktlv vlgcg Vkclskhg`brkjdng` kumbgzgldn`g

4= K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



akdnt. Hlg jglhg` Vkclskhg` jgla Nkus = jrkudng` `ldntbcgldnzgltlb zu sgl`, wglc hlg kuJgrg, eórzgrg egl`g gl`zlbgTdngrjg g`tnlgct, wknrg`h hlg ck`bgrg mkst :66 BrkaaTdngrjg` u`h gl Tdncglmstgl`mrkbag`t grbkj, wgcdng jglaGl`mïlccg` l` hks Brkjdng` nl`gl`bgrktg` sgl` aussg`.

ca cgtztbg`k``tg` Vkclskhg`brkjdng` alt gl`gr Ck`bgvo` 87 a lst gl`g Zglng vo` Vmostg`spurg` mgstbgstgcctworhg`. Tlgjg` Vtostg` wkrg` :: jls :7 da stkre, wknrg`hgl`gr jls 46 da hlde wkr. Hlg Kjstk`hg zwlsdng` hg`Vmostg`, vo` Alttg zu Alttg bgagssg`, sl`h sgnru`rgbgcakJlb9 87->6 da alt gl`ga Alttgcwgrt vo` =4 da.Hlg Vmostg` `glbg` gtwks bgbg` Rgstg`. Hlg D;8 Hktlgru`bgl`gs hgr Vmostg`, =.;<6» ;66 JV eý``tg gl` Nl`wgls sgl`,

hkJ hlg Vkclskhg gtwks kctgr lst kcs hgr Vmostg` hgs Nkusgs:, wgcdngr =.;46»8() JV hktlgrt wurhg. Nkus : lst vlgccgldnthgr @kdnmocbgr hgs Nkusgs =.

Oj gs sldn jgla kctgstg` kccgr Brkjdng` la Tóhostg` hgrBrkju`b ua gl` Vkclskhg`brkjdng` nk`hgct lst mrkbcldn. HlgJrgltg lst brýJgr kcs òrakc, u`h hks Brkjdng` g`hgt sgnrkjrupt. Ka TR-G`hg jgml`hgt sldn gl`g Brujg (:72),wgcdng la Tdn`ltt mkst mrgl voa Brkjdng` wkr, kjgr akàuJ hkalt rgdn`g`, hkJ l` hlgsga [ukhrkt hlg Kjsdnwga-au`b stkre zubgbrlmmg` nkt, wohurdn vlgcgs vgrcorg` bl`b.Kus Brujg u`h Brkjdng` wurhg` ùr orbk`lsdn bgakbgrtgTdngrjg` bgjorbg`. Xypocoblsdn lst gs hgr kctgstgMu`heoapcgx kus Agl`hcl`b.

Kum hgr Tudng `kdn Yuskaag`nk`bg` zwlsdng`

826 Brkaa, hkvo` :=7 Brkaa orbk`lsdn bgakbgrtMó`m alt Cl`lg` vgrzlgrtg, kòrbk`lsdn bgakbgrTdngrjg` (77 Br.), 7 Zk`hsdngrjg`, gl`g Eùjjg, gNgègl, : Tlcldgs, gl` Akncstgl`mrkbag`t, 4 Jrýd

Tk`hstgl` u`h gl` wg`lb bgjrk``tgr Cgna.8. L` hgr Mckdng `ldnt bgkn`tg Bgrjgbrujg la [ukhC. ;=6 da, Jr. 26 da, Xl. ;:4 da. Orlå`t, gtwk 426Dg`tlbrkh. Kus hgr Móccu`b wurhg ùr Noczeonbgjorbg` u`tgr Mu`h`r. :64, wgcdng hlg kctgstgAgl`hcl`bgr Zkhloekrjo`hktlgru`b grbkj5 Br@->=4>6»;46JV.

7. La [ukhrkt M-4. C. 0 ;76 da, Jr. 0 46 da, Xl. =7Orlå`t. =6 Dg`tlbrkh. Egl`g Mu`hg l` hgr bgsdnl

Gl`móccu`b.

=. Brujg`L` hlgsga Yuskaag`nk`b jgsdnrllèg` wlr u`s kum

gl`lbg Jgagreu`bg` zu hg` Brujgèoapcgxg`.La Zkuag hgs Nkusgs 8 jgml`hg` sldn gl`lbg Bru

(slgng [ukhrkt J-8). Hlg ovkcg l` hgr sóhýstcldng` vo` bk`z wg`lbg` Aó`dnsnýmg`gr Tdngrjg` hktlgrt. jglhg` zuskaag`stossg`hg` Brujg` blct gl`g spktg CJHktlgru`b. W`tgr hg` Tdngrjg` jgml`hg` sldn ighodgl`lbg, wgcdng zur kctgstg` Vnksg bgnýrg` eý``tg`,gl` jgdngrkrtlbgs BgmkJ alt ecgl`ga Ttk`hrl`b (Kjj.

Hgr Brujgèoapcgx la [ukhrkt H-7 wurhg wgbg`Ygltak`bgc `ldnt wgltgr u`tgrsudnt



4s K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



Kjjlchu`b ;6. Tdnkcg hgr kctgstg` CJE (Mu`h`r. 47<), sgnrwknrsdngl`cldn bcgldnzgltlb alt Brujg :72. A ;98.

Kjjlchu`b ;;. JgdngrkrtlbgsBgmkJ (Mu`h`r. :>:). A ;98.

gl`bgrltztg` Cl`lg`. Ak` hkrm tngorgtlsdn `ldnt kussdnclgssg`,hkml hlg Brujg` :72 u`h :7= bcgldnzgltlb sl`h, wglc slg sog`b `gjg`gl`k`hgr clgbg`. Hlg Brujg :72 wllrhg kcshk``zumkcclbgrwglsg egl`g vgrzlgrtg Tdngrjg grnkctg` nkjg`.

Ywgl wgltgrg, orbk`lsdn bgakbgrtg Tdngrjg` nongrTtk`hmWmlg rónrg` kus hga eoapclzlgrtg` Brujg` la[ukhrkt B-8 ngr. Gl`g Hktlgru`b lst kcso sgnr sdnwgr zubgjg`. TdnclgJcldn sl`h òdn zu grwkn`g` zwgl Tdngrjg`(on`g orbk`lsdng Akbgru`b!) gl`gs jgdngrkrtlbg` Bgmkssgsalt ecgl`ga Ttk`hmuJ (Kjj. ;;5 Mu`h`r. :>:). Tlg wurhg`bgmu`hg` l` gl`ga Brujg`tglc l` J-8 zuskaag` alt rgcktlvvlgc orbk`lsdn bgakbgrtgr Xo`wkrg, kjgr hlg Mu`hvgrnkct`lssgwglsg` kjgrakcs kum gl`g eoapclzlgrtg G`tstgnu`bsbgsdnldntghgs Brujgèoapcgxgs nl`. Hkngr stgnt gl`g Hktlgru`b kus.Tlg ek`` ighodn typocoblsdn `ldnt sgnr mrón sgl` so`hgr`

Kjjlchu`b ;:. Cl`gkrjk`hegrk-alsdngs Tdnwgl`dng` (Mu`h`r.;<2). A ;9:.

@gu` Hgdnsgc eo``tg` bgagssg` wgrhg` (Xkj. ;).Mu`h`r. ck lst gl` broJgr, nongr Hgdnsgc. Mu`h`r. ;agJjkr, hllrmtg kudn gl`gr bgwgsg` sgl`. Hgr Xypusecgl`g` sdnakcg` nong` Hgdnsgc lst alt Mu`h`r. >4vgrtrgtg`. Towglt greg``jkr sl`h hlg so`stlbg` TtódeBgrktg bgwgsg`. L` hlgsg` mckdng` Aohgccg` wgrwgltgrg` Eckssg` u`tgrsdnlghg` (Jkegcs ;<>2). Gs bG gapckrg alt gl h rdn Ek`tg` kjbgsgt tg` Tgltg`

4< V.I.Z. AOHHGZAK@ - CL@GKZJK@HEGZKA;E KWT AGL@HCL@B



Hks Mrkbag`t Mu`h`r. 4= rónrt vo` gl`ga hurdnjonrtg`Bgrkt ngr. Gs autgt alttgc`gocltnlsdn k` u`h hórmtg woncalt hgr spkrska vgrtrgtg`g` Aó`gnsnýmg`gr Euctur l`]grjk`h bgjrkdnt wgrhg`, ojsdno` l` hgr Brujg egl`gAó`gnsnýmg`gr Tdngrjg` vorckbg`. Gs lst ik kudn `ldntkusbgsdncossg` hkJ gl`lbg hgr mckdng` Hgdnsgc zu hlgsgrEuctur bgnort nkjg`5 `ldnt kccg hórmg` cl`gkrjk`hegrkalsdnbgwgsg` sgl`.

Ronc `ldnt jk`hegrkalsdn lst hlg Mu`h`r. ;=2k, gl`Jglc`kdeg`mrkbag`t. Hgssg Zonstomm, Tgrpg`tl`lt, wgldntkudn voc clb vo` hg` ójrlbg` Bgrktg` kj.

Jls kum gl`ga sl`h hlg k`hgrg` Ttódeg kus Kapnljocltbgmgrtlbt. Hlg Kus`knag jgtrlm mt hg` Hgdnsgc @r. 48< kus

Jkskct. Hlg Bru`hakssg hlgsgs Bgstgl`gs lst rgldn k`Vckbloecks. Kublt u`h Akb`gtlt. Kublt u`h mkst bk`zuabgwk`hgctg jkskctlsdng Noajcg`hg morag` hlgMl`sprg`bcl`bg. Vckbloecks mgnct l` hlgsgr Ektgborlg.

Xkjgccg ;. Hlg AkJg hgr Hgdnsgc l` aa, Rlègc hgr Tdn`glhg l`

Mu`h`r. Ck`bg Jrgltg NOng Rlègc

ck ;4= :8 46 76

;j >; =: :; =6

48 8: 4= < 86

>4 >; ;= ;2 76

<7 7< ;4 87 =6

;2< 84 :4 < 86

L` Tkccak``sjgrb wurhg hlgsgr Zonstomm kudn wknrg`h hKctnglagr Euctur jgùtzt. Hlg l` hgr Vujclektlo` ójgrNlg`ngla po`lgrtg Nypotngsg, hkJ hlg Yumunr vo`Kapnljoclt kus hgr Bruppg L l` hga Ygltrkua `kdn hgrCl`gkrjk`hegrkale stkre `kdnclgJ ohgr vlgccgldnt sobkrkumnýrtg. ek`` kcso `ldnt mór hg` bgskatg` Bllujohg`jgljgnkctg` wgrhg`. Agl`hcl`b nkt nlgr cglhgr `ldntsnl`zuzumóbg` wglc gl` ]grbcgldn alt `kdncl`gkrjk`hegrk-alsdnga Aktgrlkc nlgr `ldnt aýbcldn lst.

Hlg Hgdnsgc aussg` k`hgrswo ngrbgstgcct sgl`, hk Kjmvo` hgr Jgkrjgltu`b hgs Bgstgl`s l` Agl`hcl`b mgncg`. ]o`wongr hlg Bgrktg ekag` lst òdn laagr `ldnt jgek``t.

Hlg Tlghcu`b lst `ldnt jgso`hgrs kra k` Hgdnsgc` u`h

hgssg` Xróaagrstódeg`. Gs bljt laagrnl` :6 vo` hlgsg`Krtgmketg` kum < Nkusgr`, hks akdnt :,: Ttóde pro NkusL` Nlg`ngla µKa Rgl`jgrb« wurhg` :7 Bgjkuhgcl`gkrjk`hegrkalsdn hktlgrt5 hkzu bgnýrg` wg`lbstg`s =6Bgrktg (Kjmkccg on`g Tdnclmmspurg` `ldnt gl`jgbrlmmg:,8 Ttóde pro Nkus. Hlgsg Zktg hórmtg nýngr kusmkccg`,hlg `ldnt alt Tldngrnglt hktlgrtg` Ttódeg kusbgeckaagrtsl`h. Hks Akxlaua clgbt wonc jgl 4,>. Tkccak``sjgrbgrjrkdntg ;8 Nkusgr u`h 4: Krtgmketg (u`jgstlaajkrg

Xróaagr `ldnt altbgrgdn`gt. Bk`scaglgr ;<<:), hks akdnt:,8 Bgrktg pro Nkus. Hlg Rgrtg sl`h vgrbcgldnjkr althgìg`lbg` hgr ecgl`grg` Tlghcu`bg` la òrhwgstcldng`Jgrgldn hgr Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale, `kag`tcldn Ckurg`zjgrb 2(:,7) u`h Ck`bwglcgr ;= (4,6) la Agrzjkdntkc. BroJmckdnl

8;) K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



8; V.I.Z. AOHHGZAK@ - C;@GKZJK@HEGZKALE KWT AGL@HCL@B



K`ktoalsdn-Gajyrocoblsdng` Ckjorktorluas hgr Cglhg`grW`lvgrsltkt. Mocbg`hgs lst gl`g Yuskaag`mkssu`b hgs laKrdnlv hgs LVCs jgml`hcldng` Zkpports.

Hks Tegcgt wurhg bgmu`hg` jgla Tdn`glhg` gl`gr <6 da

Ck`bg` u`h 76 da jrgltg` Kusjudntu`b hgr broctg` Brujg:<=. Hgr Xotg wurhg kum hg` Johg` hgs jls :6 da u`tgrhlg Brkju`bsmckdng rgldng`hg K``gxgs bgcgbt. Mrkbcldn lstos. wlg wglt hlg Kusjudntu`b zur Jgstkttu`b bgbrkjg`wurhg, ohgr oj slg sdno` hk wkr u`h cghlbcldn gl` wg`lbkusbdrlluat wurhg. Cgtztgrgs nkt hlg brýJtg Rknrsdngl`cldn-Ldglt, wglc tlks El`h hlkbo`kc la Brujg`tglc ckb. Gs nk`hgctsldn ua gl`g Nodegrjgstkttu`b l` Ost-Rgst-Zldntu`b. Hlg

Jgl`g wurhg` nodn bgzobg` u`h uakrat. Hgr Eopm jgmk`hsldn la Ostg` alt Jclderldntu`b zua Tóhg`. Hks Kctgrjgla Ttgrjg` wurhg k`nk`h vo` Zý`tbg`kum`knag` hgrrgdntg` Ojgrelgmgrnkcmtg u`h hgr clèg` W`tgrelgmgrnkc

kum 4»; Iknr jgstlaat. Hlg Jgstkttu`b ek`` ùr l`hlrgethktlgrt wgrhg`, wglc Jglbkjg` mgncg`. Kus hgr Mllccu`b hBrkjgs wurhg` gl`lbg CJE Tdngrjg` u`h gl` Ttódedng`Ttgl` bgskaagct, wknrg`h hlg broJg Brujg ùr agnrgrgvgrzlgrtg u`h u`vgrzlgrtg CJE Tdngrjg` g`tnlgct. Akèoaat ekua hkrua ngrua, hlg Jgstkttu`b kcs cl`gkrjk`h-egrkalsdn zu jgtrkdntg`.





Akriorlg hg Brootn Dngrt produrgag`t st rk tgblgs l` tng CJE sgttcgag`tom Agl`hcl`b, Jkvkrlk

l` tnls pkpgr tng dngrt kssgajckbg om tng Cl`gkrjk`h-egrkale sltg kt Agl`hcl`b l` soutngkstgr` Jkvkrlk lsk`kcyzgh. Xng sgttcgag`t ls codktgh kt k hlstk`dg om kt cgkst

sgvg`tgg` elcoagtrgs mroa tng `gkrgst outdrops om dngrtngkrl`b rodes. cts l`nknltk`ts prkdtlsgh k produrgag`tstrktgby hlmmgrg`t mroa tnkt eòw` kt Jk`hegrkale sltgs l`

mcl`t-jgkrl`b rgblo`s, sudn ks Nlg`ngla. Xnls strktgbyl`vocvgh k aorg dkrgmuc sgcgdtlo` om rkw aktgrlkc ktgxtrkdtlo` sltgs. Nowgvgr, tngrg wks ò gvlhg`tg mor khgkrtn om rkw aktgrlkc, òr mor pkrslao`lous jgnkvlouro`dg tng dngrt nkh krrlvgh kt tng sgttcgag`t.

;. L`trohudtlo`Hurl`b tng trlkc gxdkvktlo` pgrmoragh l` ;<22 kt tng Cl`gkr

Jk`hegrkale (CJE) sltg om Agl`hcl`b (Bhg. Ojgrsdn`glhl`b,Cher. Ttrkujl`b-Jobg`) jy tng Cglhg` W`lvgrslty L`stltutgmor Vrgnlstory (Aohhgrak` ;<2> l` prgss) k totkc om :4=

Xng gxdkvktlo` tgdn`lqugs usgh l` Agl`hcl`b k`hNlg`ngla wgrg slalckr, ks wgrg tng kaou`t om groslo`, k`htng bg`grkc dnkrkdtgr om tng sgttcgag`ts l` tgras om tng

hg`slty om nousgs k`h tng mrgqug`dy om rgmusg plts.Xngrgmorg, kssgssl`b tng hg`slty om krtgmkdts mroa jotngxdkvktlo`s provlhgh k sultkjcg stkrtl`b pol`t mor kdoapkrlso` om tng cltnld produrgag`t systgas om jotn sltgs(Xorrg`dg ;<>=).

L` Agl`hcl`b :47 CJE mcl`t krtgmkdts wgrg mou`h l` ;866squkrg agtrgs om gxdkvktlo` (surmkdg ml`hs l`dcuhgh), l.g k`kvgrkbg om o`g mcl`t krtgmkdt pgr = a: . Xng mlrst sgrlgs omgxdkvktlo`s kt Nlg`ngla (up tlcc k`h l`dcuhl`b ;<26), wltn

k` gxdkvktgh surmkdg om 247= ` r (Aohhgrak` ;<22),ylgchgh :276 CJE mcl`t krtgmkdts mroa hktgh plts kco`g(Hg Brootn ;<22, =<, tkj. ;), l.g. kt cgkst o`g mcl t krtgmkdtpgr :.2 `r. Xnus, tng ovgrkcc hg`slty l` Nlg`ngla wks ktcgkst twldg ks nlbn ks tnkt mou`h l` Agl`hcl`b




Mlburg ;. Akp snowl`b tng codktloòm sgttcgag`ts k`h dngrt gxtrkdtlo`sltgs ag`tlo`gh l` tng tgxt.

_SZgbg`sjurb S yJkl grsh orm S ý P P P )

' " P -P Austgr ,

I:c ](

®iNlg clgla P T ] Kr nomg P P"P ' T 6/Ttrkujl`k. / ' "P‘[Hlllul'lrm "|

Pl Sy"PAgl`hcl`b

T ôm ' 3P; ; / P v " -

P P ) ] Mcl tsjkdn

‘ P]lcsnomg` [ m S S P - ;

) ] Aklgrnom (X

sO ck`hsnut _ y Ortg jurb

6 ;6 :6eaQ``

6 ;6 :6ea

r

jotn Mcl`tsjkdn k`h Aklgrnom/Rg`b (Cher. ]lcsnomg`)systgaktld gxpcoltktlo` om rgslhukc hgposlts om tnls typg omslcgx nks jgg` hoduag`tgh (Aosgr ;<>6, 8765 RglJaóccgr

)

aorg hgtklcgh k`kcysls om tng prgvklcl`b produrgag`tstrktgblgs o`g aust mlrst hgtgral`g wngtngr or òt jotnbroups om rkw aktgrlkc wgrg trgktgh l` hlmmgrg`t wkys k

87 A. HG BZOOXN ('NGZX VZODWZGAG@X TXZKXGBLGT



Xkjcg ;. Agl`hcl`b9 rgvlgw om rkw aktgrlkcs.

typg provg`k`dg ùajgr

;. Jrow`lsn or brgylsn òhucgs wltn ak`y hots (3 : aa) k`h/or spgdes5 soagtlags wltn k Ortg`jurbgr Iurk ;;8zo`l`b om clbntdr k`h hkregr krgks. Krtlmldlkc surmkdgs bg`grkccy krg saootn. Xng dortgx lsaostcy tnl` k`h roubn*

:. Brgylsn jrow` noaobg`gous òhucgs, kbkl` aostcy wltn k roubn dortgx k`h saootnkrtlmldlkc mrkdturg surmkdgs

Ortg`jurbgr Iurk =

4. Rnltlsn-, jculsn- or hkre brgy òhucgs wltn k noaobg`gous strudturg k`h prghoal`k`tcy Zgslhukc cokas ;:saootn mrkdturg surmkdgs. Xng tnl` dortgx ls gltngr roubn or saootn Mrk`do`lk ` Kcj

8. Jculsn- or hkre brgy òhucgs wltn k brkhukccy zo`gh strudturg, saootn krtlmldlkc surmkdgs Zgslhukc cokas 46k`h k tnl`, saootn dortgx** Mrk`do`lk` Kcj

7. Jculsn-, wnltlsn- or hkre brgy jk`hgh òhucgs, wltn snkrpcy hgml`gh jk`hs/strlpgs, saootn Vrojkjcy Kr`nomg`- ;7or snl`y krtlmldlkc surmkdgs k`h k tnl`, roubn dortgx Kjg`sjgrb

=. Jculsn brgy strlpgh tkjuckr dngrts wltn saootn or snl`y mrkdturg surmkdgs, k`h k tnl`.roubn dortgx

Kr`nomg`-Kjg`sjgrb ;8

2. Brgylsn spgdegh, zo`gh, or strlpgh dngrts (aostcy òhucgs, jut kcso soag tkjcgts), tnkt Kr`nomg`-Kjg`sjgrb ;6nkvg jddoad auctl-docourgh (rghhlsn, odnrg, brgg`lsn), pgrnkps tnroubn sgdo`hkry or Cg`bmgchl`mlctrktlo` om lro`- or ak`bk`gsg-nyhroxlhgs. L` soag dksgs, nowgvgr. pktl`ktlo` or sclbnttngrakc kctgrktlo` dk`òt jg gxdcuhgh ks dkusgs mor tnls docourl`b

>. Alsddcck`gous. Xnls broup doaprlsgs sl`bcg plggds, aost om tnga projkjcy stgaal`b Zgslhukc cokas or ;>gltngr mroa rgslhukc cokas om tng Mrk`do`lk` Kcj or mroa rlvgr brkvgcs. Zgakrek jcg ls tng Hkùjg rlvgr brkvgcsmrkbag`t om k` g`h-rgtoudngh jckhgcgt. rghhlsn l` docour wltn k tnl` . snl`y. hkre rgh dortgx




Xkjcg 4. Agl`hcl`b k h Nlg`ngla, prl`dlpkc krtgmkdt dktgborlgs.

A-OZX A-KCJ A-totkc N-KCJ

` % ` % ` % `

Jckhgs. toocs 86 44.4 := 4:.; 2: 46.= ;8; LT.2Jckhgs, ò`-toocs ;8 ;;.2 ;> ::.: 8; ;2.8 ;=: :;Mckegs, toocs ;8 ;;.2 ;6 ;:.4 := ;;.; => <Mckegs, ò`-toocs 48 :>.4 ;2 :;.6 7< :7.; :7> 48Dorgs ;4 ;6.> 2 >.= :; >.< :: :Dnlps 6 6 : 6.< :; :.>Krtgmkdt mrkbag`ts 7 8.: : :.7 ;: 7.; >; ;6@kturkc jcodes 6 ; ;.: : 6.< ; 6.

totkc ;:6 >; :47 278

Xkjcg 8. Vroportlo`s om dorgs, mckegs k`h jckhgs l` Agl`hcl`b k`hNlg`ngla.

AOZX A-KCJ N-KCJ

Dorg 9 mckegDorg 9 jckhg

;98;98

;98;9=

;9;7;9;8

doapkrkjcg to tnosg mroa CJE sgttcgag`ts l` tng Cowgr]lcs ]kccgy, sltuktgh soag :6-46 ea to tng soutngkst, wngrg

7. tng kvgrkbg ùajgr om strlel`b pcktmoras k`h dorg mkdo` tng dorgs wouch jg nlbngr5

=. tng kvgrkbg slzg om tng gxnkustgh dorgs wouch jdsakccgr.

Lm tng sakcc kaou`t om jckhgs l` tng OZX kssgajckbg

wks dkusgh jy sakccgr hlag`slo`s k`h/or cowgr qukclty omtng l`ltlkc òhucgs, o`g wouch gxpgdt to ml`h9

2. aorg dortgx o` OZX tnk` o KCJ jckès5>. k sakccgr kvgrkbg ùajgr om `gbktlvgs om rgaovgh

j k` d 5

A. HG BZOOXN - DNGZX VZODWZGAG@X TXZKXGBLGT



Xkjcg 7. Doapkrlso` om tgdnòcobldkc hktk mor Agl`hcl`b k`h Nlg`ngla òhuckr dngrt.

AOZX A-KCJ N-KCJ

Krtgmkdts wltn dortgx (%) 8<.: 8<.8 ==.2

Ttrlel`b pcktmoras o` jckès (%)- dortgx- saootn- mkdgttgh- otngr

;2.84<.;42.27.>

;=.684.68:.6>.6

:4.=87.2::.=>.:

Horskc sdkrs (jckès) x 1 ;.<s 1 ;.;@ 1 >4

x 1 :.6s 1 ;.:@ 1 78

x 1 :.6s 1 ;.;@ 1 8<=

Zgiuvg`ktlo` jckès (%) =.<% 2.6% 7.;%

Rglbnt om dorgs (br) x 1 >>.=@ 1 ;4

x 1 ;;;.2@ 1 2

x 1 22.=@ 1 ::

@gbktlvgs o` dorgs x 1 7.>s 1 4.;@ 1 <

(x 1 2.6

@ 1 :)

x 1 2.:s 1 4.>@ 1 ;7

Dorg mkdgs/ strlel`b pcktmoras x 1 4.:

s 1 ;.6@ 1 <

(x 1 7.7

@ 1 :)

x 1 4.>

s 1 ;.:@ 1 ;=



8') A. HG BZOOXN - DNGZX VZODWZGAG@X TXZKXGBLGT



Xkjcg 2. Xooc mrgqug`dlgs l` Agl`hcl`b doapkrgh to tnosg l` k skapcg om :86 CJE toocs mroa slxtgg`hktgh plts l` Nlg`ngla.

Nlg`nglaojsgrvgh (%)

ojsgrvghAgl`hcl`bgxpgdtgh

(6-G) : /G

Krrow / jorgr / jurl` <.= : ;;.4 2.=7G`h-sdrkpgr ;;.2 ;> ;4.> ;.:>Tldecg jckhg ;;.4 :< ;4.8 ;>.;=G`h-rgtoudn 2.< ;8 <.4 :.4>Tlhg-rg toudngh / utlclsgh 44.4 44 4=.< 6.8;Tpcllltgrgh plgdgs / nkaadrsto`gs :>.4 :: 44.4 4.>4

Xkjcg >. Kvgrkbg ùajgr om aohlmldktlo`s o` akl` tool typgs l` Agl`hcl`b k`h Nlg`ngla.

tool typgAgl`hcl`b Nlg`ngla

tool typg^ s @ ^ s @

Tldecg jckhgsG`h-sdrkpgrsG`h-rgtoudngh jckhgsTlhg-rgtougndh jckhgs

8.;4.::.74.;

;.=;.:;.:;.4

:<;>;8;4

8.6:.=:.>:.>

6.<6.>;.86.<

:=:4;<88

doapkrlso` to Nlg`ngla's KCJ dorgs (kbkl`, tng twoAgl`hcl`b KCJ dorgs aust jg hlsrgbkrhgh).

Xnus. tng k`kcysls om tgdnòcobldkc vkrlkjcgs do`mlraghk j KCJ k`h OZX d k l h l` A l`h l`b l` k

(]k` Bli` ;<<6, <:, <7). Blvg` tng rgcktlvgcy sakcc sdkcg omtng gxdkvktlo`, lt rgakl`s u`dcgkr wngtngr pgrnkps k jorl`bakdnl`g stooh l` kòtngr pkrt om tng sgttcgag`t, or wngtngrh l l`b t j d ` lh h ` t t k j ` k 'jk ld' CJE




Kddorhl`b to tngsg aohgcs, jotn kssgajckbgs douch jgtng rgsuct om sgvgrkc produrgag`t strktgblgs9

;. ;;' tng l`nkjltk`ts om Agl`hcl`b nkh hlrgdt k`h opg`kddgss to tng sourdgs om rkw aktgrlkc, tngy tngasgcvgs

wouch nkvg doapcgtgcy prgpkrgh tng dorgs kt tnggxtrkdtlo` sltgs, jrl`bl`b tnga noag mor murtngrrghudtlo` (k vkrlgty om aohgc DO).

:. L` tng dksg om k` l`hlrgdt suppcy systga, twohlstrljutlo` agdnk`lsas wouch jg possljcg9

:k. Vgopcg nkvl`b hlrgdt kddgss to tng rgsourdgs woreghkddorhl`b to tng systga hgsdrljgh kjovg k`hsujsgqug`tcy gxdnk`bgh soag om tng prgpkrgh dorgs(dorrgspo`hl`b to aohgc D:).

:j. Xng prohudgrs trk`sportgh sgcgdtgh, u`woregh òhucgsto tnglr sgttcgag`ts mor murtngr rghudtlo`, k`hgxdnk`bgh soag om tng dorgs kmtgr prgpkrktlo`, orpossljcy gvg` kmtgr k` l`ltlkc sgrlgs om jckès wksprohudgh (dorrgspo`hl`b to aohgc H:).

L` bg`grkc, kddgss to cltnld rgsourdgs prgsg`t l` k` CJEsgttcgag`t's noag rk`bg (l.g. tng krgk wltnl` k slx-nourwkcel`b hlstk`dg) ls do`slhgrgh to nkvg jgg` u`rgstrldtgh

(Jkegcs ;<2>9 Jobudel ;<>>, ;:=-;:25 Hg Brootn ;<<85Cgdn ;<>25 Ylaagrak`` ;<<;5 jut sgg Dkng` gt kc. ;<<6mor k hlmmgrg t vlgw). Kddorhl`b to Ylaagrak`` (;<<;, ;66),l` tng Znl`gck`h tng trk`sltlo` zo`g jgtwgg` hlrgdt k`hl`hlrgdt suppcy om Zlidenoct-typg mcl`t ls sltuktgh kt k hlstk`dg

jg hktgh prgdlsgcy, k`h sgdo`hcy, jgdkusg wg ho òt eòw,wngtngr tng Agl`hcl`b dngrts wgrg kdtukccy doccgdtgh ktMcl`tsjkdn or kt Au`stgr. Xng do`slhgrkjcg hlstk`dgjgtwgg` sgttcgag`ts k`h gxpcoltktlo` krgks (ks wgcc ks otnmkdtor sudn ks hlmmlductlgs drossl`b tng Hkùjg or tngu`prghldtkjlclty om rkw aktgrlkc qukclty) aky nkvg cgh totng prkdtldg om pgrmoral`b tng mlrst stkbgs om tng rghudsgqug`dg kt tng qukrry sltg, tnus rghudl`b tng rlse omtrk`sportl`b sujstk`tlkc kaou`ts om u`sultkjcg/wortncgssòhucgs. K slalckr strktgby wks hgsdrljgh mor tng CJEgxpcoltktlo` kt tng Xoakszôw 'dnodocktg-mcl`t' al`gs l`Vock`h, codktgh kt k hlstk`dg om aorg tnk` o`g hky's wkcmora tng `gkrgst sgttcgag`ts (Cgdn ;<><).

Moccowl`b tng skag cl`g om rgkso`l`b, tng dngrts mora Kcj rgblo` wouch nkvg jgg` kdqulrgh l`hlrgdtcy. L` tnlsdksg, tng ckst possljlclty hgpldtgh sggas tng aost pckusljcgks lt ls doapktljcg wltn tng produrgag`t strktgby prkdtlsghjy tng l`nkjltk`ts om tng Toutngr` Mrk`do`lk` Kcj, wnotooe u`woregh òhucgs noag mor murtngr rghudtlo` (Hkvls;<225 Hg Brootn ;<22, ;<<85 Xlccak`` ;<><5 Rgl`lb;<><) k`h tnus douch do`dglvkjcy hlstrljutg prgpkrgh orl`ltlkccy rghudgh dorgs tnroubn how`-tng-cl`g gxdnk`bg

`gtwores. Xng skag systga om prohudtlo` k`h gxdnk`bg lstnoubnt to nkvg mu`dtlo`gh l` otngr krgks wngrg CJEsgttcgag`ts krg sltuktgh dcosg to outdrops om nlbn-qukcltyslcgx (Dkng` gt kc. ;<>=5 Dkspkr gt kc. ;<><5 Ekdzkòwgt kc. ;<>25 Cgdn ;<>25 Ylaagrak`` ;<<;).






Brootn, A.G.Xn, hg ;<22 Tlcgx hgr Jk`hegrkale. L`9 V.I.Z. Aohhgrak`, Hlg `gocltnlsdng Jgslghcu`b jgl Nlg`n Cher. Egcngla. ;. Hlg Kusbrkju`bg` ka Rgl`jgrb ;<=7 jls ;<26. Aktgrlkcngmtg zurjkygrlsdng` ]orbgsdnldntg Zglng K. Jh. 44/K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ;6, 7<

;<>2 Xng Orbk`lsktlo ` om Mcl`t Xooc Akùmkdturg l tng Hutdn Jk`hegrkale . K`kcgdtk V

nlstorldk Cglhg`slk :6, :2-7:.

;<>> Yuskaag`sgtzu`bg` vo` Tlcgxkrtgmketg` . L`9 W. Jogcldeg gt kc. (ghs). Hgr nk`hegrkaTlghcu`bspcktz Ck`bwglcgr >, Bgagl`hg Kchg`novg`, Ergls Hurg`, (Jgltrkbg zur `gocsdng` Jgslghcu`b hgr Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg 4 1 Zngl`lsdng Kusbrkju`bg` :>), 2>2-2<8.

;<<; Todlo-gdoòald kspgdts om `gocltnld mcl`t al`l`b9 K prgclal`kry stuhy, Ngcl`lua 4;, ;74-

;<<8 Hlg ]grsorbu`b alt Tlcgx l` hgr jk`hegrkalsdng` Tlghcu`b Nlg`ngla 'Ka Rgl`jgrb'(Cher. Egcngla) u`h hlg Orbk`lsktlo` hgs Kjjkus kum bgjk`hgrtg Vckttg`nor`stgl`g laZgvlgr Kr`nomg` (Cher. Egcngla), Bgrak`lk 2:, 477-862.

l` prgss Xng systga om mcl t produrgag` t kt tng Jk`hegrkale sltg om Nlg`ngla (Cher. Egcngla,Jkvkrlk). L`9 Vrodgghl`bs om tng Tlxtn L`tgr`ktlo`kc Tyaposlua o` Mcl`t, Akhrlh Odt;<<;. Akhrlh.

Ekdzkòwsek, A.,I.E. Eozcowesl.K. Ykeosdlgc`k

;<>2 Dnlppgh Tto`g L`hust rlgs om tng Cl`gkr Jk`h Vottgry Ducturg Tgttcgag`ts l` tng @owkNutk Zgblo`, Vrzgbcqh Krdngocobldz`y 48, <4-;4:.

Cgdn, I. ;<>2 Hkùjlk` rkw aktgrlkc hlstrl jutlo` pkttgr`s l` gkstgr` dg`trkc Guropg. L`9 B. hgB.Tlgvgel`b/A.N. @gwdoagr (ghs), Xng nuak` usgs om mcl`t k`h dngrt. DkajrlhbgW`lvgrslty Vrgss, Dkajrlhbg gtd., :8;-:8<.

74 A. HG BZOOXN - DNGZX VZODWZGAG@X TXZKXGBLGT



Tdnýtz, A.

Xlccak``, K.

Xorrg`dg. Z.

Rgl`lb, I.B.

RglJaóccgr, R.

Ylaaglak``, K.

;<>> Ywgl u`tgrsdnlghcldng Tlcgxkjsktzbgjlgtg la @gocltnleua hgs ]lcstkcs, Jkygrlsdng ]or-bgsdnldntsjchttgr 74, ;- ;=.

;<>< Hlg cl`lg`jk`hegrkalsdng Tlghcu`b jgl Kttg`mgch, Cer. @gujurb-Tdnrojg`n kusg`. L`9E.-N. Zlghgr gt kc. (ghs), Ttgl`zgltcldng Eulturg` k` Ho`ku u`h Kctaónc, Jgbcgltngmt zur

Kusstgccu`b la Ttkhtausgua L`bocstkht, L`bocstkht, ;:2-;47.

;<>= Vrohudtlo` k`h gxdnk`bg om sto`g toocs. Vrgnlstorlg ojslhlk` l` tng Kgbgk`. DkajrlhbgW`lvgrslty Vrgss, Dkajrlhbg gtd. (@gw Ttuhlgs l` Krdnkgocoby).

;<>< Hks Zonaktgrlkcsp getrua hgr Zgblo` Ojgrjkygr` -@orh . Ttk`h ;<><. L`9 E.-N. Zlghgr gtkc. (ghs), Ttgl`zgltcldng Eulturg` k` Ho`ku u`h Kctaónc, Jgbcgltngmt zur Kusstgccu`b laTtkhtausgua L`bocstkht. L`bocstkht, :;=-::>.

;<<; Hgr Tlcgxkjjku vo` Mcl`tsjkdn-Nkrht, Cer. Hgbbg horm. Gl`g jghgutg`hd Zonaktgrlkcck-bgrstkttg mór hlg Ttgl`zglt. ]ortrkbg hgs <. @lghgrnkygrlsdng` Krdnkocobg`tkbgs, ;; -86.

;<>> Ttglàktgrlkc. L`9 W. Jogcldeg gt kc. (ghs). Hgr nk`hegrkalsdng Tlghcu`bspckt9 Ck`bwglcgr>, Bga. Kchg`novg`, Er. Hurg`. Zngl`lsdng Kusbrkju`bg` :>, 7=<-2>2.

;<<; Kustkusdnsystgag vo` Tlcgxkrtgmketg` l` hgr Jk`hegrkale Alttgcguropks. Mrkèmurt/Akl`(Nkjlcltktlo`).

Akriorlg hg BrootnJo``gmk`tgàusguapostjus ;247@C-=:6; JT Akkstrldnt





D.D. Jkegls Mrults k`h sgghs mroa tng Cl `gkr jk`hegrkalesgttcgag`t kt Agl`hcl`b, Bgrak`y, wltn spgdlkcrgmgrg`dg to Vkpkvgr soa`lmgrua

Xng drops om Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale Agl`hcl`b wgrg gaagrwngkt, glèor` wngkt, pgk, cg`tlc, cl`sggh k`h poppy, lmtnge`lgr wks l`hggh ductlvktgh. Xngmlgchs wgrg l`mgstgh wltn

k spgdlkc wggh mcork wclosg goaposltlo` hlmmgrgh sclbntcy mroa tng dckssldkc Jroao-Ckpsk`gtua prkgnlstorldua.Xng dkrjo lzgh wks/d do`slslgh om brkl` lnkt wks òt ygtjgg` hgnusegh k`h hlsgkrhgh dnkmm. Ks m kr ks douch jgksdgrtkl`gh, gxdgss dnkmm wks huapgh to tng wgst om tngnoags. O`g Nkccsckct plt do`tkl`gh boch om pcgksurg.

;. L`trohudtloÀgl`hcl`b. Cher Ttrkujl`b-Jobg`. ls sltuktgh l` tng cogss

hlstrldt om Cowgr Jkvkrlk, Bgrak`y (tlb. ;). Xng sgttcgag`tclgs kc tng ghbg om k pcktgku, o` brou`h tnkt scopgs bg`tcytowkrhs tng cgmt jkè om tng rlvucgt Ýhjkdn. Xng hlstk`dg totng wktgrdoursg ls ;66 a. Aost trkdgs om nkjltktlo` krg omtng mlrst kbrkrlk` sgttcgrs om Dg`trkc Guropg9 tng pgopcg om

mroa plt mlccs wnldn wgrg mou`h to hktg mroa o`g odduppnksg o`cy5 ò skapcgs wgrg tkeg` mroa krgks om l`tgr-sgdtlo`. Rltn o`g gxdgptlo` (@o. <7-;), ò skapcgs wgrgtkeg` mroa tng top tg` dg`tlagtrgs om tng mlccs, jgdkusg wks jgclgvgh tnkt tngy aky nkvg do`tkl`gh sgdo`hkrysghlag`ts, hgposltgh l` tng hgprgsslo` rgakl`l`b kmtgr tngorlbl`kc mlcc nkh sgttcgh. Tkapcgs wgrg tkeg` mroa hlmckygrs l` tng dksg om strktlmlgh mlccs5 wng` ò dcgkr cwgrg ojsgrvgh o`cy o`g skapcg wks tkeg`. O`cy tnrgg pltstnkt wgrg hub mor tng grgdtlo` mor posts (@os 27, ;4>, ;wgrg l`vgstlbktgh jgdkusg l` prgvlous gxdkvktlo`s omCl`gkrjk`hegrkale sltgs tngsg plts nkh ylgchgh vlrtukccy `

gvlhg`dg om mrults k`h sgghs wnktsogvgr. Xnrgg skapcgwgrg tkeg` mroa trug postnocgs (@os ;;<, ;72, ;=<). Kcc kcc >8 Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale skapcgs, tnrgg Aó`dnsnýmg`grskapcgs k`h two Nkccstktt o`gs wgrg ojtkl`gh mor k`kcys

Xng aktgrlkc wks slgvgh jy nk`h l` wktgr usl`b k sgrlg


Xkjcg ; Xng aost doaao` dkrjo`lzgh mrults k`h sgghs mou`h kt Agl`hcl`b == ; ls tng uppgraost ckygr om plt == gtd5 ;<8k g` j krg mroa tng



Xkjcg ;. Xng aost doaao dkrjo lzgh mrults k h sgghs mou h kt Agl hcl b. ==-; ls tng uppgraost ckygr om plt == gtd5 ;<8k g j krg mroa tngskag ckygr. G9 Gkrcy Jk`hegrkale, C9 Cktg Jk`hegrkale.

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8< - ; : 8 - 8 - - - - 7.77: ; - 4 :: ; 86 8 7 4 : 86.7

77 - - ; - - - - - - - 6.7==-; ; - - ; - : ; - ; - 4.6==-: - - 8 < - ;; - ; ; ; ;4.7

==-4 - ; - - - ; - - - - ;.6==-8 ; - : ; - : - - - - 4.6=2 ; - - - - - - - - - 6.728 - - : 4 - 4 - ; - - 8.<27 - - : - - ; - - - - ;.7

>4-; - - - - - - - : - - ;.6>4-: - - - - - - - - - - 6.6>7 - - - - - - - ; - - 6.7 G>2 - - - - - - - - - - 6.6TT : - 7 ;; - ;: > : - - :6.6

72 D.D. JKEGCT - MZWLXT K@H TGGHT MZOA XNG CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE



yl4Wgs A

; o d d u a

p c k ` t s

c j u a

i s / n o r h g

v o c v u c u s

g r t l d l c c k t

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X4 dk d d0

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k 4 £ u o £ d rtv *d 'D 'u- -D DA "4 u '-L x5

£ N N N 7 Ý d dk 6. o` O [ 6.

;72 _ _ = > _ = = ; _ ; ;8.6 G;== - - ; ;= - ; ; ; -" ; ;6.7;=< - - ; 8 - 8 ; ; - - 7.7;2= - - : 8 - : - ; - - 8.7;2<-; - - 8 8 - - ; ; - - 7.6;2<-: : - 2 - - - ; ; - - 7.7;2<-4 ; - 4 - - - - - - - 8.6;>8 - - - - - - - - - - 6.6;>= - - ; 46 - 8 ; ; - - ;>.7;<6 8 : ;8 :6 : 4: :6 ; - - 82.7;<; - - - - - - - - - - 6.6 G;<4-; - - ; : - - - - - - ;.7 G;<4-: : - 2 :4< - - - ; - : ;:7.7 G;<4 4 - - - - - - - - - - 6.6 G;<8-k - - 7 7: - 4 : ; - - 4;.7 G;<8-j ; - 7 47 - = 4 - ; ; :=.6 G;<2 4 - 8 > - - 4 : - : ;;.6 G;<< - - : ;: - - : - - ; >.7:64 ; - - - - - - - - - 6 7




Xkjcg :. Cgss doaao` mrults k`h sgghs5 ùajgr om spgdlag`s jgtwgg` jrkdegts.

Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale, ductlvktgh9

Cg`s ducl`krls :47-; (;) Clak` usltktlsslaua ;;7-; (;), :==(;)Vkpkvgr soa`lmgrua ;;7-; (;), 467(;)Vlsua sktlvua 7: (;), <> (;), ;84 (:), ;<6 (:), :47-: (;), :47-4 (;),

46=(;)

Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale, wlch9 Jrkssldk sp./Tl`kpl.s sp. <<(;) Jroaus stgrlclsctgdtorua ;;7-4(;)

Dkryopnycckdgkg l`hgt.<7-; (:)

Dng`kpohlua mldlmoclua ;::-; (;)Dngòpohlua pocyspgraua <>(;)Doaposltkg l`hgt. ;;7-; (;)Dorycus kvgcck`k ;::-:(;)

Gdnlòdncok drus-bkccl <2(;),<>(4), ;;7-; (;), ;;7-4 (;), ;==(;)Mrkbkrlk kp./Votg`tlcck sp. <6 (;), <> (=), ;66-; (;), ;;7-; (>), 46= (;)Bkclua kpkrl`g ;;7-4(4), ;<8-:(;)Bkclua spurlua <4-:(;), <> (;), ;66-:(;), ;;7-4 (;), ;;2(:), ;<2(;)

;<<(;), :==(;), 467(:)Bkclua sp. ;;7-; (;)Brkal`gkg sp. <2(;)E`kutlk krvg`sls <>(;), ;66-:(;)

Cotus dor`lducktuscXrlmoclua rgpg`s ;::-4 (;)Vok sp ò` k`ùk <>(;)

7< D.D. JKEGCT - MZWLXT K@H TGGHT MZOA XNG CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE



Mlburg ;. Xng cogss hlstrldt omCowgr Jkvkrlk snowl`b tngCl`gkrjk`hegrkale sgttcgag`tsag`tlo`gh l` tng tgxt9 ;. Agl hcl`b,:. Ojgrplgjl`b, 4. Kltgrnomg`,

Q Zgbg`sjurbå

]'"?mtv.9... Po`ku SPSPr «l|.9'-. .'...9-. y~/P P/0P8

•.•9-999.2iwT/w.

m"'9-.

I9- ..'m '''•'9•.•9-

*l] .55 "•''.'/•9.•'9'.9U99'••

m% lskr _

/ • ' Ck`hsnut y 9..Pl5l

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CP:@

=6 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

k`h tng prgsg`dg om poppy wlcc jg doaag`tgh o` l`



k h tng prgsg dg om poppy wlcc jg doaag tgh o lTgdtlo` 8 jgcow.

4.:. RL CH VCK@XT MZOA CL@GKZJK@HEGZKADO@XG^XT

Xng rgakl`s om bktngrgh wlch pck`ts krg claltghdkrjo`lzgh mrkbag`t om k nkzgcùt sngcc (Dorycus kvgcmroa k` gkrcy pnksg om oddupktlo` k`h o`g laprgskppcg plp {Akcus, prgsuakjcy sycvgstrls). Rlch strkwj(Mrkbkrlk sp.) aky kcso nkvg jgg` doccgdtgh lm tnglhg`tlmlgh ks gltngr Mrkbkrlk or Votg`clcck krg om tng bgùs. Xng sgghs nkh k jkhcy hkakbgh surmkdg k`tngrgmorg ò co`bgr jg lhg`tlmlgh wltn dgrtkl`ty (mXng ckrbg ùajgr om u`rlpg sgghs subbgsts tnkt mk(Dngòpohlua kcjua) wks kcso doccgdtgh mor do`sXng sgghs aky nkvg jgg` tnrow` kwky hurl`b vgbgdcgk`l`b, ks E.-N. E`ýrzgr (;<=2) nks subbgstgh. Lkrgk tnkt ng stuhlgh ng mou`h do`dg`trktlo`s om tnsubbgstl`b tnkt tng pck`t wks kpprgdlktgh tjr lts owW`mortu`ktgcy, ò sudn do`dg`trktlo`s wgrg g`douÀgl`hcl`b, so wg nkvg ò gvlhg`dg to support tng nytnkt Dngòpohlua kcjua wks bktngrgh ks k vgbgtkjc

@gvgrtngcgss, Dngòpohlua kcjua wks tng aost dowlch ngrj kt Agl`hcl`b, òt o`cy l` ùajgrs jut kcso mrgqug`dlgs. Xng pck`t wks g`dou`tgrgh l` 7: out oCl`gkrjk`hegrkale skapcgs (tkj. 8). @gxt dkag Vocybdo`vocvucus k Jroaus k`h Tgtkrlk vlrlhls or T vgrtldlc

(-; D.D. JKEGCT - MZWLXT K@H TGGHT MZOA XNG CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE

] 5' tP



v] 5' »- tPws,µ

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o9 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



=4 D.D. JKEGCT - MZWLXT K@H TGGHT MZOA XNG CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE

Xkjcg 7. Mrgqug`dlgs om tng aost doaao` pck`ts mou`h l` Cowgr Jkvkrlk Cl gkrjk`hegrkale



sgttcgag`ts. Kmtgr Jkegcs ;<>4/>8 k`h ;<>=.

A g l ` h

c l ` b

N l g ` n g l a

M u d n s

c o d n

K l t g r n o m g `

K c t h o r m

T k c c a k ` ` s j g r b

C g l t g `

n k u s g `

O j g r p l g j l ` b

M r g q u g ` d y

Dngòpohlua kcjua + + + + + + - + 2 Vocybo ua do`vocvucus + + + + + + + + > Jroaus sgdkclatscnorhgkdgus + + + + + + + + >Tgtkrlk vlrlhls/vgrtldlccktk + + + + + + - - =Bkclua spurlua + + - - - - - - :Vocyboùa ckpktnlmoclua + - - - + - - - :

Tockùa `lbrua + + + + - + - - 7 Gdnlòdncok drus-bkccl + + + - - - - - 4Tlcg`g dudujkcus + + - - - - - - :Vncgua sp. + - - + + - - - 4

Zuagx sp. + + - - - - - - : Jroaus tgdtoruacstgrlcls + + - - - - - - :

ul L OSWX Nkvk`k, krg sdkrdg l` òrtnwgstgr` Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale do`tgxts. O` tng otngr nk`h, Ckpsk`k doaau`lswks kcaost doapcgtgcy kjsg`t kt tng Cowgr Jkvkrlk` sltgs5tng spgdlgs nks jgg` g`dou`tgrgh l` o`cy o`g skapcg mroaNlg`ngla so mkr Aorgovgr wngrgksVocyboùa pgrsldkrlk

gxkapcgs om sudn krtldcgs tnkt wgrg laportgh mroa souraorg tnk` sgvgrkc nu`hrghs om elcoagtrgs kwky. Lm tng Tkw`s wgrg laportgh, tngy gvg` aky nkvg doag mroaNu`bkry.

Xng sgdo`h uùsukc spgdlgs lsE`k tlk k ` l wnldn

=8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZtDK CGLHG@TLK :7

~v



v

Ck Nobugttg K t sltg

• 0 ; sltg

Clajurb . ; sltg

K 0 ; sltg

poppy # ; sltg

• 0 ; sltg

• ochgst jk`hegrkale

you`bgr jk`hegrkale

866 ea

=7 D.D. JKEGCT - MZWLXT K@H

dgrtkl` gxdgss tnkt nkh to jg hlsdkrhgh. Kt Ck`bwglcgr >, k

MZOA XNG CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE

Xkjcg =. Dnkmm/brkl k`h dnkmm/wggh sggh rktlos l` skapcgs wltnh ` l l 6 dl ` h 4 l l



sgttcgag`t l` tng Znl`gck`h. E.-N. E`ýrzgr mou`h tng jur`tdnkmm gxdcuslvgcy l` tng wgstgr k`h òrtngr` pkrts om tngmkra ykrh. Xnls cgh nla to tng do`dcuslo` tnkt tnls ls tngspgdlkc kdtlvlty krgk wngrg tng brkl wks hgnusegh k`h tng

dnkmm wks jur`t. Xng dnoldg albnt nkvg jgg` l`mcug`dgh jytng prgvklcl`b wgstgrcy or soutnwgstgrcy wl`hs (E`ýrzgr;<>>). Tlalckr stuhlgs kt tng sgttcgag`ts kt Tdnwk`mgchc.her. Tdnwgl`murt, Bgrak`y, k`h Bgcgg`, tng @gtngrck`hs,kcso rgvgkcgh sudn kdtlvlty krgks, o`cy tngrg tng dnkmm wksmou`h gxdcuslvgcy l` tng gkstgr` pkrts om tng ykrhs (Jkegcs;<<7). K pckusljcg gxpck`ktlo` mor tng hlmmgrg`dg nks òt ygtjgg` mou`h. Rl`hs wgrg wgstgrcy or soutnwgstgrcy l` kcc omtng tnrgg dksgs ag`tlo`gh kjovg5 tngy dk`òt nkvg jgg`

socgcy rgspo`sljcg mor tng pkttgr` ojsgrvgh.Agl`hcl`b do`stltutgs k sgdo`h gxkapcg om dnkmm

hgposltlo to tng wgst om tng nousg. Vlt @o. ;<4 wkssltuktgh to tng wgst om nousg = k`h lts do`tg`ts krg tnoubntto nkvg hgrlvgh mroa tnls nousgnoch. Vlts ;<8 k`h :6< akykcso jg kssodlktgh wltn tnls nousg5 tngy kcso cky to tng wgstom tng nousg. L spltg om tnls gvlhg`dg, Agl`hcl`b ls òtg`tlrgcy doapkrkjcg wltn Ck`bwglcgr >, jgdkusg tng tnrggplts jgco`bgh to k systga om plts hub kco`b tng wkcc om tngnousg. Tudn plts, wnldn krg l`tgrprgtgh ks tng sourdgs omcoka mor tng wkttcg-k`h-hkuj wkccs. `gvgr do`tkl`gh dnkmmrgakl`s kt tng Ck`bwglcgr > sgttcgag`t, òr kt Tdnwk`mgchmor tnkt akttgr.Xng dnkmmwks mou`hl` plts om tngtypg

hg`sltlgs ot :6 spgdlag`s or aorg pgr ha 4 om plt mlcc.G9 Gkrcy Jk`hegrkale, C9 Cktg Jk`hegrkale.

Mgkturg Dnkmm 9 Brkl` Dnkmm 9 Rgghs Vnksg

;::-; 4.: 6.:: G;4> ;.> 6.47 G;<4-: :=.= 2<.=2 G;<8k ;6.8 >.=2 G;<8j 7.> 4.;: G7: 7.7 6.8;>> ;.= 6.76<7-; ;.7 ;.6=<> ;.= ;.;2;66-; :.6 6.<=;66-: ;.: 6.42;6: :.> 6.22;<6 ;.6 6.4>:6< ;7.7 :.:;<4-: ;.8 6.>6 C<2 ;.= 6.:< C;;7-; :.6 6.7< C;;7-4 4.: =.4: C;;2 ;.= ;.44 C:47-; :.6 ;.4> C467 ;.4 6.7< C

Xkjcg 2. Xng posltlo`s omdkrjo`lzgh dnkmm do`dg`trktlo`s l` rgcktlo`

== K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

kcrgkhy kssuagh kjovg. Xngrg aky vgry wgcc jg ò 8. Voppy {Vkpkvgr soa`lmgrua)



laaghlktg do``gdtlo` wnktsogvgr jgtwgg` tng ngrjs k`hdgrgkc prodgssl`b. Ks k akttgr om mkdt, tng akiorlty om tngsgghs krg om mour spgdlgs, Dngòpohlua kcjua, Jroaussgdkclùs/norhgkdgus, Vocyboùa do`vocvucus k`h Tgtkrlk

vlrlhlscvgrtldlccktk, wnldn aky nkvg jgg` doccgdtgh mor moohto suppcgag`t tng ductlvktgh prohudts. K` ojigdtlo` to tnlsnypotngsls ls tnkt tngsg pck`ts nkvg òt jgg` mou`hsgpkrktg5 tngy krg kcwkys kssodlktgh wltn dnkmm. Xnkt ls wnylt ls aost projkjcg tnkt aost ngrjs krg l`hggh jyprohudts omgrop prodgssl`b. Xng jkdebrou`h om tng dcgk` nkrvgst lstngrgmorg òt ygt dcgkr.

Kcaost kcc om tng ngrjs mou`h krg tkcc pck`ts or dclajgrs.Xng gxdgptlo`s krg M rkbkrlkcV otg`tlcck k`h Xrlmocluargpg`sLCotus dor`lducktus k`h, wltn Ttlpk, tngsg krg tngo`cy o`gs wnldn ho òt oddur l` mlgchs k`h aky òt jgdo``gdtgh wltn grop prodgssl`b. Xng moragr douch jgbktngrgh wlch strkwjgrry k`h tng ckttgr brows o` brkssypktdngs. Xng otngrs dk` jg mou`h l` mlgchs or bkrhg`s k`htng mkdt tnkt tngy krg tkcc spgdlgs dk` jg gxpckl`gh jykssual`b tng usg om k dgrtkl` nkrvgstl`b agtnoh wltn wnldntng ducas krg dut nlbn kjovg tng brou`h.

W`mortu`ktgcy tng wggh spgdlgs provlhg ò booh dcugs ksto tng sowl`b sgkso`. Xng Jroaus spgdlgs l`hldktg kutua`-sow` drops, jut otngrs krg usukccy kssodlktgh wltn sprl`b-sowl`b, kt cgkst òwkhkys. Toag pck`ts krg gvg` pgrg``lkcs.Mlgchs or bkrhg`s aky nkvg jgg` sow` jotn l` tng kutua`

Xng hlsdovgry om two poppy sgghs wks k jlb suXngy wgrg mou`h l` two totkccy u`rgcktgh plts cylmroa o`g kòtngr k`h nkvg to jg l`tgrprgtgh ks sgpkml`hs. Xnglr hktg ls \ou`bgr Jk`hegrkale. O`cy o`g

doapcgtg gòubn to jg agksurgh (6.2 x 6.77 x 6.8 ahrkw` (mlb. 8). Xng poppy ls tnoubnt to jg om tngsgtlbgrua. Xng do`tgapork`gous Vkpkvgr hujluacrnogkmroa Nlg`ngla ls snow` `gxt to lt to g`kjcg doapkr(mlb. 8).

Xng surprlsg wks tnkt Agl`hcl`b clgs murtngr togkst tnk` kcc om tng otngr Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale sgttcwngrg poppy nks jgg` mou`h. Xng do`dg`trktlo` ols sltuktgh jgtwgg` tng Znl`g k`h tng Agusg, l` tngòrtnwgstgr` pkrt om tng hlstrljutlo` krgk om tnls dXng o`cy sltgs kt wnldn poppy nks jgg` mou`h gkstZnl`g krg Jrudng`jródeg` (Erguz ;<<6) k`h Wca (B;<><). Ngrg too, tng Vkpkvgr soa`lmgrua hlh òt hktgk` gkrcy pnksg om tng ducturg, wngrgks l` tng òrteòw` mroa pnksg LL ("Mcoajor`") o`wkrhs. Xng Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale pnksg, Vnksg L, ls òt rgprgsg`tgrgblo`.

Voppy nks hrkw` spgdlkc kttg`tlo` jgdkusg lt ls tgrop pck`t wnosg orlbl` dk`òt jg trkdgh jkde to tngGkst. cts sourdg ls to jg soubnt l` tng surrou`hl`bs Rgstgr` Aghltgrrk`gk` Jksl` (Jkegcs ;<>:). Lt lsqugstlo`kjcg wngtngr tng pck`t ls k grop pck`t5 lt a

(-2 D.D. JKEGCT - MZWLXT K@H TGGHT MZOA XNG CL@GKZJK@HEGZKALE

nkvg pkssgh o` tng `gw pck`t to tng cktgr Cl`gkrjk`h gltngr. @gvgrtngcgss, tng jotk`ldkc l`vgstlbktlo`s ylgchgh



egrkale oddupk`ts om otngr rgblo`s.Kòtngr broup tnkt aky nkvg jgg` l`vocvgh ls tnkt om tng

so-dkccgh Clajurb Vottgry. Xng stktus om tnls ducturkc broupls òt vgry dcgkr gltngr. Lt ls do`tgapork`gous wltn tng

Cllldkrnk`hedruale, jut kppkrg`tcy òt wltn lts gkrclgstpnksg. cts nks k wgstgr` hlstrljutlo` krgk, jut tng broup lstnoubnt to jg cgss kssodlkjcg wltn tng @gocltnld om soutngr`Mrk`dg (Có`l`b/Ecoos/Kcjgrt ;<><).

7. Do`dcuslo`sXng akl` aotlvg mor stkrtl`b k` gxdkvktlo` kt Agl`hcl`b

wks to l`vgstlbktg tng Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale Vnksg L, tngmou`hl`b pnksg om tng Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale, l` CowgrJkvkrlk. W`mortu`ktgcy, Agl`hcl`b provgh òt to jg tnglhgkc sltg mor tnls purposg. Lt wks òt possljcg to moccow tnghgvgcopag`t om Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale kbrlducturg kt tnls sltg

soag l`tgrgstl`b rgsucts. O`g om tngsg ls tng do`dcuslo` tntng mlgch wggh vgbgtktlo` om Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale CowgrJkvkrlk wks hlmmgrg`t mroa tnkt om tng Znl`gck`h k`h ltkhikdg`t krgk. Audn rgsgkrdn nks jgg` dkrrlgh out l` tng

ckttgr krgks k`h tng gvlhg`dg ojtkl`gh nks kcwkys jgg`rgbkrhgh ks rgprgsg`tktlvg om tng Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale ks kwnocg. Xnls òw provgs òt to jg tng dksg. K sgdo`hl`tgrgstl`b hlsdovgry wks tng prgsg`dg om Ttlpk sp., k pck`tmroa stgppg g`vlroàg`ts, wnldn aky l`hldktg gltngr tnggxlstg`dg om stgppg g`vlroàg`ts l` tng `glbnjournooh orlaport mroa aorg gkstgr` rgblo`s wltn sudn k` g`vlroàg`t.Xnlrhcy, tng oddurrg`dg om poppy sgghs so mkr gkst austag`tlo`gh. Xo do`dcuhg, ks ls usukc kt tnls el`h om sltgs, wkstg do`dg`trktlo`s g`dou`tgrgh krg tng rgsucts om tnghoagstld kdtlvltlgs om hgnusel`b brkl` k`h huapl`b gxdgssdnkmm.

rgmgrg`dgs

=> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Nlccak`. (;. ;<>8 L`tgrprgtktlo` om krdnkgocobldkc pck`t rgakl`s9 tng kppcldktlo` om gtnòbrkpX g L`9 R k` Ygl t k`h R K Dk k lg (gh )V k` k`h K`dl ` Ak`



mroa Xuregy. L 9 R. vk Yglst k h R.K. Dkspkrlg (ghs.), Vck`ts k`h K`dlg`t Ak`, Zottgrhka.

Nomak``. Z. ;<^4/;<>8 Hlg vgbgtkjlclsdng` vor- u`h mrónbgsdnldntcldng` Mu`hg kus @lghgrjkygr` u`hOjgrpmkcz sóhcldn hgr Ho`ku la Zknag` hgr Tlghgcbgsdnldntg. Jgrldnt hgr Jkygrlsdn

Johg`hgèakcpmcgbg :8/:7, ;;:-;7=.

Nopm, A.,J. Jckèg`noa

;<>4/;<>8 Euctur- u`h @utzpmck`zg` kus vor- u`h mrónbgsdnldntcldng` Brkju`bg` Tóhhg Jgrldnt hgr Jkygrlsdng` Johg`hgèakcpmcgbg :7/:7, 2=-;;;.

E`ýrzgr, E.-N. ;<=2 Tujmosslcg Vmck`zg`rgstg vo` jk`hegrkalsdng` Mu`hstgccg` la Zngl`ck`h. Krdnkgo-Vnyslek :, 4-:<.

;<2; Wrbgsdnldntcldng Wèrkutgr la Zngl`ck`h, gl` Jgltrkb zur G`tstgnu`bsbgsdnldnt

Tgbgtkcbgsgccsdnkmtg`. ]gbgtktlo :4, ><-;;;.

;<2> G`twldecu`b u`h Kusjrgltu`b hgs Cgl`hottgrs (Dkagcl`k sktlvk s.;.). Jgrldntg hgr Hgutsdng` Jotk`lsdng` Bgsgccsdnkmt <;, ;>2-;<7.

;<>> W`tgrsudnu`bg` hgr Mródntg u`h Tkag`. L`9 W. Jogcldeg, H. vo` Jrk`ht, I. CóV. Ttgncl k`h K. Ylaagrak`` (ghs.), Hgr jk`hegrkalsdng Tlghcu`bspcktz Ck`bwg

Zngl`lsdng Kusbrkju`bg` :>, >;4->7:.

Erguz, K.A. L'RO Hlg grstg` Jkuga Alttgcguropks - gl`g krdnkojotk`lsdng W`tgrsudnu`b zu WawCk`hwlrtsdnkmt hgr Kctgstg` Jk`hegrkale. K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk :4, ;-:7

Có`l`b. I.,W. Ecoos,

;<>< Rgstcldng @kdnjkr` hgr jk`hegrkalsdng` Euctur9 Ck Nobugttg u`h Clajurb. Bgrak2=, 477-4<4.

KX dlkso Xng Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale mkragrs om Agl`hcl`b,



tnglr clvgstode k`h bkagjkb

L` ;<22 pkrt om k` gkrcy Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale sgttcgag`t`gkr Agl`hcl`b wks gxdkvktgh jy tng LVC5 dk. 874 jo`gs omdkttcg, snggp, bokt, plb, hob, wlch jokr, rog hggr, rgh hggrllluc kurodns wgrg doccgdtgh. Xng pgrdg`tkbg om hoagstldk`lakcs wks rgsp. >4.8 k`h om tng wlch akaakcs ;=.=% l`tgras om ùajgrs om jo`gs. Mor jo`g wglbnt, tngsg mlburgswgrg <6.>% k`h <.:%.

Lt ls proposgh tnkt k pgrdg`tkbg nlbngr tnk` ;6% om wlchakaakcs aky jg do``gdtgh wltn tng proxlalty om jrokhrlvgr vkccgys.

;. L`trohudtlo`L` ;<22 tng L`stltuut voor Vrgnlstorlg om Cglhg`

W`lvgrslty gxdkvktgh k sakcc pkrt om k` gkrcy Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale sgttcgag`t òrtn om tng vlcckbg om Agl`hcl`b l`Jkvkrlk l` Toutngr` Bgrak`y. Xng gxdkvktlo` wks hlrgdtghjy VromgssorVI Z Aohhgrak` kt tnkt tlag hlrgdtor om tng

:. Xng mku`kc aktgrlkcXng jo`gs wgrg akl`cy rgtrlgvgh mroa plts sltuktgh

outslhg tng nousgs, jut oddkslo`kccy kcso mroa k postnocor tng mou`hktlo` trg`dn om k wkcc. Xng plts wgrg òt vghggp k`h tng do`sgrvktlo` om tng jo`gs l` tng uppgr pkrt otng plts wks vgry poor5 l` tng cowgr pkrts tng do`sgrvktlork`bgh mroa poor to mklrcy rgkso`kjcg. Vkrt om tng jo`gsjgg` l` do`tkdt wltn mlrg k`h wgrg to soag hgbrgg dkcdl`gXng jo`gs nkvg jgg` dou`tgh (tkjs. ;, :, 4) k`h wglbngh(tkjs. :, 4). Rng` do`slhgrl`b tng l`moraktlo` tnkt tngjo`g-dou`ts k`h tng jo`g-wglbnt albnt ylgch, wg nkvgkcwkys to eggp l` al`h tnkt, owl`b to tng vkrlgh do`sgrvktloom tng jo`gs k`h tng tlag-spk` om dk. 476 ygkrs tnkt tngnkjltktlo` dovgrs, tngsg dk` jg ò aorg tnk` kpproxlaktlo`s.Om tng dk. 877 jo`gs, :78 douch jg lhg`tlmlgh to spgdlgs.Mlmty-tnrgg jo`gs douch jg lhg`tlmlgh to mkalcy or posslmkalcy, k`h kòtngr ;6> to tng slzg dckss om tng k`lakc tn



2; K.X. DCKTO@ - XNG CL@GKZ JK@HEGZKALD MKZAGZT OM AGL@HCL@B

Xkjcg :. Xng ùajgr k`h wglbnt om tng jo`gs tnkt douch òt jglhg`tlmlgh to spgdlgs.

Xng do`dcuslo` om tnls sakcc plcot stuhy ls tnkt tngusgmuc`gss om tngsg skapcgs mor tng k`kcysls om krtnro



g g pg g

@ Rglbnt

Jos sp. < :::.4dm Jos ; ;;4.2dm DkprkcOvls :4 77.2Tus sp. < >2.7dm. Ta ;; 72.2

Xng slzg om Jos/Dgrvus =6 <7<.4Xng slzg om Dkprk/Ovls/Tus 8> :76.>2 86 ;>;.2

k`h gvg` <6 pgrdg`t jy jo`g wglbnt. Kcc pkrts om tngsegcgto` krg rgprgsg`tgh (tkj. 4). Dkcvgs ks wgcc ks akturgk`lakcs wgrg sckubntgrgh (tkj. 8).

4.2. RLCH JOKZ - Tus TDZOMKXnrgg jo`gs om tng wlch jokr douch jg lhg`tlmlgh

(tkjcgs ;, 4).

4.>. ZOG HGGZ - DKVZGOCWT DKVZGOCWTOm tng rog hggr ;7 jo`gs douch jg lhg`tlmlgh (tkjs ;, :).

Xwo ak`hljcgs wgrg om k`lakcs jgtwgg` 4-8 k`h ;:-;4ao`tns om kbg.

usgmuc gss om tngsg skapcgs mor tng k kcysls om krtnrorgakl`s ls vgry rgstrldtgh. Xng snkccow`gss om tng skapcmgkturgs ls tng aost projkjcg gxpck`ktlo`.

8. Jo`g toocsVkrt om tng hlkpnysls om uc`k om dkttcg wks usgh to ake

sakcc dnlsgc9 @o. :=4/dj.Rnkt douch nkvg jgg` k rlj-pol`t, wks akhg mroa k rlj om

dkttcg or hggr. Xng 'pol`t' wks rou`hgh tnroubn usg9 @r. :22.

7. Hlsdusslo`Zgdg`tcy Hýncg (;<<4) l` k` krtldcg tnkt kppgkrgh l` tn

Mgstsdnrlmt mór Nkus-Ngrak`` Auccgr hlsdussgh kcc tnkt lseòw` kjout stodejrgghl`b k`h nu`tl`b l` Jk`hegrkaletlags.

Auccgr (;<=8) wks tng mlrst to wore systgaktldkccy o` mku`kc rgakl`s om Jk`hegrkale sltgs. Ng mou`h tnkt l` aoom tng Jk`hegrkale sltgs nu`tl`b wks om ò brgktlaportk`dg, `gvgr rgkdnl`b aorg tnk` ;6% om tng lhg`tlmlgjo`gs. Kt Agl`hcl`b tng pgrdg`tkbgs mor hoagstld k`h wlcakaakc spgdlgs krg >4.8 k`h ;=.= l` tgras om ùajgr omjo`gs or <6.> k`h <.: l` tgras om wglbnt. Xng ;6% claltmor wlch-akaakc jo`g ùajgrs ls gxdgghgh jy k agrg =%k`h ;=% ls cow doapkrgh wltn two otngr sltgs l` soutngr`Jkvkrlk9 Ttrkujl`b-Cgrdng`nglh (42.:%) k`h Nlg`ngla(8;.6%) (Hýncg ;<<45 Dckso` ;<22).



Xkjcg 4. K survgy om tng hlstrljutlo` om tng jo`gs.

Jostkurus

Jos sp. Jos prlalbg`lus

dm. Jos Ovlskrlgs

Dkprknlrdus

DkprkcOvls

dm. OvlsLDkprk

Tushoagstldus

Tus sp. Tussdromk

dm. Tus Dk`ls mkalclkrls

Dkprgocusdkprgocus

Dgrvusgckpnus

K`tcgr - - - - - - - - - - - - - ; 7Nor`-dorgs 8 ; - - : ; - - - - - - - - -Drk`lua 4 - - ; - - - - : - - - - - -Hg`tgs ; - - - - - 4 - 8 - - - - - -Ak`hljuck ;; - ; - - - ; - 7 : - ; - : -Hg`tgs 7 - - - - - - : - - - - - :Hg`tgs ; 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ktcks : - - - - - : - - - - - - - -Gplstropngus 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -]grtgjrkg ;7 - - - - - = 4 : 4 ; 4 - : -Dostkg ;= ; - - - - ; :6 - - - 2 - - -Tdkpuck = - ; - - - - - : - - - - ; ;Nuagrus > - : - - - - - 4 - - - - ; -Zkhlus ;6 - 8 - - - 8 - ; ; - - - : :Wc`k 8 - - - - - - - 7 - ; - - - :O.dkrpl > ; - - - - - - ; - - - - - -Agtkdkrpus ; - - - - ; - - ; - - - - - -Vgcvls 8 - - - - - ; - 4 : ; - - ; ;Mgaur 7 : - - - - : - 7 - - - ; ; ; Vktgcck : - - - - - - - - - - - - -Xljlk 8 - - - - - ; - 4 - - - - ; ;O.dg`trotkrskcg ; - - - - - ; - - - - - - - -

Dkcdk`gus ; - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - -Kstrkbkcus = - - - - - 8 - ; - - - - ; -Agtktkrsus 8 - - - - - ; - ; - - - - : -Agtkdkrpus/agtktkrsus - - - - - - : - - ; - - - - ;Vnkck`x L 7 - ; - - - - - - - - - - - -Vnkck`x LL : - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

24 K.X. DCKTO@ - XNG CL@GKZ JK@HEGZKALD MKZAGZT OM AGL@HCL@B

Xkjcg 8. Kbg kt hgktn. Lm òt otngrwlsg stktgh tng kbg ls blvg` kddorhl`b to tng drltgrlk om Nkjgragnc(;<27, ;<>7). Xng muslo` om hlkpnysgs wltn tng gplpnysgs om tng tljlk om tng jgkvgr kddorhl`b to Lrgbrg`/



(; , ; ) g p y g g gp p y g g j g jg g g gTtg`mco (;<>:). p.1 proxlakc5 h1 hlstkc5 m1 musgh5 u1 u`musgh5 a1 ao`tn5 y1 ygkr.

Dk`ls mkalclkrlsTegcgto` @.c @. u=-< a - ;mgaur p.

Tus hoagstldushd`tltlo` @;4-:: a V, A, A-,(A, òt gruptgh) :;>-:8 a A, :

Tegcgto` @. m @, ul y nuagrus h. : -:-:.7 y tljlk h. : ;4-4.7 y rkhlus h. - ;

uc`k h. ; ;mgaur p+h - :

8-2 \ vgrtgjrkg - :

DkprkcOvls@

4 a V, Al gruptl`b: y V: V , V8 A , A : A , 4

Tegcgto` @.c @. u;7-:6 a tljlk h. ; -4y dkcdk`gua p. - :4 7 y rkhlus h - ;

2-8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Xkjcg 7. Xng agksurgag`ts l` aa.(-) agksurgag`t ls òt dgrtkl`, ;) cg`btn kcvgocus



Jos tkurus - Jt, Jos prlalbg`lus - Jp Jp Jt

Ak`hljuck == A4 :7;

Nglbnt kmtgr A, >2.7Akx. Cg`btn A, 86.6" 4=.7Akx. Rlhtn A,

Jl Jl

;4.7

JpTdkpuck == :<; 44>Takccgst nlbnt om tng `gde =6.6 - 26.6Cg`bnt om tng krtlduckr surmkdg - =;.6 =>.7Rlhtn om tng krtlduckr surmkdg (82.6)- 72.6

Nc Nc Jl Jp Nuagrus :>< == :>< T2Akx. hlstkc wlhtn 2<.7 >8.7 (>7.6) (<2.6)Rlhtn om tng trodnjk (28.6) 22.6 (2>.6) -

Jl Jp Jp Jp Nc Jl J Zkhlus 446 :x8 == ;;6 == LT:Akx. prox. wlhtn =2.7 >7.6 >2.6 ;66.7 - - -Rlhtn prox. krt. surmkdg =:.7 2<.6 2<.7 - - - -

Akx. hlst. wlhtn - - - - 2=.6 22.6 Akx. wlhtn hlst. krt. surmkdg

Nc

26.7 =>.6 2

Adtkdkrpus ==




(Jkegcs, tnls vocuag). L` otngr pkrts om tng Jk`hegrkalergkca ks wgcc, k nlbn pgrdg`tkbg om wlch k`lakcs, ks mou`h

ls k brkhlå`t snowl`b k nlbn pgrdg`tkbg om wlch k`lak`gkr tng Hkùjg vkccgy, wnldn hgdcl`gsl` tng vlcckbg



g g , pg g g ,l Iuvlb`y l` tng Lcg hg Mrk`dg (Hýncg ;<<4), aky jggxpckl`gh jy tng vldl`lty om k wlhg rlvgr vkccgy wltn rldnwlchclmg. L nkh ò tlag to pursug tnls pol`t k y murtngr kt

prgsg`t, jut lt albnt jg k wortnwlcg topld mor muturgrgsgkrdn. L eòw nowgvgr tnkt tngrg wks ò wlhg rlvgrvkccgy l` tng vldl`lty om tng sgttcgag`t kt Jyck`y lJongalk (Dckso` ;<=>).

Ks mor Agl`hcl`b k`h tng Ýhjkdn systga l soutngr`Bgrak`y, lt wouch jg possljcg jy gxdkvktl`b tng otngrJk`hegrkale sltgs mou`h l tnkt krgk to sgg wngtngr tngrg

g tng ujg v ccgy, w d gdc gs l tng v cc bgmurtngr to tng soutnwgst.

=. Kdeòwcghbgag`ts

Xng jo`gs wgrg mlrst sortgh k h provlslo`kccy lhg`jy Ar X.V. Ikdojs k`h Ar K. Tuekrt-io. Vrom. AohhgrVrom. Jkegcs k`h Hr. Brog`g hlie el`hcy kccowgh ag torgkh tng akùsdrlpts om tnglr do`trljutlo`s to tnls vocXng G`bclsn wks dorrgdtgh jy As ^. Jkrhgt. Mlburg ;hrkw` jy N.K. hg Cora.

22 KX. DCKTO@ - XNG CL@GKZ JK@HEGZKALD MKZAGZT OM AGL@HC;@B

rgmgrg`dgs



Jkegcs, D.D. ;<<: Mrults k`h Tgghs mroa tng Cl`gkr Jk`hegrkale sgttcgag`t kt Adl`hcl`b. Bgrak`y. wltn kspgdlkc rgmgrg`dg to Vkpkvgr soa`lmgrua, K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk :7.

Dckso`. K.X. ;<22 Hlg Xlgreòdng`. Jgltrkb zu9 V.I.Z. Aohhgrak`. Hlg `gocltnlsdng Jgslghcu`b jglNlg`ngla, Cher. Egcngla. L`9 Aktdrlkcngmtg zur Jkygrlsdng` ]orbgsdnldntd, Zglng K, 44,;6;-;:6.

;<=> Xng k`lakc jo`gs om tng Jk`hdgrkald k`h Alhhcg Kbg sgttcgag`ts `gkr Jyck`y l`Jongalk. Vkckgonlstorlk ;8, ;-;2.

Hýncg, N.-I. ;<<4 Nkustlgrnkctu`b u`h Ikbh l` hgr Cl`lg`jk`hegrkale - gl` Ójgrjclde. Ygltsdnrlmt mórKrdngocoblg. Mgstsdnrlmt mór Nk`s-Ngrak`` Auccgr, ;67-;:8.

Brog`g`hlie. LL.K. ;<?? Hks Ohjkdntkc kcs Tlghcu`bsrkua la Kct- u`h Alttgc`gocltnleua, K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk :7.

Lrgbrg`, G.T.B. Ttg`mco

;<>: K` ostgocobldkc k`h stktlstldkc kttgapt to l`tgrprgt sgkso`kc oddupktlo` o` hwgccl`b sl@ortngr` Twghg` jy stuhyl`b tng jgkvgr (Dkstor mljgr C.). VKDX 2, ::7-:48.

Uvgrsg`, L, ;<24 Xng hgvgcopag t om'Hgàkre's @kturg sl`dg tng ckst Bckdlkc. Hkàkres BgocoblsegW`hgrsobgcsg. ]. Zkgeeg @r. 2-D. Zgltzgcs Morckb, E6jd`nkv`.

Aohhgrak`. V.I.Z. ;<<: Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale kus Agl`hcl`b, Bga. Ojgrsdn`glhl`b, Cher. Ttrkujl`b-Johg` K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk :7.



NK Brogghlie Hks Ohjkdntkc la `lghgrjkygrlsdng` Bkujohg`kcs Tlghcu`bsrkua la Kct- Alttgc- u`h



kcs Tlghcu bsrkua la Kct-, Alttgc- u hjgbl``g`hg` Iu`b`gocltnleua

cus K`ckml hgr Kusbrkju`b zu Aglrulcl`b wurhg hksbkag Ohjkdntkc krdngocoblsdn l`vg`tkrlslgrt u`h hlgGrbgj`lssg mór hks Kct-, Alttgc- u`h jgbl` g`hg Iu`b-`gocltnleua gl gr johgèu`hcldng` Mglèkrtlgru`b

bgbg`ójgrbgstgcct. Gs zglbt sldn, hkml hlg ngutg greg``jkrg S 'grjrgltu`b hgr Tlghcu`bg` hgr hkakclbg` Tltuktlo`vgrautcldn `kng eoaat. Hlg Mu`hstgccg`hldntg u`h gl`ggxtrgag Jl`hu`b hgr Tlghcu`bsstgccg` k` hgr sdnakcg`Xkcrk`hzo`g hgutg` kumgl`g zu`gnag`h l`tg`slvg @utzu`bhlgsgs Ho`ku`gjg`tkcdng`s la Alttgc`gocltnleua.

;. Gl` krdnkocublsdn-johgèu`hcldngsW`tgr`gn`lg` la Ohjkdntkc

Hlg Grbgj`lssg hgr krdnkocoblsdng` Kusbrkju`b zuAgl`hcl`b ;<22 vgrk`ckJtg` hg` Vroigetcgltgr Vrom. Hr.V.I.Z. Aohhgrak`, slghcu`bsbgobrkpnlsdng Mrkbg` l`Jgzub kum Agl`hcl`bs Wamgch zu morauclgrg`. Rg`lbgr

bkct gs kjgr kudn, gl`g` mkdnójgrbrglmg`hg` Zknag` mórhurdn Ojgrmckdng`mu`hg mgstbgnkctg`g` Mu`hstgccg` zsdnkmmg`. Hlg rgbg Yuskaag`krjglt hgr Mkdnrldntu`bg`Johgèu`hg u`h Krdnkocoblg, vo` Aohhgrak` l` hg`

@lghgrck`hg` stkre propkblgrt, graýbcldntg jgrglts ;<2> hJgbl`` gl`gs krdnkocoblsdng` Morsdnu`bsprobrkaas u`tgrAltkrjglt vo` Johgèu`hcgr`'. Tlg mónrtg` l` Xglcjgrgl-dng` hgs Ýhjkdntkcs gl`g pnyslsdn-bgobrkpnlsdngEkrtlgru`b hurdn, u`tgr Jgródesldntlbu`b zuvorkusbgwknctgr vorbgsdnldntcldngr Tlghcu`bspcktzg (Aucgt kc. ;<>6). Alttcgrwglcg jgbk`` hlg krdngocoblsdngJgstk`hskum`knag la Bkujohgàusgua Ttrkujl`b sowlghgr Vrlvktskaacu`b Eoncnkumc. K`sdnclgJg`h mk`hg`

Bgck`hgeo`troccg` stktt: .

Hgr krdnkocoblsdn ommg`jkr bcgldnakJlb grmkJtgÝhjkdnrkua grautlbtg gs, Mrkbg` zua pnyslsdn-

>6 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

:. @kturrkuacldng (ïcl ghgru`b u`h Kjbrg`zu`bhgs W`tgrsudnu`bsbgjlgtgs

H Ýhjkd jl h t l` ` h l ` l` ` TR @O

Bgjlgtsbrg`zg wurhg hort qugr hurdn hks Lrcjkdntkbgzobg`. Xglcwglsg wgbg` hgs kjwgldng`hg` Mors

k`h h hk L jkd k l` l` j ` ] k



Hgr Ýhjkdn jlchgt gl`g` hgr vlgcg` ecgl`g`, TR-@Ovgrckumg`hg` Xkcgl`sdn`lttg l` hgr CýJpckttg hgs`lghgrjkygrlsdng` Bkujohg`s (Jglckbg). L` sgl`ga brýJtg`Jgrgldn wlrh hgr Jkdn la Kjstk`h vo` ; ea u`h wg`lbgrmckèlgrt vo` Lrcjkdn u`h @lghgrkstbrkjg`. Kum hlgbgobg`gtlsdng` Nl`tgrbró`hg hlgsgr Ck`hsdnkmtsbclghgru`bjrkudnt nlgr `ldnt gl`bgbk`bg` zu wgrhg`5 vo` agnrL`tgrgssg grsdngl`t hlg ecgl`rkualbg bgocoblsdng u`hjohgèu`hcldng Jgsdnkmmg`nglt hgs Ýhjkdntkcs sgcjst8.

]o` sgl`ga [ugccbgjlgt jls zu sgl`gr Glàó`hu`b l` hlgHo`ku cgbt hgr Jkdn l`sbgskat gl`g Ttrgdeg vo` gtwk;7 ea zuróde5 hks Bgmkccg jgtrkbt agnr kcs nu`hgrt Agtgr

(dk. 8:6-4;7 a @@). Hks [ugccbgjlgt clgbt la rgclgmrgldng`Xgrtlkrnllbgcck`h. gl`ga Bgjlgt, hks voa Ho`kurgblag `lgjggl`trkdntlbt wurhg. K`so`stg` vgrckumt hgr Ýhjkdn l`gl`gr McuJtgrrkssg`ck`hsdnkmt, jzw. hgr Nodn-, Alttgc- u`h@lghgrtgrrkssg. La ojgrstrýalbg` Jgrgldn, vo` Zlghcl`b jlsgtwk Tlgjgèomg` lljgr gl`g Ttrgdeg vo` gtwk 8 ea, nkt sldnhgr Ýhjkdn alt sdnkrmg` Kjjrudnek`tg` vgrnkct`lsakJlbtlgt' gl`bgsdn`lttg` (Kjj` :, =). Gr `laat hort gl`lbg,vorwlgbg`h voa Tóhg` ngr eoaag`hg Xrodeg`tkcdng`

sowlg qugccwkssgrmónrg`hg Tgltg`tkcdng` kum (Kjj. 4).L` hlgsga Kjsdn`ltt hgr Nodntgrrkssg jgml`hgt sldn hlgAgl`hcl`bgr Brkju`bsstgccg. Ttroakjwkrts, zwlsdng`Tlgjgèomg` u`h TtrkJelrdng` (Alttgctgrrks.sg), nkt sldn hks

stk`hgs wurhg hks Lrcjkdntkc l` sgl`ga ojgrg` ]grckhgr L`vg`tkrlslgru`b ngrkusbgckssg`. Rldntlbgr grsdgl` gl`zlbgs Jkdnsystga ‘ hg` Ýhjkdn ‘ vo` sgl`ga[ugccbgjlgt jls zur Ho`kuglàó`hu`b zu vgrmocbg` uMkccstuhlg zu jgtrkdntg`. Tldngrcldn lst hkalt la JgW`tgrckumgs hlg Kusskbgerkmt hgr Mu`hvgrjrgltugl`bgsdnrkèt worhg`. @gugrg Bgsldntspuètg zu hgMu`hvgrnkct`lssg` l` brýJgrg` Xkckug` (gtwk Jýna/Tdnaotz ;<2</;<>6) akdng` kudn wgltgrnl` eckr, hkJjlsngrlbg` krdnkocoblsdng` ]grjrgltu`bsekrtg` l`McuJjgrgldng` zlgacldn u`voccstk`hlb sl`h.

4. Hlg krdnkocoblsdng [ugccg`ckbgCýJck`hsdnkmtg` sl`h jgek``tcldn groslo`sk`mkcc

jgso`hgrs wo CýJpcktgkus zu Xkcek`tg` nl` kjjrgdngsldn hort ýmtgrs aksslgrg`hg` krdnkocoblsdng` Mu`sl`h ‘ `ldnt ùr l``grnkcj vo` @lghgrjkygr` ‘ hurdnKjsdnwgaau`b nllumlb stkre k`bgbrlmmg` (gtwk A;<2=). Gl`g socdng Mu`hckbg u`h Bgmknrhu`b blctakJg` mór hks Ýhjkdntkc.

Hgr Nkuskdegr hgr Mkalclg G`bc-Gj`gr, wo ;<22Kusbrkju`b hgr W`lvgrsltkt Cglhg` stkttmk`h, wurhghg` hrglJlbgr Iknrg` vo` Mrku Akrlk G`bc kjbgskaaAlt sgl`ga broJg` Mu`hk`mkcc, wlg kus hg` Ketg` hBkujohgàusguas Ttrkujl`b ngrvorbgnt jlchgtg hlgs

http://mittelterras.se/





s9 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



Kjjlchu`b 4. XkcsdncuJ gl`gs hgr wkssgrmónrg`hg` Tgltg`tkcdng` la [ugccbgjlgt hgs Ohjkdns (Jgrgldn Zlghcl`b-Vkhgrl`b).Kum`knag Toaagr ;<2> (N.K.Brog`g`hlie).

>4 N.K. BZOG@G@HLIE - HKT OHJKDNXKC LA @LGHGZJK\GZLTDNG@ BKWJOHG@



Kjjlchu`b 8. ]grjrgltu`bsekrtg hgr kct-, alttgc- u`h mrón-iu`b`gocltnlsdng` Tlghcu`bsstgccg` ka Ýhjkdn (MTt@r. s. Xkjgccg la Xgxt) alt hJgbrg`zu`b hgs u`tgrsudntg` Bgjlgtgs sowlg hgr Ckbg hgr mó`m Johgèkrtlgru`bsbgjlgtg K-G. Hks Bgwkssgr`gtz zglbt gl`g ]grhldntu`b la

ld h Ýh kd

>8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

; `ldnt grohlgrt/Vkrkjrku`grhgV / V/bV/jV/J

Bgjlgt Agl`hcl`b (Kjj. 7j)



; V;/qV/bV/jV/J

: cgldnt grohlgrt/Jrku`grhgV:

4 stkre grohlgrtg VromlcgZ

8 EoccuvluaB/Je/bJ

7 Alozk`

>7 NK. BZOG@G@HLIE - HKT OHJKDNXKC LA @LGHGZJK\GZLTDNG@ BKWJOHG@



j j426 `

P - P

"

S S Ýhjkdn I

>= K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Jgagreg`swgrt lst sdnclgJcldn hks ommg`sldntcldng]ornk`hg`sgl` vo` Mu`haktgrlkc kum Mckdng` altEoccuvlua, gl`g Tltuktlo`, wgcdng zlgacldn broJmckdnlb

Hks códeg`nkmtg Jgslghcu`bsjlch hgs Ýhjkdnqughórmtg bgrkhg kcs gl` Agreakc mór hks Xgrtlkrnóbgctg`, wg`` hlgs kudn hurdn hg` Morsdnu`bsstk`h



Eoccuvlua, gl g Tltuktlo , wgcdng zlgacldn broJmckdnlbkumtrltt l` hg` Bgjlgtg` Zlghcl`b (K) u`h Agl`hcl`b (J).Eoccuvlua wurhg wknrg`h hgr Ekrtlgru`b grst lÀkdntlbegltg` zwlsdng` 86 u`h >6 da grmkJt, so hkJ nlgrk`sdngl`g`h gl`g ]grckbgru`b hgr Mu`hg stkttbgmu`hg` nkt9hgr Vmcub eo``tg hort ik egl`g Mu`hsdnldntg` jgrónrg`. Gslst laagrnl` aýbcldn, hkJ hlg Jgslghcu`b ill`bgrg` Hktuaslst kcs hlg grstg Eoccuvluajlchu`b, kjgr hlgs wurhg `ldntu`tgrsudnt. Rgbg` hgr jg`kdnjkrtg` Ckbg grohlgrtgrJohg`promlcg l``grnkcj hgr Mu`hmckdng` lst ighodnk`zu`gnag`, hkJ ]grckbgru`b hgs Mu`haktgrlkcs l` broJgaWamk`b `ldnt stkttbgmu`hg` nkt. Hg`òdn wlrh hlg ekrtlgrtg

Kushgnù`b hgr Mu`hstgccg` nk`bkjwkrts vgrnkct`lsakJlbòdn hlg brýJtg Mgncgrquotg g`tnkctg`.

=. Zódesdncóssg kum hlg Jgslghcu`bsl`tg`sltkt lakctgrg`, alttcgrg` u`h jgbl``g`hg` ill`bgrg`@gocltnleua

Hlg ]grjrgltu`bsekrtg hgr kctgr-, alttgc- u`h mrlln- iu`b gocltnlsdng` Tlghcu`bspclltzg g`tck`b hgs Ýhjkdn-systgas lst bgeg``zgldn`gt hurdn gl`g hldntg Jgsgtzu`b hgrXkcmckèg` u`h hks Mgncg` slghcu`bsk`zglbg`hgr Mu`hg kumhgr CýJpckttg. Hlgsg Mgststgccu`b trlmmt la kccbgagl`g` zumór CýJck`hsdnkmtg` alt gl`ga hldntg` Bgwkssgr`gtz(`lghgrck`hlsdn Clajurb9 Jkegcs ;<2> ;<>:5 Aohhgrak`

bgctg , wg hlgs kudn hurdn hg Morsdnu bsstk hjghl`bt zu sgl` sdngl`t (Tdnaotz ;<><, 4=m). La oj]grckum hgs Ýhjkdns mk`hg` sldn kum gl`ga CýJsTlghcu`bg` kum hg` `kdn TO bgrldntgtg` Xkcnk`bZlghcl`b, Kjj. 7K), h.n. k` hgr `ýrhcldng` Xkcmckla alttcgrg`, vlgc mckdngrg` Ýhjkdnjgrgldn wurhg`@orhnll`bg jgslghgct. Bgrkhg hlg sóhcldng XkcmcJgrgldn hgs Xgrtlkrnóbgcck`hgs lst hurdn wkssgrm@gjg`tkcdng` bgeg``zgldn`gt, wks hurdnkus kcs slcu`bsbó`stlbgr Mketor bgctg` hórmtg. Nlgr trgtg` kalozk`g Kjckbgru`bg` k` hlg Ojgrmckdng5 slg jlchhkrójgr nl`kus ójgrwlgbg`h @orhnll`bg. Ojwonc hlalozk`g` Johg` ngutg jgkdegrt wgrhg`, mgncg` slghcu`bsk`zglbg`hg Mu`hg. Hkngr ek`` jgl bcgldnjcgljMu`hvgrnkct`lssg` `ldnt hgr Morsdnu`bsstk`h mór Tlghcu`bscggrg vgrk`twortcldn sgl`. Alt ck`hsdnkmKrbuag`tg` clgJg sldn hlgsg Tltuktlo` ù` mocbg`hggreckrg`. Gs trgtg` nlgr Nk`b`glbu`bg` vo` ójgr >%bgbg` hlg so`st la Krjgltsbgjlgt vorngrrsdng`hg`@glbu`bswlègc jls zu 8% ‘ kusbgòaag` hlg sdnakXkcrk`hzo`g` wgcdng @glbu`bswlègc vo` 8->%,

ójgr >% kumzglbg` eý``g`. Alt hga l`sbgskat stllregZgclgm vgrju`hg` lst hlg Orlg`tlgru`b hgr u`jgslghgbgjclgjg`g` Nk`bckbg`, `kacldn ua @orhg`5 hlg bgHkugr hgr To``g`gl`strkncu`b hórmtg hgr `gocltnls

>2 ;;.K. BZOG@G@HLIE HKT OHJKDNXKC LA @LGHGZJ K\GZLTDNG@ BKWJOHG@

Xkjgccg ;. Gl`lbg Agreakcg hgr Ohjkdntkcslghcu`bg` kus hga kctgrg` @gocltnleua jls zua mróngÌu`b`gocltnleua.



Mu`hstgccgùaagr L : 4 8 7 = 2 > < ;6 LL ;:

Kushgnù`b l` A. 876/ 4:7/ 476/ 766/ 2:7/ 427/ =66/ 776/ 4:7/ :27/ 266/ 866/

;27 ::7 ;76 ;27 ;27 ;66 ;76 ;76 ;:7 ;:7 ::7 ;:7

Nk`brldntu`b so TO O T/TO o/so R/@R TO @O R/@R @O TO TO

Bgmkccg (%) 3c -8 ;-8 :-> ;-8 ;-8 :-> 3c-8 3c 3c-8 3c-: 3c-8 3c-8

Vgrlohg Tje Tje Tje kCje Tje Ocj Tje Tje Tje kCje kCje CjeOcj Ocj Ocj Cje Ocj Ocj Aó Cje Cje TjeAW AW AW Tje

OcjAó

Aó TjeAó

TjeOcjAW

Ocj

Mu`hstgccgùaag ;4 ;8 ;7 ;= ;2 ;> ;< :6 :; :: :4 :8

Kushgnù`b l` A. =76/ -/ 766/ 866/ - :76/ =76/ - - - - ;76/::7 ;76 ;:7 ;:7 ;76 ;27 ;66

Nk`brldncu`b @R R TO @R - @/@R @ R/@R

Bgmkccg (%) 3c -8 ;-8 ;-> 3c -> 3c c-0> c-0> 0> 3; 3; 3c -: :->

Vgrlohg Cje Cje Cje Ocj Aó Aó kCje Aó Cje Cje Cje Ocj

>> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Jgagreg`swgrt lst hks wknrg`h hgr kctgrg` CJE jgrgltsgrsdncossg`g u`h wknrg`h hgr ió`bgrg` CJE stkrekusbdjkutd Tlghcu`bskrgkc Tlgjgèomg`-Nkjgreomg`.

jkch grsdnýpmt u`h zwl`bt sldn gl`g zwk`bsckumlbEo`zg`trktlo` hgr Rlrtsdnkmtsmckdng` l` Jkdn`kng]o` sgcjstvgrsorbg`hg` Gl`ngltg` ek`` jgl hga Wam



j g g gjg g jg gCgtztgrgs clgbt la mckdngrg` Jgrgldn hgs Ohjkdntkcs5 sowoncsóhcldn kcs kudn `ýrhcldn hgs Jkdngs ml`hgt ak` ùr sk`mtgNk`bckbg`. Kcs jgso`hgrgs Agreakc lst hks nlgslbagnrmkdn kumtrgtg`hg Vnkòag` hgr µ]grhoppgcu`b« hgrTlghcu`bspcktzg zu jgzgldn`g`9 jglhsglts hgs Jkdnckumgsclgbg` hlg bcgldnpnkslbg` (kjgr kudn zgltbcgldng`?) CJE-Mu`hstdccd` ;6-;; u`h ;:-;4 gl`k`hgr bgbg`ójgr, ùr hlgMTt@r. ;8 clgbt vgrgl`zgct. Hlgsg µ]grhoppgcu`b« trlmmt l`hgr mckdngrg` Xgrrkssg`stumg kj Tlgjgèomg` sobkr vlgrakcjgl bgpkkrtg` alttgc`gocltnlsdng` Tlghcu`bspcktzg` zu (hlgMTt@r. 7-=, 2->, </;6-;; u`h ;:-;4). Hgr johgèu`hcldng`Tltuktlo` kum Kjj. 7D lst zu g`t`gnag`, hkJ gs sldn l`hlgsg` Mkccg` `ldnt u`jghl`bt ua gl` bgsdncossg`gsMu`hkrgkc nk`hgc` auJ u`h hlg jgtrlldntcldnd Mu`hcódegvo` dk :66 a egl` Jgojkdntu`bsnlktus sgl` ek``. Grstakcska Ýhjkdn clgbg` hlg Tlghcu`bg` k` hg` jglhg`Nk`bsdnuctga, wknrg`h slg wgstcldn Tlgjgèomg`s‘ stroakumwllrts ‘ ùr k` hgr `ýrhcldng` Xkcsgltgvoreoaag`. Aýbcldngrwglsg sl`h hlgsg µYwlccl`bshýrmgr«tktskdncldn kcs gl`g muètlo`kcg Gl`nglt zu jgtrkdntg`, l`hga

`gjg`gl`k`hgr gxlstlgrg`hg Nkusgrbruppg`, ùr hurdn hg`sdnakcg` Ýhjkdn bgtrg``t, gl`g bgagl`skag wlrtsdnkmtcldngohgr sozlkcg Jksls ohgr gl`g bgbg`sgltlbg Kjnk`blbegltjgskJg`. Jgl hga ngutlbg` Eg``t`lsstk`h lst mór gl`g

] g j g g g g g jg g`ldnt agnr hlg Zghg sgl` (vbc. Jkegcs ;<>:, 42mmAohgc zu tgstg` jghkrm kjgr zu`kdnst wgltgrgr Lslgru`b kudn hgr jg`kdnjkrtg` Xkcgr, wórhg sldn kk`bgsldnts hgr u.k. vo` Jkegcs (;<>:) u`h Cll`l`b (g`twldegctg dcustgr Xngorlg` mór CJE-Jkccu`bsrllsgnr gapmgncg`.

Jgtrkdntg` wlr hlg igwglclbg` Jkdnsystgag kcsbgso`hgrtg, agnr ohgr wg`lb bcgldn l`tg`slv jgùtztTlghcu`bsrkuag, so mkcct hlg Kn`cldneglt alt hgaeorrlhorkrtlbg` Austgr hgr Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg ku;<>:). Hlg hortlbg` CJE-Tlghcu`bsstgccg` l``grnkcj

Agrzjkdnsystgas grwlgsg` sldn kjgr ùr tglcwglsg kzgltbcgldn. Mór hg` òdn e`kppgrg` Ýhjkdnrkua sohkngr vorckumlb, ak`bgcs gl`gr Mgl`hktlgru`b hurdKusbrkju`bg`, gl`g zgltcldng Kjmocbg wg`lbstg`s ghgr kctgr- u`h alttgc`gocltnlsdng` Tlghcu`bsstgccg`k`bgòaag` wgrhg`.

Kccgakc nkt hgr wl`zlbg Ýhjkdn ekua gl`g Brg`zzwlsdng` Tlghcu`bstgrrltorlg` jlchg` eý``g`, so`hgr`grsdngl`t hgr Jkdn gngr kcs hgrg` Alttgckdnsg. Gl`Xgrrltorlg`brg`zg auJ hort bgsudnt wgrhg`, wo hlgbgobrkpnlsdng Xrg`ù`b zu hg` pkrkc cglg` Jkdnsysvgrclgm9 gtwk ójgr hlg Rkssgrsdnglhg`, l` gtwk 766 G`tmgrù`b zua Ýhjkdn

>< N.K. BZOG@G@HLIE - HKT OHJKDNXKC LA @LGHGZJK\GZLTDNG@ BKWJOHG@

Hlg iu`b- u`h g`h`gocltnlsdng` Kctnglagr u`h DnkagrBruppd` sl`h la W`tgrsudnu`bsbgjlgt spkrcldn vgrtrgtg`,`kacldn alt ùr vlgr, jzw. zwgl Tlghcu`bspcktzg`. Hkbgbg`

hurdnbgmónrt. Ojg`bg`k``tg Vgrso`g` sdnuchg ldn Hkè mór hlgYustlaau`b, lnrg Grbgj`lssg mór hlgsg` Kumsktz jgùtzg` zuhórmg`.



ml`hgc gl`d gxpcoslvg Yu`knag hgr Tlghcu`bg` l` hgrJro`zgzglt stktt5 hlg Jro`zgzglt lst la bk`zg` alt ;=Mu`hscgccg` jgcgbt. Hlgsg Jgmu`hg sl`h vorgrst výcclb laGlèck`b alt ig`g` kus hoa Lskrall`hu`bsbgjlgt. Hki gho dnalt hga Iu`b`gocltnleua grstakcs gl`g` Xrg`hjrudn l` hgrJdsldhcu`b hgs Ýhjkdntkcs kumtrltt ‘ oj ù` kus rgkcg`Bró`hg` g`tstk`hg`, ohgr hurdn u`bó`stlbgrg` Mu`hdnk`dg`vgrzgrrt ‘ aýdntg ldn agl`g Greu`hu`b vo` µAgl`hcl`bsWamgch« alt hga mróng` Iu`b`gocltnleua jgg`hg`.

Kàgreu`bg`; Hlg johgèu`hcldng Bgck`hgkum`knag wurhg vo` hg`Mkdnscuhg`tg` M. Auchgr. N. ]lssgrs, V. Dkrpky u`h J. Akrx u`tgrc.glóab vo` Lr. N.X.I. vk` hg Rgtgrl`b, kccg ka (igtzt kumbgcýstg`)

Johgaeu`hlb L`stltuut. W`lvgrsltmlt Wtrgdnt, la Toaagr ;<2>

: Hlg krdnkocoblsdng L`vg`tkrlslgru`b mk`h hurdn ]grm. ;<2> u`h;<2< la Zknag` sdl`gs Ttuhluas Vrknlstorlg u`tgr Cgltu`b vo`Vrom. Hr. V.I.Z. Aohhgrak` jgla L`stltuut voor Vrgnlstorlg,W`lvgrsltkt Cglhg` stktt. @gumu`hg jls zua Iknrg ;<>: wurhg`òdn vgrkrjgltgt. Ndrr` Hr. E. Tdnaotz (Elglskrdnkocobg hgs CheHgbbg`horm) nkjg ldn mór mkdnl`nkctcldng Hlseusslo`d` u`h]grjgssgru`bsvorsdnckbg hgs vorclgbg`hg` Xgxtgs sgnr zu hkèg`

4 Mór gl`g voccstk`hlbg Rlghgrbkjg hgr krdnkocoblsdnd`L`vg`tkrlslgru`b, s. N. Brog g`hlie, ;<2<. Hlgsgs Akùserlptwurhg ighodn l` ùr wg`lbg` Gxgapckrg` vgrjrgltgt. Yuskaag`-mkssg`h mór hks kctgrg u`h al`lgrg @docltnleua kudn9 Aohhgra;<>:, 4=m.

8 Yur Bgocoblg hgs Bgjlgtgs clgbg` vor9 Jru``kdegr, ;<7=5 zurJohgèu`hg9 Jru``kdegr, ;<72.

7 Rg`` la wgltgrg` vo` Ýhjkdn hlg Zghg lst. sgl ùàgnr hgrBgskatvdrckum hgs Ýhjkdns sowlg hgs Lrcjkdns kj Nkjgreomg`bgadl`t.

Jljclobrkmlg

c0() K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTX6Z;DK CGLHG@TLK :7

Cg``gls, G. ;<>: Hlg Tlghcu`bsvgrtglcu`b hgr Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale l` Ostgrrgldn. Krdnkgocoblk Kus;-;<.

Có`l`b I L'µT: Zgsgkrdn l`to tng Jk`hegrkale Tgttcgag`t om tng Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg l` tng Z



Có l b, I. LµT: Zgsgkrdn l to tng Jk hegrkale Tgttcgag t om tng Kchg novg gr Vckttg l tng Z K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ;7, ;-:<.

Aohhgrak`, V.I.Z. ;<7>/;<7< Hlg bgobrkpnlsdng Ckbg hgr jk`hegrkalsdng` Tlghcu`bg` l` hg` @lghgrck`hg`.Vkckgonlstorlk =;;, ;-=.

L c02= Kjsdnwgaau`b u`h `gocltnlsdng Tlghcu`bspcktzg l` @lghgrjkygr`. KrdnkocoblsdEorrgspo`hg`zjcktt =, ;67-;6>.

;<22 Hlg `gocltnlsdng Jgslghcu`b jgl Nlg`ngla, Cher. Egcngla ;. Aktgrlkcngmtg zurjkygrlsdng` ]orbgsdnldntg K, 445 K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ;6.

S l*^: Jk`hegrkalsdng Tlghcu`bg` l` hg` sóhcldng` @lghgrck`hg` u`h la ho`kujkygrlsdBgjlgt9 zur Wawgct, ]grjrgltu`b u`h Ttruetur. Ommk 4<, 47-4>.

;<>= Hlg `gocltnlsdng Jgslghcu`b jgl Nlg`ngla, Cher. Egcngla LL-L]. Aktgrlkcngmtg zjkygrlsdng` ]orbgsdnldntg K, 72 /K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ;<.

Auchgr, M.,N. ]lssgrs,V. Dkrpky,J. Akrx

;<>6 ]grsckb vgchwgre johgaeu`hg l` ngt hkc vk` hg Ôhjkdn (Yulhoost Hultsck`h), s.;.(Aksdnl`g`sdnrlmt).

[ulttk, N. ;<=6 Yur Mrkbg hgr kctgstg` Jk`hegrkale l` Alttgcguropk. Vrkgnlstorlsdng Ygltsdnrlmt ;/:, 4/8, ;74-;>>.

C.J.A. vgrnkrt Ho wg nkvg drgaktlo` brkvgs om tng AldngcsjgrbA. wkslggjg ducturg l` Xng @gtngrck`hs?



L` ;<:2 k so dkc cgh Zojg`nkuslg`-brkvg wks hlsdovgrghl` Ttgl`. K rg-g.xkal`ktlo` omtng ml`h aktgrlkc k`h ml`hdlrduastk`dgs rgvgkcgh tnkt tng l`tgrprgtktlo` ks k brkvg lshoujtmuc. Otngr posslnlg l`tgrprgtktlo`s krg put morwkrh k`h

hlsdussgh.

;. Lull-l xca cllaL` tng mlrst vocuag om K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk

k` gxdkvktlo` rgport wks pujclsngh jy VromgssorV.I.Z. Aohhgrak` do`dgr`l`b tng jurlkc vkuct om Ttgl`(Aohhgrak` ;<=8). L k` kttgapt to trkdì pkrkccgcs mor tnlsu`lqug brkvg ng rgmgrrgh l` pkssl`b to k` g`lbaktld ml`htroa Ttgl` tnkt nkh jgg` hlsdovgrgh ks gkrcy ks tng twg`tlgs

jy N.I. Jgdegrs Tr. k`h B.K.I. Jgdegrs Ir. Xnls ml`h, jgttgreòw` ks tng Zojg`nkuslg`-brkSg, do`slstgh om k drgaktlo`k`h k ckrbg ùajgr om mcl`t lapcgag`ts. L` hlsdussl`b tnlsml`h Aohhgrak` gxprgssgh soag houjts wngtngr tng

jgg` hlsdovgrgh hurl`b tng gxdkvktlo` om tng Jk`hdgrkaldsgttcgag`t kco`b tng Egrewgb, òw dkc cgh tng Eggrg`hgr-egrewgb, l` Ttgl` (mlb. :). Tnortcy kmtgr ;<:2 hurl`b k`gxdkvktlo` om tng Jk`hdgrkald sgttcgag`t krgk Eggrg`hgr-

egrewgb k brgy-wnltg hlsdocourktlo` wks òtldgh kt tng soutnom pcot ;628, kt :.46 a mroa tng jou`hkry om tnls pcot, kt khgptn om 27 da. L` tnls hlsdocourktlo` ksn k`h soag juaghjo`g mckegs wgrg hlsdgr`ljcg. Lt wks hgdlhgh to gxtg`h tnggxdkvktlo` to tng gkst. Xng solc wks aorg do`tkal`ktghtngrg k`h aorg ksn k`h mrkbag`ts om jo`gs wgrghlsdovgrgh. Lt kppgkrgh to jg 'plcgs' om jur`gh jo`gs wltn khlkagtgr om 47 da k`h k tnlde`gss om :6 da. @gkrjy, kjout46 da wgst om tng plcg om jur`gh jo`gs, `l`g ckrbg mcl`t

lapcgag`ts wgrg u`dovgrgh tobgtngr wltn soag mckegs.Kddorhl`b to Jgdegrs k`h Jgdegrs tnls wgrg brkvg blmts.

Lt ls u`dcgkr wngtngr o`g or two 'plcgs' wgrg hlsdovgrgh.Jgdegrs k`h Jgdegrs (;<86 ;8<) wrltg kjout o`g plcg om

<: K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



<4 C.J.A. ]GZNKZX K@H A. RK@TCGGJG@ - DZGAKXLO@ BZK]GT OM XNG ALDNGCTJGZB DWCXWZG

laprgsslo` om k` gcuvlkc orlbl`. Xng sakccgr krtgmkdts krgakhg om Nl`t om tng Zlidenoct typg.

Xng jckhgs nkvg rgbuckr pkrkccgc slhgs5 o` iust o`g sl`bcg



plgdg tng strlel`b pcktmora nks jgg` prgsgrvgh. Xng rgbuckrslhgs. tng rghudtlo` om tng strlel`b pcktmora k`h tng otngre`kppl`b dnkrkdtgrlstlds kcc l`hldktg tng usg om k somt(l`hlrgdt) nkaagr tgdn`lqug. Xng sdrkpgr om clbnt brgylsnJgcblk` mcl`t clks jgg` strude omm wltn k nkrh nkaagrtgdn`lqug.

=. Hktl`bL vlgw om tng kjsg`dg om dnkrdokc kao`b tng drgaktlo`

rgakl`s lt nks jgg` kttgaptgh to ojtkl` mroa tng drgaktghjo`g aktgrlkc gòubn docckbg` to hgtgral`g tng kbg wltn

tng klh om k` KAT-hktl`b tgdn`lqug. Lt, nowgvgr, tur`gh outtnkl tng jo`gs nkh jgg` ngktgh to sudn k hgbrgg hurl`b tngdrgaktlo` Lnkt l`summldlå`t kaou` ts om docckbg` wgrg cgmt l`tng skapcg. To lt wks lapossljcg to ojtkl` k hlrgdt hktg k`hwg nkh to rgsort to k typocobldkc doapkrlso` om tng krtgmkdtsk`h k ducturkc doapkrlso` wltn otngr brkvg ml`hs mroa tngAlhhcg @gocltnld.

Xng Nl`t typg usgh, tng worel`b tgdn`lqug, tng cg`btns omtng jckhgs k`h tng aorpnocoby om tng toocs kcc l`hldktg k

Alhhcg @gocltnld hktg. Xng akdrocltnld lapcgag`ts krgdnkrkdtgrlstld om tng Aldngcsjgrb doapcgxgs eòw` mroatng gkst k`h soutn-gkst om tng @gtngrck`hs (Couwg Eooli-ak`s/]grnkrt ;<<65 Xngu`lssg` ;<<65 ]grnkrt/Couwg


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<= K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

+

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+

8

8

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Mlburg 7. Tl`t-Ohlclå`jgrb.Hlstrljutlo` om pottgry k`h m cl`tl`hldktgh jy k dross. Jckde krgprgnlstorlg solctrkdgs.

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nokrh or k brkvg. Tnortcy kmtgr tnls l`do`dcuslvgl`vgstlbktlo` wg gxdkvktgh k drgaktlo` l` k Aldngcsjgrb

Xng kaou`t k`h slzg om tng jo`g rga`k`ts krg l`hldktlvg omk` l`doapcgtg k`h stro`bcy mrkbag`tgh drgaktlo` O`cy k

')/ C.J.A. ]GZNKZX K@H A. RK@TCGGJG@ - DZGAKXLO@ BZK]GT OM XNG ALDNGCTJGZB DWCXWZG

u`dgrtkl`ty, l`stgkh ot' murtngrl`b k socutlo`. Kcaost kccopclo`s ‘ Aldndcsjgrb brkvg, nokrh or k doajl`ktlo`9 tngdksukc do-oddurg`dg om k AE-nokrh wltn k you`bgrdrgaktlo` ‘ nkvg tnglr agrlts

Mor tng prgsg`t, tng qugstlo` "Ho wg nkvg brkvgs om tngAldngcsjgrb Ducturg l` tng @gtngrck`hs?" snouch tngrgmorgjg k`swgrgh l` tng `gbktlvg.



drgaktlo nkvg tnglr agrlts.Jksgh o` tng prgsg`t hktk wg prgmgr k dkutlous

l`tgrprgtktlo` om tng ml`h mroa Ttgl`. Rg kssuag kt tngskag tlag k ò`-@gocltnld kbg mor tng brkvg om Tl`t-Ohlclå`jgrb. Xng ml`h om tng Zojg`nkuslg`-brkvd aky jgdo`slhgrgh k nokrh mroa tng Aldngcsjgrb Vgrloh mou`htobgtngr wltn k drgaktlo`. Rg ho gapnkslzg, nowgvgr,tnkt jgdkusg om tng ckrbg ùajgr om lapcgag`ts tng nokrhhlmmgrs l` doaposltlo` mroa tng pkttgr` eòw` mroa kAldngcsjgrb do`tgxt. Xng drgaktlo` aost projkjcy hktgsmroa tng Lro` Kbg k`h dk` tngrgmorg òt jg clègh to tng

Nl`t.

Kdeòwcghbgag`tsRg krg aost brktgmuc to kcc wno do`trljutgh to tnls

l`vgstlbktlo`. Xng cktg Mktngr K. Au`stgrs a.s.d. bkvgpgralsslo` to akeg k` l`vg`tory om tng doccgdtlo` omJgdegrs k`h Jgdegrs. Hrs. G. Talts pgrmoragh tng morg`sldrgsgkrdn k`h hr. E. vk` hgr Jorb provlhgh us kt snort òtldgwltn tng rgsucts om tng kddgcgrktor hktl`bs. Dckuhlk @ldegc(Elgc) mur`lsngh rgdg`t hktk kjout tng jurlkc dustoas om tngAldngcsjgrb Ducturg. Hrs. I.R.N. Nobgstli` bkvg usl`moraktlo` kjout tng Yogcg` brkvg. Xng tgxt wks trk`scktgh

jy N. Ottg`-]obgckkr.

rgmgrg`dgs

<> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

@ldegc, D. ;<<: Ag`sdncldng Tegcgttrgstg kus Aldngcsjgrbgr Mu`hzuskaag`nk bg`. Zudejcldeg Kussldntg` gl`gs krdnkocoblsdng` Morsdnu`bsprojcgas. Elgc.

Tdnuym, I., ;<2= Wr`g`vgchg` tg Ttgl` K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk < 27->8



Tdnuym, I., ; 2B.I. ]grwgrs

Xngu`lssg`, C. ;<<6

]grnkrt, C.J.A., ;<><Couwg Eooliak`s, C.V.

Rk`scdgjg`, A., ;<<6C.J.A. ]grnkrt

Wr g vgchg tg Ttgl , K kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg slk <, 27 >8

Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs. Gg` opbrkvl`b op hg Dkjgrb. Xypgsdrlpt. Cglhg`

Gg` alhhg`-`gocltnlsdng `ghgrzgttl`b jli Bkssgc, bgagg`tg Jggrs (@.-Jr.), OAZOC27-;;=.

Agusg ]kccgy Vroigdt9 tng Xrk`sltlo` mroa tng Agsocltnld to tng @gocltnld l` tng HutdnAgusg vkccgy. L`9 V.A. ]graggrsdn/V. vk` Vggr (ghs), Do`trljutlo`s to tng Agsoclt

Guropg, Cguvg`, 4><-86:.

;<<4 Aldngcsjgrb`ghgrzgttl`b Tt. Ohlclå`jgrb-@gclseg. L`9 N. Ttogpegr (gh.), Krdngocoblsero`lge vk` Clajurb ovgr ;<<:, Vujcldktlo`s hg ck Todlìtì Nlstorlqug gt Krdnìocoblquhk`s Lg Clajourb ;:<, 46<-4;4.

Rlccas. D. ;<>: Ywgl Mu`hpcktzg hgr Aldngcsjgrbgr Euctur kus wgstcldng` Au`stgrck`h, bcgldnzgltlb gl`Jgltrkb zua `gocltnlsdng` Tlcgxnk`hgc l` Alttgcguropk, Aó`stgrsdng Jgltróbg zur WMróbgsdnldntg Jk`h ;:.

C.J.A. ]grnkrtZliesausgua vk` Ouhnghg`Vostjus ;;;;8@C :46; GD Cglhg`

A. Rk`scggjg`C.J.A. ]grnkrt

Xng Agusg ]kccgy Vroigdt9BLT k`h sltg codktlo` stktlstlds



Xng kppcldktlo` om Bgobrkpnldkc L`moraktlo` Tystgas l` Krdnkgocoby ls browl`b mkst. Rltn tnls k aorg drltldkckttltuhg towkrhs agtnohocobldkc lssugs krlsgs. Ngrg tngstktlstldkc wkrs to rgcktg sltg codktlo`s to ck`hsdkpg

kttrljutgs krg gvkcuktgh k`h soag kctgr`ktlvgs mor tngdoaao`cy ttsgh Dnl-squkrg tgst krg prgsg`tgh.

;. L`tr`hudtloÒm cktg, tng usg om Bgobrkpnldkc L`moraktlo` Tystgas nks

l`drgksgh hrkaktldkcc) l` krdnkgocobldkc rgsgkrdn. L` tngckst 8 to 7 ygkrs BLT nkvg dkubnt o` l` k jlb wky. Xngùajgr om krtldcgs kjout BLT, l` tng k`ùkc prodgghl`bs om"Doaputgr Kppcldktlo`s k`h [uk`tltktlvg Agtnohs l`

Krdnkgocoby" (DKK). nks brow` mroa ; l` ;<>= (Nkrrls)k`h L l` ;<>> (Rk`scggjg`) tnroubn = l` ;<<; k`h to ;= l`;<<7. K mgw ygkrs kbo ò o`g douch nkvg lakbl`gh tnkt tnlstgdn`lqug mroa tng mlgchs om pnysldkc bgobrkpny bgocoby

l`mcug`dg tng g`h rgsuct om tng k`kcysgs. L` krdnkgocobyEvkaag ls o`g om tng aorg drltldkc usgrs om BLT (Evkaag;<<6, ;<<4). L` tnls do`tgxt, Kccg`, Brgg` k`h Yujrow wgrgrlbnt too to do`dcuhg9

"L` gltngr dksg, wg dkutlo` kbkl`st tng usg om BLT ksk` g`h l` ltsgcm. Booh rgsgkrdn k`h ak`kbgag`t lsnksgh o` ksel`b booh UkrdnkgocobldkcQ qugstlo`s -soagtnl`b BLT hogs òt ho mor us." (Kccg` gt kc. ;<<6,4>4, UtgxtQ khhgh).

L` muturg, aorg lm tngsg drltldlsas wlcc projkjcy jg mortn-doal`b. Xnls krtldcg ls k` gxprgsslo` om tng aorg drltldkckttltuhg towkrhs BLT.

:. BLTXng strg`btn om BLT ls to k brgkt gxtg`t tng kjlclty to

k`l kt ktlk l` ktl ` l` k ld k`h l k

L(E) K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

ak`lpucktlo` om bgobrkpnldkc hktk, jut l` krdnkgocobldkcrgsgkrdn tng pol`t om tng gxgrdlsg ls to kddgss tngrgcktlo`snlps jgtwgg` sltgs k`h bgobrkpny. L` tnls krtldcg wgsnkcc gxkal`g tng stktlstldkc tgdn`lqugs kvklckjcg l` BLT k`h

prgmgrg`dgs, lm k`y, om k blvg` sodlgty. Xnls rgvocvgs ktwo qugstlo`s. Xkel`b mor gxkapcg tng solc typg, tngsg kr

- Ls tng solc soagtnl`b tnkt pgopcg tooe l`to kddou`t wng



snkcc gxkal g tng stktlstldkc tgdn lqugs kvklckjcg l BLT k htnglr usgmuc`gss mor k`swgrl`b krdnkgocobldkc qugstlo`s.

4. Agusg ]kccgy VroigdtL` tng rgblo`kc krdnkgocobldkc rgsgkrdn l`to tng trk`sltlo`

mroa Agsocltnld to @gocltnld l` tng soutngkst om Xng@gtngrck`hs, BLT nks jgg` usgh kcaost mroa tng stkrt l`;<>=. Xnls so-dkccgh Agusg ]kccgy Vroigdt, kttgapts to trkdìtng gdoòalg dnk`bgs hurl`b tnls trk`sltlo` wltn tng klh omdnk`bgs l` tng sgttcgag`t systga (Rk`scggjg`/]grnkrt;<<6). Rg hgml`gh tng sgttcgag`t systga ks tng doajl`ktloòm tng `kturg, hlstrljutlo` k`h bgobrkpnldkc codktlo` omsltgs mroa k spgdlmld krdnkgocobldkc pgrloh. K aorg or cgssrk`hoa hlstrljutlo` pkttgr` om kcaost gqukc Agsocltnld jksgdkaps kco`b jrooes k`h rlvgrs rgprgsg`ts k` gdoòalgsystga g`tlrgcy hlmmgrg`t mroa dcustgrgh vlcckbgs wltnwoohg` julchl`bs, l`nkjltgh mor 866 ygkrs, cyl`b l` tngmgrtlcg cogss solcs l` tng mlrst pnksg om tng @gocltnld. @gxt totng `kturg k`h hlstrljutlo`, tng bgobrkpnldkc codktlo` ls k`laportk`t sourdg om l`moraktlo`, to bkl` l`slbnt l`to tng

`gocltnlsktlo` prodgss l` tng soutngkst om Xng @gtngrck`hs.Xrkhltlo`kccy, tng bgobrkpnldkc codktlo` ls l`vgstlbktgh l`krdnkgocoby usl`b sltg codktlo` k`h sltg dktdnag`t k`kcysgs.

L` t g Ag g ]k g V igdt g gk d tk g kdg `

hgdlhl`b o` tng codktlo` mor k sgttcgag`t?

K`h lm so9

- Rnldn typgs om solcs wgrg sgcgdtgh?

Rng` lt ls dcgkr wnldn bgobrkpnldkc u`lts wgrg prgmgrtngsg dk` jg dorrgcktgh wltn dgrtkl` gdoòalg kdtlvltlgs.Xng gdoòalg l`tgrprgtktlo` ls dgrtkl`cy òt gxdcuslvgcyjksgh o` tnls codktlo`, jut ks ag`tlo`gh kcso o` tng `kturgom tng sltg k`h tng prgsg`dg om otngr sltgs `gkrjy. Xnkt lswny l` tng Agusg ]kccgy Vroigdt tng sgttcgag`t systgatng trug krdnkgocobldkc dorrgcktg om tng gdoòay.Agtnohocobldkccy, lt ls usgmuc to nkvg k dcosgr cooe kt codktlo` k`kcysls k`h sgg now tng two qugstlo`s dk` jgk`swgrgh wltn tng klh om BLT.

Xng 'stk`hkrh' agtnoh to l`vgstlbktg tng hlstrljutlo` omsltgs l` rgcktlo` to k bgobrkpnldkc vkrlkjcg ls tng Dnl-squtgst. Xng hlstrljutlo` om sltgs ls doapkrgh to tng hlstrljutloom tng bgobrkpnldkc u`lts (tkj. ;).

L` tnls gxkapcg tng hlstrljutlo` om tng sltgs om tng mlr

@gocltnld sodlgty l` tng soutngkst om Xng @gtngrck`hs, tCl`gkr Jk`hdgrkald Ducturg (CJE) ls doapkrgh to tng solctgxturg typg (mlb. ;). Xng Dnl-squkrg tgst doapkrgs tngmrgqug`dy om sltgs ojsgrvgh l` gkdn bgobrkpnldkc cgbg`h

A. RK@TCGGJG@ K@H C.J.A. ]GZNKZX - BLT K@H TLXG CODKXLO@ TXKXLTXLDT



;6: K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Xkjcg ;. Dnl-Tqukrg Booh`gss-om-Mlt Xgst.

popucktlo` (tgxturg)skapcg (CJE)

popucktlo` (tgxturg)ùajgr om sltgs



jg g

dckss ùajgr om dgccs proportlo` ojsgrvgh gxpgdtgh Dnl-squ

pgktsk`hdckygy sk`hdckycossrode

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2=.4.;=

totkcs 88;8 ;.6666 4< 4<.6 <;.6>

Dnl-Tqukrg 1 <;.6>: h.m. 1 7 p 3 6

Xkjcg :. Hg`slty k`h proportlo` om CJE sltgs.

dckss ùajgr om dgccs ùajgr om sltgs ojsgrvgh proportlo` hg`s

pgktsk`hdckygy sk`hdckycoss

rode

;4<:774

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6

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.66

.66

.66

.66

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totkcs 88;8 4< ;.6666

;64 A. RK@TCGG JG@ K@ H C.J.A. ]GZNK ZX - BLT K@H TLXG CODKXLO @ T XKXLTXLD T

K` kctgaktlvg ls provlhgh jy Ktwgcc k`h Mcgtdngr (;<>7,;<>2). Xngy try to hgml`g mor gkdn dckss k so-dkccgh wglbnt-mkdtor, tnkt dk` jg do`slhgrgh ks k` gstlaktg om rgcktlvglaportk`dg om k bgobrkpnldkc u`lt.

Rg mggc tnkt Ktwgcc k`h Mcgtdngr krg wro`b to usg tngnlbngst k`h cowgst wglbnt-mkdtors pgr slaucktlo` l`dkcducktl`b tng hlstrljutlo`s. Mor gkdn slaucktlo`, k hlmmgrg`tcgbg`h u`lt aky snow tnls al`laua or akxlaua. L` our



"... to kddgss tng rgcktlvg laportk`dg omglbnt g`vlroàg`tkcdekrkdtgrlstlds l` tng dnoldg omdklr` codktlo`s..."(Ktwgcc/Mcgtdngr ;<>2, :).

Kssual`b tngrg krg tnrgg bgobrkpnldkc u`lts k, V k`h y,lnls cgkhs to tng Ljccowl`b moraucks mor tng wglbnt-mkdtors(K, J k`hD)9

K 1 k'jd / (k'jd + kj'd + kjd')J 1 kj'd / (k'jd + kj'd + kjd')D 1 kjd' / (k'jd + kj'd + kjd')

wcu-lv9k , j , d 1 proportlo` om tng bgobrkpnldkc u`lts u, (4 k`h y.k', j' , d' 1 proportlo` om tng ùajgr om sltgs l` bgobrkpnldkc

u`lts k, V k`h y.

Xng vkcugs om K, J k`h D rk`bg mroa 6 to ; k`h krg 6.44mor gkdn dckss l` k rk`hoa sltg hlstrljutlo`. L` bg`grkc, tnggxpgdtgh vkcug ls ; hlvlhgh jy tng ùajgr om dckssgs. Xngnlbndr tng wglbnt-mkdtor, tng brgktgr tng rgcktlvg laportk`dg.

Zgmgrrl`b to tng CJE-gxkapcg, tng wglbnt-mkdtors krgsnow` l` tkjcg 4.Xng wglbnt-mkdtors sggas to rgmcgdt tng rgcktlvg

laportk`dg om tng cgbg`h u`lts wgcc L` tng dkcducktlo`s tng

opl`lo`, k tngorgtldkc hlstrljutlo` snouch jg dkcducktgh morgkdn cgbg`h u`lt sgpkrktgcy. Xo tgst tnls nypotngsls, tng

CJE-gxkapcg wks usgh l` k doaputgr slaucktlo`. Xnggxpgrlag`t provgh tnkt gkdn bgobrkpnldkc u`lt hlh nkvg ltsow` tngorgtldkc hlstrljutlo`, vgry audn hlmmgrg`t mroa tngakxlaua or al`laua (mlb. 4). Xng snkpg om tnghlstrljutlo` hgpg`hs o` tng slzg om tng cgbg`h u`lt5 morsakcc u`lts grrktld mcudtuktlo`s aky oddur. Kt tng skagtlag, tng snkpg om tng hlstrljutlo` provgh to jg hgpg`hg`to` tng totkc ùajgr om sltgs.

Xng prodghurg subbgstgh jy Ktwgcc & Mcgtdngr rgsucts l`vgry do`sgrvktlvg tgsts. Jotn prgmgrrgh k`h kvolhgh cgbg`hu`lts krg do`slhgrgh òt slb`lmldk`t too gkslcy. O`cy tngcogss wouch jg prgmgrrgh slb`lmldk`tcy (p 1 6.664) . Lm ourdrltldlsa om Ktwgcc k`h Mcgtdngr ls vkclh, tng iuhbgag`t omtng wglbnt-mkdtors snouch jg khiustgh. L` our kpprokdn, tngcogss ls slb`lmldk`tcy prgmgrrgh (p36.66;) k`h sk`h (p 1 6.6;4)k`h dcky (p 1 6.667) krg slb`lmldk`tcy kvolhgh.

Wsl`b tnls prodghurg, k stktlstldkccy jksgh dnoldg om

rgcgvk`t cgbg`h u`lts sggas mgksljcg, k`swgrl`b tng sgdo`hqugstlo`. Xng Ktwgcc-Mcgtdngr tgst or lts aohlmldktlo`, hogsòt tkeg l`to kddou`t tng slauctk`gous hlmmgrg`dgs mor kcccgbg`h u`lts Xng Dnl squkrg tgst ls tngrgmorg stlcc vkcukjcg





;6= K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



•

Mlburg 8. Xng ak xlaua prghldtlvg bkl` om k aohgc hgpg`h s o` tng

hgbrgg to wnldn tng sltgs krg dcustgrgh. Mor tng jgst possljcg aohg(snkhgh krgk) tng vkcug om p s -p k ls o`cy 6.27.

;62 A. RK@TCGGJG@ K@H C.J.A. ]GZNKZX - BLT K@H TLXG CODKXLO@ TXKXLTXLDT

Ei 1 ]~Up,*:CPQL]

wngrg9Xng kvgrkbg sltg hg`slty ls cgss tng` ; pgr u`lt dgcc

mor tng ojsgrvgh E, vkcug om tng CJE-sltgs l` rgcktlo` to tngsolc typg. To lt sggas tnkt tng CJE-pgopcg hlh tkeg tng solcl`to kddou`t wng` hgdlhl`b o` tng codktlo` om k sgttcgag`t.@ot o`cy wks tng cogss om akior laportk`dg, jut jgyo`h tnkt

d k k`h l k j ` k kd l k



ps 1 tng proportlo` om tng sltgs l`dorporktgh l` tng aohgcpk 1 tng proportlo` om hg krgk l`dorporktgh l` tng aohgcpw 1 tng proportlo` om tng krgk wltnout krdnkgocobldkc sltgs

Xo dkcducktg E| cgt us o`dg kbkl` rgtur` to tng CJE-pgopcg k`h tng solc typgs. Mlrst om kcc (stgp ;), mor gkdncgbg`h u`lt tng E. vkcug ls dkcducktgh. Lm tng proportlo` omsltgs ls cowgr tnk` tng proportlo` om tng krgk (dgccs), Ei lsòt kppcldkjcg. L` tnkt dksg, tng vkcug om ps-p k ls `gbktlvgk`h tng root dk` òt jg gxtrkdtgh. Xnls sltuktlo` wlccnowgvgr o`cy oddur l` tng dkcducktlo`s om tng mlrst stgp.

Xng nlbngst vkcug kt tnls mlrst stgp, ks akregh wltn (;)l` tkjcg 8, ls mou`h wltn cogss (Ei16.=;7). Jy l`dcuhl`bo`cy kcc cogss dgccs l` tng aohgc k`h cgkvl`b out kcc otngru`lts, =<.:% om tng sltgs krg kcrgkhy l`dcuhgh l` k aohgcdovgrl`b o`cy ;7.6% om tng rgsgkrdn krgk (rgcktlvg bkl`978.:%). Xng cobldkc `gxt qugstlo` ls9 dk` tng Ei vkcug jglaprovgh jy khhl`b o`g or aorg cgbg`h u`lts? @gwdkcducktlo`s (stgp :) krg akhg mor gkdn doajl`ktlo` om cogss

wltn tng otngr bgobrkpnldkc u`lts. Xnls akegs lt dcgkr tnkttng aohgc dk` kt jgst jg laprovgh jy khhl`b tng dckygysk`h solcs (nlbngst vkcug om E, kmtgr stgp :9 6.=8;). Xngrgcktlvg bkl` om tng aohgc ls soagwnkt sakccgr (74 ;%) jut

tng dckygy sk`h solcs sgga to nkvg jgg` kttrkdtlvg ks wgcc.To, tng sltg codktlo` pkrkagtgr E, dk` jg usgh jotn mor

tgstl`b tng laportk`dg om k bgobrkpnld vkrlkjcg (mlrstqugstlo`) ks mor nlbnclbntl`b tng aost laportk`t cgbg`h u`lts(sgdo`h qugstlo`). Nowgvgr, lt hogs òt u`dovgr wnldnu`lts wgrg slb`lmldk`tcy kvolhgh.

7. Do`dcuslo`sL` kcaost kcc Bgobrkpnld L`moraktlo` Tystgas tng

gapnksls ls o` wkys to ak`lpucktg k`h prgsg`t bgobrkpnldkc

l`moraktlo`. Xnls ls gkslcy gxpckl`gh jy tng bgobrkpnldkcorlbl` om BLT. Xngrg ls o`cy k vgry claltgh suppcy om tngel`h om stktlstldkc prodghurgs tnkt krg om pkrkaou`tlaportk`dg to krdnkgocoblsts9 tnosg tnkt tgst tng rgcktlo`snlpjgtwgg` pol`t hktk (sltgs) k`h tng ck`hsdkpg. Toag BLT hostlcc òt ommgr tng possljlclty to trgkt tng sltgs ks k u`lt omojsgrvktlo`, jut rgsucts krg kcwkys jksgh o` dgccs.

Mortu`ktgcy l` aost BLT k Dnl-squkrg tgst ls kvklckjcg.Xng Dnl-squkrg tgst ls tng aost doaao` wky to l`vgstlbktg

tng rgcktlo`snlp jgtwgg` sltgs k`h tgrrkl` dnkrkdtgrlstlds, jutlt nks lts claltktlo`s jotn agtnohocobldkccy k`h tngorgtldkccy.Kctgaktlvgs krg kcaost `gvgr kvklckjcg l` BLT. Jotn tng( hl lgh) Kt g M gtd g tg t k`h t g `g gh ltg

;6> K@KL L ( XK ;'ZKL NLTXOZLDK L XL HL @TLK :7

rgmgrg`dgs



Kccg`, E.A.T. gt kc (ghs) ;<<6 c`tgrprgtl`b spkdg9 BLT k`h Krdnkgocoby, Xkycor/Mrk`dl s. Co`ho`.

Ktwgcc, A.Z.,A. Mcgtdngr

;<>7 K `gw tgdn`lqug mor l`vgstlbktl`b spktlkc rgcktlo`snl ps9 Tlb`lmldk dg tgstl`b, L`9K. ]oorrlps/T.N. Covl`b (ghs), Xo pkttgr` tng pkst. Vkdt, vocuag LL, Ttrkssjourb, ;>;-

;<>2 K` K`kcytldkc Xgdn`lqug mor l`vgstlbktl`b Tpktlkc Zgcktlo`snlps, Iour`kc om KrdnkgocTdlg`dg ;8, ;-;;.

Dkraldnkgc, H.C.

Nkrrls. X.A.

Evkaag, E.C.

;<<6 BLT prghldtlvg aohgccl`b om prgnlstorlg sltg hlstrljutlo`s l dg`trkc Ao`tk`k. L`9E.A.T. Kccg` gt kc. (ghs), c`tgrprgtl`b spkdg9 BLT k h Krdnkgocoby, Xkycor/Mrk`dls,

Co`ho`, :;=-::7.

;<>= Bgobrkpnld L`moraktlo` Tystga hgslb` mor krdnkgocobldkc sltg l`morakt lo` rgtrlgvkc. L`9T. Ckmcl` (gh.), Doaputgr Kppcldktlo`s k`h [uk`tltktlvg Agtnohs l` Krdnkgocoby,W`lvgrslty om Jlral`bnka, Jlral`bnka, ;8>-;=;.

;<>< Bgobrkpnldkc L`moraktlo` Tystgas l` Zgblo`kc Krdnkgocobldkc Zgsgkrdn k`h hktkak`kbgag`t. L`9 A.J. Tdnlmmgr (gh.), Krdnkgocobldkc Agtnoh k`h Xngory L, ;4<-:64.

;<<6 BLT kcborl tnas k`h tnglr gmmgdt o` rgblo`kc krdnkgocobldkc k`kcys ls. L`9 E.A.T. Kccg`

kc. (ghs). c`tgrprgtl`b spkdg9 BLT k`h Krdnkgocoby, Xkycor/Mrk`dls, Co`ho`, L ;:-;:7.

;<<4 Tpktlkc Ttktlstlds k`h BLT 9 k` l`tgbrktgh kpprokdn. L`9 I. K`hrgsg` /X. Akh sg` /L. Tdoccc( h ) D tl`b t Vk t D t K ldktl ` k`h [ k`tltktl A t h l` K d k

KZX. ioegrs Ho e Hlssgdtlo`9 spktlkc kttrljutlo` tnroubnrgproigdtlo` om Nkzg`hoè W`lt D



Xng pul posg om tnls stuhy wks tng hgvgcopag`t k`hsuddgssmuc lapcgag`tktlo` om spktlkc k`kcysls tnroubnrgproigdtlo`. Xng agtnkh wks hgvlsgh to dopg wltn kòrlg`tktlo`kc proncga om k doorhl`ktg systga usgh kt tnggxdkvktlo`s om tng Nkzg`hoè. k @gocltnld sltg l` tngwgstgr` @gtngrck`hs. Alskclbàg`t om tng kxgs (rgcktgh totng aost laportk`t ml`h doapcgx), doanl`gh wltn ckdel`bcltnocobldkc ckygr kttrljutlo` om tng ml`hs l` sltu akhghlssgdtl`b tng krtgmkdt dcustgrs l`to krdnkgocobldkccyrgcgvk`t u`lts laposslncg. snlgchl`b k potg`tlkccy rldnhktkjksg mro`t murtngr l`vgstlbktlo`.

Wctlaktgcy. tnroubn tnrgg hlag`slo`kl aohgccl`b jksgho` cltnocobldkc l`tdrprgtktlo`s om strktlbrkpny k dorrgdtlo`

mkdtor wks mou`h to rotktg tng orlbl`kc doorhl`ktg kxgs,hlspg`sl`b wltn o`g hlag`slo` l` tng prodgss. Xngrgakl`l`b two akhg dorrgdt dross sgdtlo` vlgws om tngkrtgmkdt dcustgrs possljcg ks wgcc ks rgcktl`b tnga to

Rng` @gocltnld ak` dkag to nu`t, mlsn k`h bktngr, ngsoubnt k hry rgmubg to vg`turg mroa l`to tng wlchs, to usg ksk sgkso`kc nu`tl`b jksgdkap or gvg` mor pgrak`g`tl`nkjltktlo`. Ng sgttcgh o` hoèg`, tng surmkdl`b tops omrlvgrhu`gs (]grjrkgde ;<28). Xngsg hu`gs wgrg moragh l`tng hrlgh out rlvgrjghs om tng Znl`g k`h Agusg rlvgrs, ks krgsuct om kgocld hgposltlo` om rlvgr dnk``gc sk`hs. Xnlshgposltlo` tooe pckdg up u`tlc tng Jorgkc, wng` tng you`bgrsghlag`ts om pgkt k`h dcky stkrtgh dovgrl`b tng slhgs u`hgrtng l`mcug`dg om tng rlsl`b wktgrcgvgc. Rng` murtngr kgocldsghlag`tktlo` wks prgvg`tgh jy tng l`drgksl`b wgt`gss omtng rlvgr vkccgy tng hu`gs jgdkag k mosslclsgh pkrt om tngck`hsdkpg. Xng post-Jorgkc sghlag`tktlo` sgqug`dg wksdnkrkdtgrlsgh jy k suddgsslo` om pgkt moraktlo` k`h dckstldsghlag`tktlo` jy ckegs k`h drgges (Couwg Eooliak`s;<>:5 vk` hgr Rouhg ;<>;).

Xnoubn tng jksg om tng prgnlstorlg sgttcgag`ts wks

;;6 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

kaou`t om rgmusg, tng tnlde`gss om tng krdnkgocobldkc ckygrsk`h tng typocobldkc vkrlktlo` om tng pottgry, sgvg` ducturgpnksgs wgrg postucktgh, rk`bl`b mroa Nkzg`hoè ;, : k`h 4tnroubn ]ckkrhl`bg` ck, cj k`h :j to Jgcc Jgkegr (CouwgEooliak`s ;<2=). Tgg tng Zoaagrtshoè-krtldcg om

projlga usl`b aohgccl`b k`h aktngaktlds. Xng kla wks toclè strktlbrkpny to krtgmkdt sdkttgrs, to g`kjcg gstkjclsnagom posltlo` om kcc krtgmkdts rgcktlvg to gkdn otngr k`h torgcgvk`t ckygrs. Xnus, k spktlkccy l`tgrprgtgh ckygr kttrljuwouch jg blvg` to gkdn krtgmkdt kmtgr tng mkdt (tnkt ls



; ) gg g g gA. ]grjrubbg` l` tnls vocuag mor tng cktgst postucktgh

dkcljrktgh rkhlodkrjo` hktl`bs om tngsg krdnkgocobldkc ckygrsk`h k akp om tng Nkzg`hoè rgblo`.

Xng aost laportk`t codktlo` wks tng plt doapcgx eòw`ks W`lt D5 tg` plts o` tng gkstgr` tlp om tng hoè. Xngrgtrkdgs om ò mgwgr tnk` mlvg om tng sgvg` postucktgh ducturgpnksgs (Nkzg`hoè ;, : k`h 4, k`h ]ckkrhl`bg` ck k`h cj)nkh jgg` mou`h l` hg`sg sdkttgrs dovgrl`b sgvgrkc plts. Xnlscodktlo` jgdkag tng mou`hktlo` mor tng dnroòcobldkcsgqug`dg om rgblo`kc ducturg pnksgs.

W`mortu`ktgcy k sgrlous projlga rgcktgh to W`lt D nkhkrlsg` hurl`b gxdkvktlo`. Xng Nkzg`hoè's roubncygcclptldkc johy ls orlg`tgh @G-TR, wltn stggp scopgs o` tngòrtngkstgr` slhg k`h k co`b strgtdnl`b, soutnwgst pol`tl`btklc. Xkel`b l`to kddou`t tnkt kcc plts nkh to jg rgcktlvg too`g brlh, tng orlg`tktlo` om tng kxgs om tng doorhl`ktgsystga moclowgh tng gco`bktgh sk`hjohy, to eggp ks ak`yplts ks possljcg orlg`tgh pgrpg`hlduckr to tng scopg do`tours.Lt wks jgclgvgh gxlstl`b doaputgr tgdnòcoby wouch jg kjcgto socvg k`y orlg`tktlo`kc projcgas om plt codktlo`ssummgrl`b mroa snlmtgh kxls pgrspgdtlvgs. Xnls potg`tlkcltysoo` jgdkag rgkclty. Moccowl`b Aurpny's Ckw, tng dross

wouch jg blvg to gkdn krtgmkdt kmtgr tng mkdt (tnkt ls,gxdkvktlo`), jksgh o` hg`slty hlmmgrg`dgs.

Xo tnls g`h kcc ml`hs wouch nkvg to jg rgproigdtgh o`t`gw kxls ru``l`b how`scopg kt tng hgslb`ktgh codktlo`,doajl`l`b tng doorhl`ktgs om tng ochgr GR k`h @T brlhsystga. Xnls l`vocvgh tnrgg hlstl`dt stkbgs9;. tng rgdo`strudtlo` om tng rgcgvk`t strktlbrkpny to hgml`

tng dorrgdt rgproigdtlo` k`bcg5:. tng rgproigdtlo` ltsgcm5

4. tng k`kcysls om tng rgsucts, cgkhl`b to kttrljutlo` om kckrtgmkdts to ckrbgr spktlkc u`lts.

8. Zgdo`strudtlo`Xng mlrst stgp l`vocvgh tng pnysldkc rgdo`strudtlo` om

stkjcg hoè sujstrktua. Xng gxlstl`b hktksgts douchojvlouscy òt provlhg slb`lmldk`t l`moraktlo` kjout tngsujsolc5 òt o`cy wgrg tngy pkrt om k hlmmgrg`t aktrlx,'novgrl`b' kjovg tng hu`g5 tnglr spktlkc rgcktlo`snlps wgrgkcso tng uctlaktg bokc om tng g`tgrprlsg, k`h l`dcuhl`b tnga

l` tng mlrst stgp om tng socutlo` wouch drgktg k dlrduckrkrbuag`t. Hoè hktk tngrgmorg nkh to jg l`hgpg`hg`t omkrdnkgocobldkc l`tgrprgtktlo`s. Xwo otngr sourdgs provlhghtng rgqulrgh l`moraktlo` Vkrt om tng hoduag`tktlo` om k

K.Z.X. IO@EGZT - HO@E HLTTGDXLO@



=66

;;: K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

=46 S S S



]

Mlburg :. Tkapcg pol`ts k`h

;;4 K.Z.X. IO@ENZT HO@E HLTTL^XLO@

-:.6 - |

@KV



;;8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

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I. +A. Pj w* *•0 * * l l ;;; ;

* « l r m ï v o * * ' • ‐* ' • ' • • ' • '



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* • ~ m ; ; ; ;

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µx x x * " x * x«^ - N;

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_ " • 1 _ " ‘ " " x N:• ~ ~ i " -X ‘

- ~ _- ; N4

.; m c l c ; ; ; ; l2< >6 >; >: >4 >8 >7 >= >2 >> ><

Mlburg 8. Xng rgsuct om rgproigdtl o`5 k dcgkrcy sgpkrktgh Nkzg`hoè 4 cgvgc. Kjovg lt novgrs ]ckkrhl`b g` aktg rlkc5 jgcow two ochgr strktk(Nkzg`hoè ; k`h :) dk` jg hlstl`bulsngh. Xng sakcc hots hgòtg "l`jgtwgg`s".

sgg` ks tng mlrst krtgmkdt om k scldg, sudn k pol`t wouch sggato jgco`b to o`g dcustgr, jut lm tng scldg wks snlmtgh mkr

gòubn to akeg lt tng ckst o`g (ks nu`hrghs om `gw pol`tsnkh jgg` pcottgh o` o`g slhg k`h ks ak`y nkh jgg` grksgho` tng otngr), lt wouch dcgkrcy sgga to jgco`b to kòtngrd t X l k t h t t tldk k lktl ` t

to A. ]grjrubbg`'s krtldcg o` tng Zoaagrtshoè, wngrg kaorg doaprgng`slvg k`kcysls om tng pnksl`b om tngsg

krdnkgocobldkc ckygrs ls blvg` l` tng jrokhgr do`tgxt omhoè l`nkjltktlo` tnroubnout tng Kcjckssgrwkkrh.) Xngotngr two strktk wgrg ckjgccgh Nkzg`hoè 4 k`h]Ckk hl`b ` j jk h ` k l khl dk j ` hktl`b

;;7 K.Z.X. IO@EGZT - HO@E HLTTGDXLO@

mroa rgcktgh sltgs douch possljcy kcso provlhg k cgss stgrlcgpldturg om rgblo`kc ducturg doapcgxgs. Tujslstg`dg aohgcsjksgh o` pkcyòcobldkc gvlhg`dg k`h ck`hsdkpg rgdo`strud-tlo` clegwlsg prgsg`t k vlslo`, wngrgks tnls tgdn`lqug o`cydrgktgs k (sclbntcy hlmmgrg`t) vlgw.

rgsuctgh l` hlstl`dt, spktlkccy hgml`gh krtgmkdt dcustgrs, townldn ovgr <2% om tng hktk pol`ts douch jg kttrljutgh.Rng` doajl`gh wltn eòwcghbg mroa rgcktgh hlsdlpcl`gs(òtkjcy krdnkgocoby, pkcgo-gdocoby k`h bgocoby), tngsgsdkttgrs dk` jg hktgh k`h ducturkccy kttrljutgh, tnus



g g ( y g g ) gJuc kctnoubn tng agtnoh u`hgr rgvlgw aky jg claltgh

k`h ckdel`b soagtnl`b l` nuak` l`tgrgst, lt hlh suddgghwltnl` tng do`ml`gs om tng spktlkc l`tgrprgtktlo`.Ttrktlbrkpnld hktk wgrg usgh to julch k aohgc, wnldnylgchgh tng hgslrgh scopg doåmmldlå`t l`moraktlo`. Xngrgproigdtlo` ltsgcm wks suddgssmuc, k`h tng dustoa akhgprobrkas pgrmoragh khgquktgcy to rg`hgr nltngrto u`sgg`(vlrtukc) sujtgrrk`gk` lakbgs. Xng k`bcg dorrgdtlo` kcso

g jg g y j grg`hgrl`b l`moraktlo` o` krtgmkdt kssgajckbgs rgprgsg`tk-

tlvg om tng pnksgs u`hgr l`vgstlbktlo`.To ml`kccy, ovgr k hgdkhg kmtgr tng g`h om tng l`ltlkc

gxdkvktlo`s, tng Nkzg`hoè hktksgts nkvg jgdoag kvklckjcgmor murtngr k`kcysls, g`kjcl`b doapkrlso` om tng spktlkccyhgml`gh sdkttgrs to krtgmkdt dcustgrs mroa otngr, slalckr sltgsl` tng rgblo`. Kt co`b ckst, doaputgr tgdnòcoby ls dktdnl`bup wltn gxpgdtktlo`s rklsgh ygkrs kbo.

rgmgrg`dgs

Kyrgs, M. Ir.

Nkbgak`, J.V.

;<78 Xngory k`h proncgas om pck`g k`h spngrldkc trlboòagtry, AdBrkw-Nlcc, @gw \ore.

;<=< "Hgvgcopag`t om tng wgstgr` pkrt om tng @gtngrck`hs hurl`b tng Nocogg`g", l` Bgocoblgg` Ali`jouw 8>, Xng Nkbug, 424-4>>.

Couwg Eooliak`s, C.V. ;<28 Xng Znl`gcAgusg hgctk9 mour stuhlgs o` lts prgnlstorlg odgupktlo` k`h Nocogg`g bgocobG.I. Jrlcc. Cgyhg`.



A vgrjrubbg Bgokrdnkgocobldkc prospgdtlo` om tng Zoaagrtshoè



Xng rlvgr hu`g hlstrldt l` tng wgstgr` pkrt om tng rlvgrkrgk l` tng @gtngrck`hs ls k` krgk om nlbn krdnkgocobldkc

potg`tlkc. K prospgdtlo` agtnoh jy agk`s om boubg-kubgrjorl`bs provgh to jg vgry suddgssmuc l` tng hlsdovgry om

mour alhhcg `gocltnld rgmusg ckygrs o` tng Zoaagrtshoè, krlvgr hu`g l` tng vldl`lty om tng Nkzg hoè. Xnls agtnoh

pgralts k propgr gvkcuktlo` om tng rgprgsg`tktlvg`gss om tng Nkzg`hoè oddupktlo` dnroòcoby.

;. L`trohudtlo`;.;. K@ KZDNKGOCOBLDKC VZOJCGA

Xo drgktg k pldturg om tng gkrcy k`h alhhcg @gocltnldnut`k` oddupktlo` om tng Nocodg`g sghlag`tktlo` krgk om

tng wgstgr` k`h dg`trkc @gtngrck`hs, o`cy tnrgg sltgs krg ktOWX hlsposkc. Xng sltgs do`dgr`gh, Twlmtgrjk`t, Nkzg`hoèk`h Jgrbsdnd`noge, wgrg kcc gxdkvktgh aorg tnk` ;7 ygkrskb Tl`d ` k ` l ` k d h kl` `

L` orhgr to hgdlhg wngtngr tng Nkzg`hoè dnroòcoby dk`sgrvg ks k aohgc mor gkrcy k`h alhhcg @gocltnld oddupktloòm tng Znl`g-Agusg hgctk, `gw sltgs krg urbg`tcy `gghgh.

;.:. XNG BGOKZDNKGOCOBLDKC KVVZOKDN XO XNG

VZOJCGA

L` ;<<6 tng L`stltutg om Vrgnlstory om Cglhg` W`lvgrsltyl`ltlktgh tng Hoèg`proigdt l` orhgr to vgrlmy tng rgprgsg`tktlvg`gss om tng Nkzg`hoè oddupktlo`kc dnroòcoby.

Kt cgkst :6 rlvgr hu`gs wgst om Bgchgrakcsg` wlcc jgl`vgstlbktgh mor @gocltnld oddupktlo` jy agk`s omnk`hjorl`bs. Hurl`b tng gxdkvktlo` om tng Nkzg`hoè l`;<2= tng usg om k boubg wltn k hlkagtgr om 4 da provgh to

jg vgry suddgssmuc mor moccowl`b tng rgmusg ckygrsstrktlbrkpnldkccy (]k` Hlie gt kc. ;<<;). Lt wlcc jg dcgkrmroa tng hlkagtgr om tng boubg tnkt o`g dk` òt rgcy o` tngd k`d j l`b t l`h t N l d

;;> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

jgkdn k`h hu`g krgk



tlhkc mckt k`h skctakrsn krgk

pgkt hlstrldt

mcuvlkc hlstrldt

outdroppl`b pcglstodg`gk`h ochgr moraktlo`s

• • " hoèg`

Z1Zoaagrtshoè

;;< A. ]GZJZWBBG@ - BGOKZDNKGOCOBLDKC VZOTVGDXLO@ OM XNG ZOAAGZXTHO@E

spgkel`b òt k hgctk. @ot l` k aorpnocobldkc sg`sg jgdkusgtng "hgctk" ls òt k hlsdrgtg snorgcl`g protujgrk`dg. K`hòc l` 5l sghlag`tocobldkc sg`sg ks tng dg`trkc k`h wgstgr`pkrt om tng "hgctk" nkvg k pgrlakrl`g k`h akrl`g bg`gslsrgspgdtlvgcy (sgg Jnkttkdnkryk/Rkcegr ;<<:).

M k` k d k bldk l` l h k k

orbk`ld kdduaucktlo` oddurrgh u`hgr vgry qulgt do`hltlo`s.Kctnoubn audn om tng kchgr dkrr pgrslstgh mor k pgrloh om:666 ygkrs, tng ckegs gxpk`hgh u`tlcc krou`h 7466 JV kcsodcky hgposltlo` tooe pckdg. Mlburg : snows k ck`hsdkpgrgdo`strudtlo` om tnls so-dkccgh mcuvlo-ckdustrl`g g`vlroàg`t.L` l d ` d l ` jk h ` `h h j l`b



Mroa k` krdnkgocobldkc pol`t om vlgw tng tgra hgctk nks

tng khvk`tkbg om jgl`b snort k`h gksy to doajl`g wltnotngr worhs, sudn ks "tng hgctk `gocltnld". L` ay opl`lo`tngrg krg ò ojigdtlo`s to tng usg om tng tgra hgctk, ks co`bks lc ls akhg dcgkr tnkt tnls hgctk do`slsts om sgvgrkchlstl`dtlvg ck`hsdkpgs (sgg Couwg Eooliak`s ;<>2)9 kjgkdn k`h hu`g hlstrldt, tlhkc mckts k`h ckboo`s, k pgkthlstrldt k`h k mcuvlkc hlstrldt (sgg mlb. ;).

Kctnoubn opl`lo`s hlmmgr o` tng usg om tng tgra hgctk,tng kjovg ag`tlo`gh kutnors ho kbrgg o` tng ovgrkcc

hgtgral`k`t rocg om tng rgcktlvg sgkcgvgc rlsg l` tngNocodg`g hgvgcopag`t om tnls sghlag`tktlo` krgk. Hug to krgcktlvg sgkcgvgc rlsg om kcaost ;7 a sl`dg 2766 JV, k tnldesgqug`dg om pgkt k`h dcky ckygrs dkag l`to jgl`b l` k` gvgrdnk`bl`b ck`hsdkpg om ckboo`s. tlhkc mckts k`h pgkt jobs.L` tng Zoaagrtshoè-Nkzg`hoè krgk tng pgkt k`h dckyckygrs hgposltgh o` top om tng pcglstodg`g sujstrktua kttkl`k tnlde`gss om kjout ;6 a.

Xng rlvgr hu`gs. codkccy eòw` ks hoèg`, wgrg moraghhurl`b tng \ou`bgr Hryks Ttkhlkc om tng Rgldnsgclk`(]grjrkgde dc kc. ;<28) o` top om tng mcoohpckl` om tng tng`jrklhgh rlvgrs Znl`g k`h Agusg Nowgvgr lt dk` òt jg

L` tnls rgdo`strudtlo`, jksgh o` nu`hrghs om jorl`bs, tng

Nkzg`hoè ks wgcc ks tng Zoaagrtshoè krg vlsljcg kalhstkchgr dkrr k`h snkccow jksl`s wltn sujkquktld dnk``gcs.Krou`h 8>66 JV tng ckegs rgkdngh tnglr akxlauagxtg`slo`. Dcosgh kchgr dkrr k`h rggh akrsngs prgdghg kpgrloh om gxtg`slvg mcuvlkc hgposltlo` l`, kbkl`, k mcuvlkcckboo`kc g`vlroàg`t, wnldn ckstgh u`tlc 4466 JV.

Dcosgh kchgr dkrr rgtur`gh k`h pgrslstgh kt cgkst tlcc:666 JV. K tnl` dcky jgh dovgrs tng sghlag`tkry sgqug`dg.

Xng two alccg``lk om kchgr dkrr (d. =;66 JV - d. 8;66 JV)

krg om spgdlkc l`tgrgst to tng @gocltnld oddupktlo` nlstory omtng hoèg` krgk, sl`dg kcaost kcc om tng Nkzg`hoè ckygrshktg to tnls pgrloh. Ks wlcc jg snow` jgcow kcso tng mourZoaagrtshoè ckygrs hktg to tnls pgrloh.

:. Xng prospgdtlo` agtnoh:.;. JKTLD DO@DGMXT

Xng prospgdtlo` agtnoh prgsg`tgh l` tnls krtldcg modusgso` tng prospgdtlo` om so-dkccgh krdnkgocobldkc ckygrs,kddorhl`b to bgocobldkc prodghurgs. Xngsg prodghurgs dovgrtng agtnoh om hktk doccgdtlo` ks wgcc ks tng rucgs kddorhl`bto wnldn tng hktk snouch jg hgsdrljgh k`h dcksslmlgh

;:6 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



akl`cy Kcak opg` wkr

l`cy Wcaus akl`cy [urrdus akl`cy V

Mlburg :. Mcuvlo-ckdustrl`g g vlroàg`t om tng Zoaagrtshoè-Nkzg`hoè krgk, krou`h 7466 JV.Xng Zoaagrtshoè ls vlsljcg o tng cgmt-nk`h slhg om tng rgdo`strudtlo` (kmtgr ]k hgr Rouhg ;<>;).

wltn tnglr ducturkc ksslbàg`t, akeg up tng hktkjksg o` tngjksls om wnldn tng trug hurktlo` om prgnlstorlg ducturkcpnksgs dk` jg gstkjclsngh.

:.:. HKXL@B OM KZDNKGOCOBLDKC CK\GZT

L` orhgr to hgtgral`g tng dnroòstrktlbrkpny om ckygrs

Nocodg`g wktgr cgvgc hgvgcopag`t l` tng @gtngrck`hs'rlvgr krgk. Mor tnglr rgdo`strudtlo` om tng wktgr cgvgchgvgcopag`t, tngy do`strudtgh lsodnro`gs om l`ltlkc pgkt

moraktlo` o` doapkdtlo`-mrgg rlvgr hu`g sk`h, l` k` gkst-wgst dross-sgdtlo` tnroubn tng hoèg` krgk. Xngsglsodnro`gs ommgr k u`lqug opportu`lty to hktg krdnkgocob



;:: K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Mlburg 4. Hlstrljutlo` om krdnkg-ocobldkc ckygrs ;-8.

krdnkgocobldkc ckygr ;



krdnkgocobldkc ckygr :

;:4 A. ]GZJZWBBG@ - BGOKZDNKGOCOBLDKC VZOTVGDXLO@ OM XNG ZOAAGZXTHO@E

@KVL.



?-

-:.= •

- 4 .

- 8 .' 8 . ; *

- 8 > P-7

-7. :P

- = .

&

©

©

O

;:8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CG;HG@TLK :7

Xkjcg ;. ;8D kbgs om Zoaagrtshoè k`h Nkzg`hoè krdnkgocobldkc ckygrs.Zghudgh dkcg`hkr kbg rk`bgs hktg tng top om krdnkgocobldkc ckygrs

Ckygr Tkapcg @o. Br@ Kbg (dov. D-;8y JV) Zghudgh dkc. kbg rkbg

Zoa. 8 ;<6>6 88:7 »47 4:<6..:<<6

Zoa. 4 ;<62< 7;46 »=6 8666..4>>6



Zoa. 4 ; 62 ; » 6 8666..4 6

Zoa. : ;<62> 74<6 »=6 8:<6..8;26

Zoa. ; 88=6..8486

Nkz. ] C :j < >:44 8666 »:7 :726..:826

Nkz. ] C :j 2j <;4: 86;7 »46

Nkz. ] C :j >d: <;44 86;6 »47

Nkz. ] C cj ;; <;47 8847 »76 4:=6..:<=6

Nkz. ] C cj ;:d <;4= 8887 »47

Nkz. ] C cj ;: h >:48 8767 »86

Nkz. ] C cj ;6 <;48 8747 »86

Nkz. ] C cj ;4 <;42 8876 »86Nkz. 4 :6 >:4= 8247 »47

Nkz. 4 ;< k <;<4 8>;6 »47 4=26..4=;6

Nkz. 4 ;> <;<: 8>46 »86

Nkz. 4 ;2 j <;<; 8>26 »77

Nkz. : :4 >446 76:6 »46 4<;6..42<6

Nkz. : :8 >:42 76<6 »86

Nkz. ; := k >44; 7;=7 »46 86:6..4=<6

Nkz. ; := d <;<= 7:=7 »=6

lsodnro`gs om pgkt moraktlo` o` rlvgr hu`gs (sgg mlb. 7). Xng L` do`dcuslo`, hgtgral`l`b tng aost projkjcg pkrt om tng


R

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-; •x do-orhl`ktg ;;8.62

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;;7.7 ;;7.27 ;;=.>> ;;>.6 ;;>.=4 ;;<.;7 ;:6.8>

;>66 dkc J.D

;:= K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Zoaagrtshoè Nkzg`hoè

ckygr

skapcg; : 4 8 ]C;j ]C:j;

:=d :=k :8 :4 ;2j ;> ;<k :6 ;4 ;6 ;:h ;:d ;; >d: 2j



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Xng hlsdovgry, akppl`b k`h hktl`b om mour @gocltnldrgmusg ckygrs dcgkrcy snows tng gmmldlg`dy k`h khvk`tkbgs omJ prospgdtlo` jy agk`s om nk`h jorl`bs.

K doapkrlso` om tng rghudgh dkcg`hkr kbg rk`bgs om tngZoaagrtshoè k`h Nkzg`hoè ckygrs cgkhs to tng moc-cowl`b do`dcuslo`s9

usgmuc gxgrdlsg. Xng doapkrlso` snouch jg do`slhgrgh ks k"nkcm-tlag sdorg".

Gxpgdtktlo`s krg tnkt tng hoèg` proigdt wlcc rgsuct l` khktk jksg om aorg tnk` 76 rgmusg ckygrs, o` tng jksls omwnldn tng @gocltnld oddupktlo` dnroòcoby om tng g`tlrg



- tng Nkzg`hoè dnroòcoby ls òt rgprgsg`tktlvg mor tngrgspgdtlvg ckygrs.- l` bg`grkc, tng Nkzg`hoè dk` sgrvg ks k aohgc mor k

pnksgh Gkrcy k`h Alhhcg @gocltnld oddupktlo`dnroòcoby om tng hoèg` hlstrldt.Doapkrl`b two dnroòcoblgs l` orhgr to hgdlhg wnldn

o`g dk` sgrvg ks k aohgc mor k ckrbg krgk, dk` jg sgg` ks k

hoèg` hlstrldt dk` jg hrkw` up.

7. Kdeòwcghbgag`tsXng l`vgstlbktlo`s wgrg supportgh l` pkrt jy tng

Mou`hktlo` mor Krdnkgocobldkc Zgsgkrdn, wnldn lssujslhlzgh jy tng @gtngrck`hs Orbk`lzktlo` mor Tdlg`tlmldZgsgkrdn (@RO).

rgmgrg`dgs

Jnkttkdnkryk, I.V.,Z B Rkcegr

;<<: Hgctks. L`9 Z.B. Rkcegr gt kc. (ghs) Mkdlgs aohgcs, rgspo`sg to sgk cgvgc dnk`bg.Bgocobldkc Kssodlktlo` omDk`khk, ;72-;2<.



Iosì sdnrgurs Xn g Ald ngcsjgrb sltg Akkstr ldnt -Eclègrs9k mu`dtlo`kc l`tgrprgtktlo`



Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs ls o`g om tng sl tgs l` tng òrtnwgstgr`krgk om tng Aldngcsjgrb ducturg mor wnldn lt wlcc jgkttgaptgh to krrlvg kt k mu`dtlo`kc dnkrkdtgrlsktlo`.Xng gxk`ó`ktlo` om tng cltnld kssgajckbg k`h gspgdlkccy tngk`kcysls om tng wgkr trkdgs o` tngmcl`t W`pcgag`ts do`stltutg

tng modus om tng rgsgkrdn l`to mu`dtlo`kc hlmmgrg`tlktlo`ngtwgg` Aldngcsjgrb sltgs. Xng prgsg`t rgsucts nkvghgao`strktgh tnkt Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs dk` jg do`slhgrghk rgslhg`tlkc sltg, mroa wnldn k vkrlgty omkdtlvltlgs nkvgtkeg` pckdg.

;. L`trohudtlo`Xng k`kcysls om tng Aldngcsjgrb sltg Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs

(provl`dg om Clajurb, tng @gtngrck`hs) moras pkrt om kco`b-tgra l`vgstlbktlo` l`to tng mu`dtlo`kc hlmmgrg`tlktlo`jgtwgg` vkrlous sltgs l` tng òrtnwgstgr` krgk om tngAldngcsjgrb ducturg (g 7766-8>66 JV); Xngrg krg k

sngrhs k`h sto`g wgrg l`vocvgh l` tng hgtgral`ktlo` om mu`dtlo` om tng vkrlous sltgs wltnl` tng sgttcgag`t syst

L` tng moccowl`b, tng codktlo` om tng sltg, tng ml`hdlrduastk`dgs, tng solc akres k`h tng vkrlous ml`hs wlcjg hlsdussgh. Tujsgqug`tcy, tng rgsucts om tng wgkr trk

k`kcysls wlcc jg prgsg`tgh, moclowgh jy k dnkrkdtgrlstng sltg om Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs.

:. Xng codktlo` om tng sltgXng sltg ls codktgh to tng òrtn om tng tow` om Ak

l` tng provl`dg om Clajurb: , k`h nks jgg` `kagh kmtgr tngcogss k`h brkvgc qukrry om tng Eclègrs' doapk`y wnlsltuktgh o` tng spot (mlb. ;). Xng topobrkpnldkc l`hldktng krgk ls tng Dkjgrb. Xng sltg ls sltuktgh o` tng nlbncgvgc (d. =: a + @KV) om k vkccgy tgrrkdg (Dkjgrb-4 dm.]k` hg` Jgrb ;<><). Xng tgrrkdg om Bglstl`bg` ls codkttng gkst om tng sltg5 tnls ls tng cowgst tgrrkdg tnroub

;46 K@KCGDXK VZKGN;TXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Nggswktgr. Xnls strgka nks dut hggp l`to tng ck`hsdkpg,rgsuctl`b l` k ckrbg hlmmgrg`dg l` nglbnt, kaou`tl`b to aorgtnk` :6 a, jgtwgg` tng tgrrkdg o` wnldn tng sltg ls codktghk`h tng strgka vkccgy.

Xng codktlo` om tng sltg wltnl` tng ck`hsdkpg ls strlel`b9lt ls sltuktgh o` tng òrtngr` rla om k protruhl`b zo`g om tng

tng mgkturgs5 ò slgvl`b wks prkdtlsgh. Tkapcgs rgsgkrdn wgrg tkeg` mroa k mgw plts.

Xng akiorlty om tng krdnkgocobldkc rgakl`s mmroa tng Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale ducturg k`h mroa tngToag mgkturgs dk` jg kttrljutgh to tng Cktg @goJro`zg Kbg, wngrgks sgvg`tgg` mgkturgs k`h/or m



Dkjgrb, jorhgrgh o` two slhgs jy rlvgr vkccgys (mlb. ;). Xngsltg ls codktgh wltnl` tng cogss zo`g, o`cy k snort hlstk`dgmroa tng sk`hy pcktgku (tng Egapg` Vcktgku, Jgcblua,sgg mlb. :).

Xng sujsolc om tng sltg do`slsts om cogss hgposlts l` wnldnk jrlde solc nks moragh (Aódngr ;<>=, =7). Kt prgsg`t, tngbrkhlå`t om tng tgrrkl` ls rktngr claltgh k`h kaou`ts tosclbntcy cdss tnk` two hgbrggs. Nowgvgr, tng hgdkpltktloòm tng cogss promlcg k`h tng prgsg`dg om doccuvlua subbgsttnkc tng brkhlå`t aust nkvg jgg` stggpgr l` tng pkst k`htnkt, clegcy, pkrt om tng tgrrkl` nks jgg` pro`g to groslo`(Xngu`lssg` ;<<6). Xng groslo` nks projkjcy tkeg` pckdghurl`b tng pdrloh jgtwgg` tng Jk`hegrkale oddupktlo` k`htng Jro`zg Kbg. Xnls supposltlo` ls jksgh o` tng claltghhgptn om tng mgkturgs mroa tng Jk`hegrkale pgrloh k`h tngAldngcsjgrb ducturg, ks doapkrgh to tnosg mroa tng Jro`zgk`h Lro` Kbg. Aorgovgr, krdnkgocobldkc ml`hs mroa tngsgcktgr pgrlohs om prgnlstory krg vlrtukccy ckdel`b l` tngdoccuvlua.

4 Z k d l

do`dg`trktlo`s dk` jg ksdrljgh to tng Aldngcsjgrb (sgg mlb. 4)8.Xng Aldngcsjgrb sltg dovgrs k` krgk om kppro

o`g ngdtkrg. Rltn tng gxdgptlo` om tng òrtngr` sjou`hkrlgs om tng sltg krg eòw`5 tngrgmorg, o`còrtngrcy hlrgdtlo` douch tng sltg nkvg jgg` ckrbom tng mgkturgs k`h tng ml`h do`dg`trktlo`s nkvhlsdovgrgh l` tng dg`trkc pkrt om tng pcktgku, l` d. 26 x 76 agtgrs.

8.;. MGKXWZGTXng Aldngcsjgrb mgkturgs krg rgdob`lzkjcg o`

tnglr docour k`h do`tg`ts, k`h dk` tngrgmorg jg hmroa mgkturgs hktl`b to otngr pgrlohs. Xng akiortng mgkturgs ls qultg snkccow, wltn o`cy tng jottorlbl`kc plt rgakl`l`b (sgg tkjcg ; mor k hgsdrlptlvtnglr aorpnocobldkc dnkrkdtgrlstlds).

Lt nks provg` hlmmlduct to l`tgrprgt tng mgktu`rs. 6.:2, 6.48, 6.;=, ca, 6.4;, :.:8 k`h :.7 krg do`slto jg dkusgh jy nuak` kdtlvltlgs, do`slhgrl`b tnglrdo`tg`ts k`h docour Xng snkccow mgkturgs `rs L




Xkjcg ;. Akkstrldnt-Ecl egrs9 mgkturg dnkrkdtgrlstlds k`h do`tg`t.

cltnlds pottgrymgkturg hlkagtrg hgptn snkpg docourmgkturg hlkagtrg hgptn snkpg docour

mrgq. mrgq.6.48 6.76 6.46 jowc hkre brky/jckde 4 ;84.;8 6.=7 6.76 - brgy/wnltg < -



4.;8 6. 7 6.76 brgy/wnltg <

.ca 6.26 6.86 mckt ygccow/brgy ;: >6.;= 6.=6 - - - = 4<

6.4; ;.7x;.6 6.46 jowc jrow`/brgy ;> 46:.7 6.77 6.;7 - jrow`/brgy ;7 -:.:8 ;.:6 6.;7 - jrow`/brgy 8 >6 ;8.2 ;.4x6.26 6.26 lrrgbuckr brgy/wnltg ;8 :

6.:2 4.76 6.46 jowc hkre brky/jckde == 84; 8•ly 8.6x;.6 6.:6 - - << :24 4.Lcn 4.6 6.;6

-hkre brky/jrow` =< ;8; ;

.Lcl 4.6 6.;6 - hkre brky/jrow` :2 =>

pcktgs, Xupmg`cglstg k`h tgapgrl`b wltn qukrtz. Xngdkrl`ktgh promlcgs k`h tng or`kag`tktlo` wltn Codnjódegc(Couwg Eooliak`s ;<2=, :8<) pol`t to l`mcug`dgs mroa tngDnkssìg` ducturg5 tnls dk` kcso jg sklh mor tng Jgcblk`

Aldngcsjgrb kssgajckbgs. Otngr dnkrkdtgrlstlds om tngJgcblk` Aldngcsjgrb kssgajckbgs sudn ks pottgry tgapgrghwltn mcl`t k`h tng prgsg`dg om trk`dngt or mckeg kxgs

Lt ls vgry hlmmlduct to hgtgral`g wngtngr tng Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs nks jgg` doccgdtgh or al`gh. akiorlty om tng rkw aktgrlkc typgs dk` jg mou`h prlakry do`tgxt (dnkce ckygrs), or l` sgdo`hkry hsudn ks gcuvlkc k`h rlvgrl`g sghlag`ts (Cýnr gt kc. ;<2Lt ls eòw` tnkt hurl`b tng Aldngcsjgrb pgrloh mjgg` al`gh mroa tng prlakry dnkce hgposlts, jut ltd d h lk2 k`h l l` hl ` (N j

;44 I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

Xkjcg :. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 mcl`t orlbl` k`h dortgx dnkrkdtgrlstlds.

mcl`t typg mrgqug`dy % wglbnt (br.) %mrgqug`dy

% dortgxmcl`t typg mrgqug`dy % wglbnt (br.) %roccgh dortgx roubn dortgxt totkc dortgx

% dortgx

tgrrkdg Nl`t :8 =.: 7;2.: 7.> ;: 2 ;') 2<.:'Agu.sg gbbs' ; 6.4 7.8 6.; ; - ; ;66.6Zlid 2 2 2 242 > > 8 > 2< 62 4> 4

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Zlidenoct-typg :2= 2;.2 242=.> >:.8 :> 2< ;62 4>.4Zuccg`-typg = ;.= 76.< 6.= ; ; : 44.4]kceg`jurb-typg 4 6.> 48.4 6.8 - : : ==.2Tlapgcvgch-typd 8 ;.6 ;6:.= ;.: - : : 76.6clbnt brgylsdn Jdlblk`-typg 4; >.; 8;4.4 8.= ; ;4 ;8 87.:Orsjkdn-typg 8 ;.6 4<.: 6.8 ; ; : 76.6otngr ;; :.< :<=.7 4.4 - ; ; <.;l`hgtgral`kjcg :7 =.7 ;;:.4 ;.4 =. ; 2 :>.6

totkc 4>7 ;66.; ><8>.7 ;66.; 76 ;62 ;72 86.>

poclsngh kxgs (l`dcuhl`b tnglr roubn-outs), dnlsgcs, pol`tghjckhgs k`h norsg-snog snkpgh sdrkpgrs òrakccy wgrgprohudgh mroa al`gh mcl`t (Hg Brootn ;<<;, ;7<). KtAkkstrldnt-Eclègrs poclsngh kxgs, pol`tgh jckhgs k`hnorsg-snog snkpgh sdrkpgrs nkvg l`hggh jgg` mou`h. Aostprojkjcy, tngrgmorg, tngsg krtlmkdts nkvg jgg` akhg om

al`gh Nl`t.Xng hlag`slo`s om tng vkrlous krtlmkdts mora tng ckst

l`hldktlo`s ks to wngtngr wg krg hgkcl`b wltn al`gh or

Eooliak`s/]grnkrt ;<<6). Nowgvgr, mroa tng hktk omAkkstrldnt-Eclègrs k`h "Hg Ekkp" kt Zlidenoct (Rktgjoce ;<<8), lt nks jgdoag kppkrg`t tnkt tnosg sltgs l` tnhlrgdt vldl`lty om mcl`t al`gs prohudg mcl`t kssgajckbk do`slhgrkjcg ùajgr om krtlmkdts akhg om k rkw aktòt hgrlvl`b mroa tng al`gs;4 .

8.4.:. XgdnòcobyWp to òw tng mcl`t tgdnòcoby om tng Aldngcsjgrb



Xkjcg 4. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 krtgmkdt dktgborlgs vgrsus mcl`t orlbl`.

tgrrkdg 'Akks-gbbs' Zlidenoct Zuccg` ]kceg`jurb Tlapgcvgch clbnt-brgy Jgcblk` Orsjkdn otngr l`hgtgral`kjcg tot

toocs9pol`t ; - : - - - - - - -pol`tgh rgtoudngh jckhg - - < - - - - - - -sdrkpgr - - 86 ; - - : - ; - 8jorgr - - ; - - - - - - -doajl`ktlo` tool ; - 4 - - - - - - -rgtoudngh jckhg ; - ;< - - - 8 - : - :=òtdngh jckhg - - - - - - ; - - -tru`dktgh jckhg - - - - - - ; - - -

sldecg jckhg - - : - - - - - - -rgtoudngh mckeg ; - ;7 - - - 4 - ; - :6hg`tlducktgh mckeg - - ; - - - - - - -tru`dktgh mckeg - - ; - - - - - - -rgtoudngh jcode - - ; - - - - - - -rgtoudngh dorg rgi.mckeg - - 8 - ; ; - - - -spcl`tgrgh/jlmkdlkc rgtoudngh plgdg - - = - - - ; - - -qukrtlgr h'ork`bg - - : - - - - - - -kxg - - 8 - - - - - ; -nkaagrsto`g : - 7 - - - ; - : - ;

totkc = - ;;7 ; ; ; ;4 - 2 - ;8

hgjltkbg9jcode :

-8 ;

- -:

- -;> :

hgdort ldktlo` mckeg 4 - < - - - : - - : ;=drgstgh mckeg - - ; - - - - - - -dorg - - ;6 - - - ; - - - ;d g gi g`k tl ` k g 6 ; 8




Mlburg 8. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 k) mckeg dorg wltn auctlpcg strlel`b pcktmoras (`r. ::6), j) mckeg dorg wltnauctlpcg strlel`b pcktmoras usgh ks nkaagrsto`g (`r. ::), d) tgkr-snkpgh pol`t wltn lapkdt mrkdturg o`tng tlp k`h poclsn mroa k nkrh uèòw` aktgrlkc K (`r. ;<), h) trlk`buckr pol`t wltn lapkdt mrkdturg o`tng tlp k`h jo`g poclsn • (`r. :6), g) pol`tgh jckhg usgh mor jorl`b, sdrkpl`b k`h duttl`b nlhg • (`r.;:=), m) pol`tgh jckhg usgh l k trk`svgrsg k`h co`bltuhl`kc aotlo` o` aktgrlkc ';6' • k`h ks k sldecge`lvg o (`r. ;=), b) pol`tgh jckhg usgh mor sdrkpl`b nlhg • (8;<), n) pol`tgh jckhg usgh mor sdrkpl`b



k`h duttl`b nlhg • (`r. 8:;). Tdkcg :94.

L I2 L. TDNZL-c'ZT AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

Xkjcg 7. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 sdrkpgr typgs k`h slzg om tng doapcgtg sdrkpgrs.

cg`bnt (aa) wlhtn ( aa) tnlde`gss (aa) wglbnt (b)doapcgtg totkcdoapcgtg totkc

agk` s agk` s agk` s agk` s

g`h-sdrkpgr o` jckhd 2:.2 LT.T 46.2 8.< ;:.6 4.= 98.x <.4 4 4gluc-sdrkpor o` nc.uco wltn cktdrkc rgtoudng >=.= 44.; 4=.= 4.: ;:.2 4.> 88.; :7.2 2 ;4



houjcì g`h-sdrkpgr o` jckhg wltn cktdrkc rgtoudng <<.7 42.7 8:.6 ;;.4 ;8.6 ;.8 =6.> 4:.2 : :g`h-sdrkpgr o` mckeg 74.6 2.; 8=.7 7.6 ;=.7 6.2 4<.7 ;4.: : 8houjcì g`h-sdrkpgr o` mckeg wltn cktdrkc rgtoudng==.: ;6.6 88.2 7.4 ;:.6 :.= 44.6 >.6 = =houjcì g`h-sdrkpgr o` mckeg 27.6 6.6 72.6 6.6 ;:.6 6.6 8<.: 6.6 ; ;wlhg g`h-sdrkpgr o` mckeg =6.7 ;;.= 8<.> =.7 ;8.4 :.2 8>.4 :8.; > ;;slhg-sdrkpgr 88.6 6.6 :>.6 6.6 ;=.6 6.6 ;=.: 6.6 ; ;sdrkpgr o` rgiuvg`ktlo` mckeg =>. 6 6.6. 42.6 6.6 ;4.6 6.6 ;8.; 6.6 ; ;sdrkpgr òc lhg`tlmlgh - - - - - - - - - :

totkc 4; 88

Xng stktg om tng krtlmkdts kcso hlspckys slb`lmldk`thlmmgrg`gds jgtwgg` krtlmkdt dktgborlgs (^: 1 7;.<:=, hm1 ;2,p 1 ().()()()). Gspgdlkccy pol`tgh jckhgs (G 1 8.:, O 1 <) k`hrgtoudngh jckhgs (G1;: .4, O 1 :;) nkvg mrgqug`tcy jgg`jroeg`, wngrgks sdrkpgrs, o` tng otngr nk`h, omtg` krg òt(G 1 :6.>, 6 1 ;4). Khhltlo`kccy, slb`lmldk t hlmmgrg`dgsDOWch jg hgao`strktgh jgtwgg` vkrlous dktgborlgs om

hgjltkbg ( : 1 ==.27:, hm 1 2, p 1 6.666;<). Jckhgs gspgdlkccykrg aorg omtg` jroeg` tnk` prghldtgh (G 1 :4, O 1 8>),mckegs cgss mrgqug`tcy (G 1 == 4 O 1 >:)

Vol`tgh jckhgs@l`g pol`tgh jckhgs nkvg jgg` rgdovgrgh:; . Bg`grkccy,

tngy hlspcky rktngr stggp, cktgrkc rgtoudn ovgr tng g`tcg`btn om tng jckhg . Mlvg toocs nkvg k sclbntcy rou`pol`t (mlbs 8g, m), o`g k to`bug-snkpgh tlp (mlb. 8b) kk` kdutgcy k`bcgh tlp (mlb. 8n) (Mlghcgr ;<2<). Xwo douch òt jg dcksslmlgh murtngr. Kcc om tng pol`tgh j

nkvg jgg` jroeg`. Xng cg`btn vkrlgs mroa =4 aa to ;6: a(agk` hlag`slo`s krg 2<x:8x< aa).

;4> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

• • • • • •






vkrlgtlgs dk` jg mou`h codkccy. Aost om tng krtlmkdts krglrrgbuckr jcodes wltn k` uèòw` mu`dtlo`. Xng qukrtzmrkbag`ts (;>; br) nkvg possljcy jgg` usgh ks tgapgr morpottgry. O`cy pkrt om tng sto`g aktgrlkc dk` jg l`tgrprgtgh kstoocs. O`g co`b, scg`hgr qukrtzltld pgjjcg hlspckys lapkdtsdkrs o` o`g g`h5 possljcy, tnls krtlmkdt dk` jg l`tgrprgtghks k rgtoudnolr.

Ks wks kcrgkhy ag`tlo`gh l` pkrkbrkpn 8.;, lt tuto jg hlmmlduct to kttrljutg k mu`dtlo` to tngsg plhgprgsslo`s. Jgdkusg om tng mkdt tnkt tngy ckde strudturl`b, dktgborlzl`b tnga ls o`cy possljcg o` tom tnglr hlkagtgr9 sakcc mgkturgs wltn k hlkagtgo`g agtgr, alhhcg slzgh mgkturgs agksurl`b jgtwgk`h two agtgrs l` hlkagtgr k`h ckrbg mgkturgs (4-



O`g dujg-snkpgh sk`hsto`g, agksurl`b 76x76x76 aa,nks slx rou`hgh slhgs5 tnls krtlmkdt aky nkvg mu`dtlo`gh ksk rujjl`b or poclsnl`b sto`g. L` khhltlo`, two brl`hsto`gmrkbag`ts nkvg jgg` mou`h, o`g om sk`hsto`g, o`g omqukrtzltld sk`hsto`g. Xngsg mrkbag`ts krg too sakcc tohgtgral`g wngtngr lt do`dgr`s brl`hl`b sto`gs or qugr`s.

O`g rgakrekjcg ml`h do`dgr`s k` ovkc-snkpgh, hkrebrgyqukrtzltld roccgh pgjjcg, wltn houjcì do`ldkc pgrmorktlo` kto`g g`h:: (mlb. =).

hlkagtgr). Lt nks jgg` l`vgstlbktgh wngtngr tngrg rgcktlo`snlp jgtwgg` tng slzg om tng mgkturgs k`hdo`tg`ts. Kòtngr qugstlo` wnldn nks jgg` khhrgssdnkrkdtgr om tng ml`h hgposltlo`9 now nkvg tngtnglr wky l`to tng plts or hgprgsslo`s? Lm tng domgkturg douch jg kssodlktgh wltn o`g kdtlvlty, vtng do`tg`ts om tng mgkturgs snouch jg gxpgdtgh;<2=). Lm rujjlsn mroa vkrlous kdtlvltlgs nks jggrgpgktghcy huapgh l` tng skag plts, or lm tng akmroa o`g kdtlvlty nks jgg` hlsdkrhgh l` hlmmgrgtngrg snouch jg ò hlmmgrg`dg l` tng do`tg`ts ommgkturgs.

Xng mgkturgs do`tkl` mor tng aost pkrt jotn pomcl`t (tkj. ;). Xng ckrbgst mgkturgs prohudgh aoshlsdkrhgh rujjlsn. Xng pgrdg`tkbg om mcl`t toocs6 to 76% jgtwgg` hlmmgrg`t mgkturgs:8 . K slb`lmldk`thlmmgrg`dg douch jg hgao`strktgh jgtwgg` sakcc,

slzgh k`h ckrbg mgkturgs (^:

1 ;4.67<, hm 1 :, p 1 6.66Xng ckrbgr mgkturgs snow (wltn tng gxdgptlo` om vlrtukccy lhg`tldkc pgrdg`tkbgs om toocs k`h hgjl:

;8; I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

Xkjcg 2. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 krtgmkdt dktgborlgs vgrsus rgsucts om tng usgwgkr-k`kcysls.

ùajgr om krtgmkdtsk`kcyzgh òt l`tgrprgtkjcg usgh ghbgs nkmtghk`kcyzgh òt l`tgrprgtkjcg

wltnout trkdgs usg u`surg usghusgh ghbgs nkmtgh

pol`t 4 - - ; : : -pol`tgh rgtoudngh jckhg > - - - > ;< :

8; ; 86 2= ;6



Jg`pgr; ;

- -;

jorgl ; - - - ; ; -doanl`ktlo` cool 8 - - - 8 ;6 -rdtoudngh jckhg, l`dc.sldecg jckhg :2 : - ; :8 76 >òtdngh jckhg ; - - - ; ; -tru`gktgh jckhg ; - - ; - - ;rdtoudngh tckeg ;> - ;: - = ;6 -hg`tlduckcgh mckeg ; - - - ; : -tru`gktgh tckeg ; - - - ; ; -rgtoudngh jcode ; - - - ; : -rdtoudngh dorg rgi.mckeg = - : ; 4 = -jlmkdlkc rgtoudngh tool ; - - - ; : ;spcl`tgrgh/jlmkdlkc rgtoudngh plgdg = - ; - 7 ;6 -qukrtlgr h 'ork`bg : - ; - ; : -kxg 4 - ; ; ; ; -jckhg 8: - ;: ; :< 7; 8tckeg 8; - :: : ;2 :2 -jc l è 4 - ; - : : -dorg rgiuvg`kclo` tckeg 7 - 7 - - - -

totkc :;= 4 72 > ;8> :27 :=


E*4Î«



-


Xkjcg >. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 aotlo` vgrsus woregh aktgrlkc l`mgrrgh jy usgh ghbgs.

co`bltuhl`kc trk`svgrsgdkrvl`b norl`b plgrdl`b dnoppl`b wghbl`b pou`hl`b alccl`b nogl`b u`surg t

agkc ; - - - - - - - - - - ;nlhg 8: 74 : : - - - - - - 2 ;6=agkc/no`g ; - - - - - - - - - - ;noccg : : - - ; - - - - - - 7



k`tcgr ; - - - - - - - - - - Lslcldlous pck`t ;: 4 - - - - - - - - - ;7ò`-slcldlous pck`t - ; - - - - - - - - - ;wooh ;2 ;2 - - - - ; - - - ; 4=':4' - 4 - - - - - - - - - 4';6' :8 ;4 - - - - - - - - : 4<sto`g - ; - - - - - - - - - ;solc - - - - - - - - - ; - ;

s`lt k`lak) - ; - - - - - - - - - ;

aghlua k`l`lkc ; : - - - - - - - - - 4nkrh k`lak! - - ; - - - - - - - - ;aghlua vgbgtkc : : - - - - - - - - - 8nkrh vgbgtkc ; - - - - - 4 - - - - 8soct lòrbk`ld - - - ; - - - - - - - ;nkrh lòrbk`ld - - - - - - - ; - - - ;

soct uèòw` : 7 - - - - - - - - : <aghlua uèòw` 7 = ; - - - 4 - - - 4 ;>nkrh uèòw` ; 4 - - ; ; - - - - - =

uèòw` : = ; - - : ; - ; - 8 ;2totkc ;;8 ;;> 7 4 : 4 > ; ; ; ;< :27


tgN*-



kmdmlAs


agkt o`cy hgvgcop vgry scowcy (K`hgrso`-Bgrmkuh ;<>;5]k` Bli` ;<<65 ]kubnk` ;<>7)9 tng vlsljcg wgkr trkdgsdo`slst om k jk`h om roubn, brgksy poclsn k`h, l`dlhg`tkccy,vgry sakcc mgktngr-tgral`ktgh ghbg rgaovkcs. Xngsg trkdgshgvgcop aorg rkplhcy o` ml`g tnk` o` dokrsg-brkl`gh mcl`tk`h jddo`ld l`vlsljcg kctgr o`cy sclbnt kltgrktlo`s om tng mcl`tsurmkdg. Xng ùajgr om krtlmkdts l` k prgnlstorlg kssgajckbg

tngsg gxpgrlag`tkc ml`hl`bs, tng lapcgag`ts mroaAkkstrldnt-Eclègrs hlspcky ùagrous strlktlo`s, gvg`tnoubn tngy wgrg kppkrg`tcy o`cy clbntcy usgh. W`mo`ktgcy, vgry clttcg ls eòw` kjout tng dnkrkdtgr om tngbrow` hurl`b tng Aldngcsjgrb-pgrloh. Lt ls stlcc u`dcwnkt hgtgral`gs tng hlvgrslty l` usg wgkr trkdgs9 tnspgdlgs om dgrgkcs, tng prgsg`dg om wgghs or tng ak`



hlspckyl`b wgkr kttrljutkjcg to do`tkdt wltn agkt lsLnglvmord s`lkcc k`h dk`òt jd do`slhgrgh rgprgsg`tktlvgom tng orlbl`kc ùajgr om lapcgag`ts usgh l` tnls kdtlvlty(sgg ]k` hg` Hrlgs/]k` Bli` l` prgss mor pgrdg`tkbgs).

Jutdngrl`b trkdgs nkvg jgg` g`dou`tgrgh o`cy o`dg, o` kjckhg9 agkt poclsn ls vlsljcg, kco`bslhg trkdgs l`hldktlvg omdo`tkdt wltn jo`g:<.

7.:.:. Vck`t aktgrlkcsTlcldlous pck`ts

Wsg wgkr trkdgs rgcktgh to tng nkrvgstl`b om dgrgkcs or tngduttl`b k`h prodgssl`b om slcldlous pck`ts ks rggh, wlchbrkssgs k`h sghbgs, nkvg jgg` g`dou`tgrgh o` k totkc om ;7usgh ghbgs (7.7 %). O` two krtlmkdts tng bcoss dk` gvg` jghlsdgr`gh wltn tng `kegh gyg.

K do`slhgrkjcg vkrlktlo` l` tng dnkrkdtgr om tng wgkrtrkdgs dk` jg òtgh (mlb. <). Xnrgg vkrlgtlgs dk` jghlstl`bulsndh. Mlrst, k poclsn wnldn ls vgry slalckr to tngtypg g`dou`tgrgh o` tng sldecg mrkbag`ts mroa Cl`gkrjk`h-

k l d ` (]k` l ` ) b k k

worel`b.

@o`-slcldlous pck`tO`cy o`g mckeg nks jgg` usgh o` ò`-slcldlous pck`ts

Xng poclsn ls, do`trkry to tng nlbncy rgmcgdtlvg poclsrgsuctl`b mroa do`tkdt wltn slcldlous pck`ts, rktngr akttsaootn. Ghbg rgaovkcs krg vlrtukccy kjsg`t. Lt ls u`cletnkt tng do`tkdt aktgrlkc do`dgr`s roots or tujgrs, jut lt ks ygt lapossljcg to l`mgr tng gxkdt dnkrkdtgr om tng pqugstlo`.Rooh worel`b

Xrkdgs mroa tng worel`b om wooh nkvg jgg` g`douò` 4= usgh ghbgs (;4.;%). Do`tkdt wltn wooh dkusgs tnhgvgcopag`t om k saootn, jrlbnt poclsn wltn k hoaghtopobrkpny5 aovl`b kwky mroa tng usgh ghbg tng hg`som tng poclsn brkhukccy hlal`lsngs (mlb. ;6). Xng ghbhlspcky sclbnt rou`hl`b k`h ghbg rgaovkcs.

Xng akiorlty om tng kdtlvltlgs hgao`strktgh, dk` jgdo`slhgrgh ks clbnt wooh worel`b9 duttl`b or skwl`b(@ 1 ;2) (mlb ;6k j) k`h sdrkpl`b or snkvl`b (@ 1 ;2)

;8= K@KCGDXK VZKGN;TXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



;82 .;. TD'LLZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EEZT



L8T K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



;8< I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT



. 2 P * y • • • •3 *• *, ,

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Aktgrlkc ':4'Aktgrlkc ':4' (]k` Bli` ;<<6) nks jgg` mou`h o` tnrgg

usgh ghbgs, kcc tnrgg gapcoygh l` k trk`svgrsg aotlo`. Iustks ls tng dksg wltn poclsn ';6", poclsn ' : 4 ' do`dgr`s kdoajl`ktlo` om wgkr trkdgs wnosg orlbl` ls stlcc uèòw`.Nlbncy dnkrkdtgrlstld ls tng mkdt tnkt jotn kspgdts om tng usghghbg hlspcky g`tlrgcy hlmmgrg`t trkdgs. O`g kspgdt snows k

saootn nlbncy rgmcgdtlvg poclsn(mlb ; cd) wngrgkstng

Rnltg gt kc. ;<22) l`hldktgs tnkt krtlmkdts wnldn dk` jghlmmgrg`tlktgh o` tng jksls om aorpnocobldkc drltgrlk ho`gdgsskrlcy hlmmgr l` tgras om tnglr mu`dtlo`. Xng gxtg`wnldn aorpnocoby k`h mu`dtlo` dorrgcktg, hlmmgr mor gpgrloh or krdnkgocobldkc ducturg, ks wgcc ks mor krtlmkdktgbory. Rltn rgspgdt to tng Aldngcsjgrb ducturg, tkspgdt ls òt ygt muccy eòw`, jgdkusg o`cy k claltghùajgr omkrtlmkdtsnks so mkr jgg` k`kcysghmortrkdg



saootn, nlbncy rgmcgdtlvg poclsn (mlb. ; cd), wngrgks tngopposltg kspgdt hlspckys k roubn, aktt poclsn wltn ùagrousstrlktlo`s (mlb. ; ch). Xng hlstrljutlo om tng trkdgs ls claltghto k cg`btn om ;.7 to :.7 da kco`b tng usgh ghbg. Xnlswouch l`hldktg tng wlhtn om tng do`tkdt aktgrlkc or tngwlhtn om do`tkdt wltn tng tool. Eggcgy (;<22, 2;) supposgstnkt tng trkdgs krg dkusgh jy tng hgnklrl`b om nlhgs wltn tngkhhltlo om auh or jy trgktag`t wltn k hkap pck`t-jksghdoapou`h (Tclvk/Eggcgy ;<<8). Nowgvgr, l` vlgw om tngclaltgh gxtg`t om tng wgkr trkdgs, ]k` Bli` (;<<6, >=)do`slhgrs trgktag`t om tnl` jrk`dngs om, mor l`stk`dg,jrkajcgs k aorg clegcy gxpck`ktlo`.

7.:.7. L`hgtgral`kjcg trkdìsMor 44 usgh ghbgs lt wks lapossljcg to l`mgr tng gxkdt

dnkrkdtgr om tng do`tkdt aktgrlkc. @l`g ghbgs wgrg usgh o` ksomt aktgrlkc, ;> o` akttgr om aghlua nkrh`gss, k`h slx o`

k nkrh sujstk`dg. Xng nkrh`gss om tng do`tkdt aktgrlkc douchòt jg hgtgral`gh mor tng rgakl`l`b ;2 woregh ghbgs, jutt g gk g g`t hg l`gtg l`hldktgh t kt t gkh jgg`

uajgr om krtlmkdts nks so mkr jgg k kcysgh mor trkdg usg (]k` hgr Jgeg` ;<>75 Jlg`g`mgch ;<>=).

L tng moccowl`b, tng krtlmkdts mroa Akkstrldnt-Ewlcc jg hlsdussgh l` tgras om tnglr aorpnocoby k`hmu`dtlo`. Xng aorpnocobldkc mgkturgs om tng ghbgs wlgxkal`gh mlrst. Tujsgqug`tcy, tng mu`dtlo`kc noaobgtng hlmmgrg`t krtlmkdt dktgborlgs wlcc jg hgkct wltn, ussgcgdtlo` om dktgborlgs ks k` lccustrktlo`. Ckst, tng prgsor kjsg`dg om trkdgs om nkmtl`b, tng ùajgr om usgh ghk`h tng l`tg`slty om usg, wlcc jg doapkrgh jgtwgg tngvkrlous krtlmkdt dktgborlgs.

7.4.;. Mgkturgs om tng l`hlvlhukc usgh ghbgsXng snkpg om tng ghbg hgtgral`gs to k ckrbg gxtg`t tn

usg to wnldn k` krtlmkdt ls put (dm. ]k` Bli` ;<<65 Ao;<>=). Mroa prgvlous k`kcysgs, lt kppgkrs tnkt, rgbktng krdnkgocobldkc ducturg tng kssgajckbg jgco`bs to, gwltn k strklbnt or rgbuckr mro`tkc kspgdt krg aorg mrgqsgcgdtgh mor usg. Do`sgqug`tcy, l` tng prgsg`t stuhy taorpnocobldkc mgkturg sgrvgh ks k sgcgdtlvg drltgrlua m

L 7 ; I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

Xkjcg <. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 ghbg-k`bcg, hlvlhgh l`to dckssgs, vgrsus aotlo`.

:7-46¶ 47-86" 87-76¶ 77-=6" =7-26¶ 27->6" >7-<6¶ <7-;66" ;67-;;6"totkc

co`bltuhl`kctrk`svgrsgdkrvl`b

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Xkjcg ;6. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 ghbg-k`bcg, hlvlhgh l`to dckssgs, vgrsus woregh aktgrlkc.

:7-46¶ 47-86" 87-76¶ 77-=6" =7-26" 27->6¶ >7-<6¶ <7-;66¶ ;67-;;6" totkc

agkc - - - ; - - - - - ;L`hg = ;4 ;2 ;4 :8 ;= 7 8 ; <<jo`g - ; ; : - - - - - 8agkt/jo`g - ; - - - - - - - ;k`tcgr - - - ; - - - - - ;clcldlous pck`t - ;; : - ; - - - - ;8ò`-slcldlous pck`t - - ; - - - - - - ;

wooh ;6 2 > 8 8 ; ; ; - 4=':4' - ; ; - ; - - - - 4';6' - ;8 ;; = ; ; - - - 44

;7:K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7








Xkjcg ;4. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 krtgmkdt dktgborlgs vgrsus l`mgrrgh aotlo`.

co`bltuhl`kc trk`svgrsg dkrvl`b jorl`b plgrdl`b dnoppl`b wghbl`b pou`hl`b alccl`b nogl`b u`surg totkc

polut - - - - : - - - - - - :

pol`cg h rdcoudn gh jckhg ;; = - ; - - - - - - ; ;<

sdrkpdr :4 8> ; - - - - - - - 8 2=

jordr - - - ; - - - - - - - ;

doajl`ktlo` tool : 2 ; - - - - - - - -;6

rgtoudngh jckhg 4; ;4 ; - - - - - - - 7 76



rgtoudngh jckhg 4; ;4 ; - - - - - - - 7 76

òtdngh jckhg ; - - - - - - - - - - ;

rgtoudngh mckeg 8 = - - - - - - - - - ;6

hg`tlducktgh mckeg - : - - - - - - - - - :

tru`dktgh mckeg ; - - - - - - - - - - ;

rgtoudngh jcode ; - - ; - - - - - - - :

rgtoudng h dorg rgi.mckeg ; 8 - - - - - - - - ; =jlmkdlkc rgtoudngh tool - - - - - - - - - ; ; :

spcl`tgrgh/jlm. rgt.plgdg - ; - - - : 2 - - - - ;6

qukrtlgr h'ork`bg ; ; - - - - - - - - - :kxg - - - - - ; - - - - - ;

jckhg 4; ;7 : - - - - - - - 4 7;clèg 2 ;7 - - - - ; - - - 8 :2jcoge - - - - - - - ; ; - - :

coc.lc ;;8 ;;> 7 4 : 4 > ; ; ; ;< :27

Doajl`ktlo` toocs (mlbs ;8k, j) k`h rgtoudngh mckegs(mlb. ;8h) krg tng cgkst mu`dtlo` spgdlmld. Zgtoudngh mckegsnk g aostc jgg` sgh mor sdrkpl`b k`h d ttl`b nlhg ks

do`dcuhgh tnkt mckegs k`h jckhgs wnldn, akdrosdopldsgg`, hlspcky hkakbg, nkvg l`hggh aorg mrgqug`tcy jgusgh tnk` tnosg lapcgag`ts wnldn ho òt hlspcky





Xkjcg ;8. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 rldn`gss, gvg` gss k`h ngtgrobg`glty l`hldgs mor usgh ghbgs k`hworegh aktgrlkcs mor gkdn krtgmkdt dktgbory (l`hldgs nkvg o`cy jgg dkcdulktgh mor krtgmkdt dktgborlgsdo`tkl`l`b tour or aorg usgh ghbgs).

rldn`gssgvg``gss l`hgx ngtgrobg`glty l`hldgs

rldn`gssVlgcou Tnk`ò` Jrlccoul` Tlapso`

pol`tgh rgtoudngh jckhg

sdrkpgrdoajl`ktlo` tool

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doajl ktlo toolrgtoudngh jckhgrgtoudngh mckegrgtoudngh dorg rgiuvg`ktlo` mckegjckhgmckeg

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Xkjcg ;7. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 rldn`gss, gvg` gss k`h ngtgrobg`glty l`hldgs mor usgh ghbgs k`haotlo` mor gkdn krtgmkdt dktgbory (l`hldgs nkvg o`cy jgg dkcdulktgh mor krtgmkdt dktgborlgs do`tkl`l`bmlvg or aorg usgh ghbgs).

rldn`gssgvg``gss l`hgx ngtgrobg`glty l`hldgs

rldn`gssVlgcou Tnk`ò` Jrlccoul` Tlapso`

pol`tgh rgtoudngh jckhg 4 ;.72<; 6.2748 6.24<: 6.2=>7sdrkpgr 4 ;.4:87 6.=4;< 6.=:7> 6.=>66doajl`kt lo` tool 4 ;.7:<2 6.2:<> 6.=<:4 6.=<66

rgtoudngh jckhg 4 ;.447= 6.=42: 6.=:26 6.==::rgtoudngh mckeg : 4.::7= 6.<2;6 6.<=26 6.<=66rgtoudngh dorg rgiuvg`ktlo` mckeg : 4<> 6 2 < 6 7 8 6 866

;7> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

l`hldktlo`s wnldn krg subbgstlvg om tng moragr prgsg`dg omk nkmt9 wgkr trkdgs, tgdnòcobldkc or aorpnocobldkc trk`s-moraktlo`s, k`h jrgkekbg pkttgr`s.

Mlrst, wgkr trkdì k`kcysls aky provlhg l`hldktlo`s kjoutnkmtl`b (Dkng` gt kc. ;<2<5 Eggcgy ;<>:5 Ohgcc ;<<8).Xrkdgs wnldn krg l`tgrprgtgh ks rgsuctl`b mroa tng moragrprgsg`dg om k nkmt, sudn ks mrldtlo` bcoss k`h dcustgrgh 'usg

rgtoudn', nkvg jgg` òtgh o` := krtlmkdts (tkj. 2). Xngsgtrkdgs nkvg jgg` ojsgrvgh aost mrgqug`tcy` sdrkpgrs

doapcgtg sdrkpgrs kppgkrgh to hlmmgr to k slb`lmldk`t g(^ : 1 ;7.;:=, hm 1 2, p 1 6.6488). Xng tnl``gr sdrkpgrs(agksurl`b 4-;6 aa) krg jroeg` aorg mrgqug`tcy tngxpgdtgh (G 1 8, 6 1 >), wngrgks tng tnldegr spgdlag`(wltn slzgs jgtwgg` ;; k`h ;> aa) hlspcky jrgkekbgmrgqug`tcy tnk` gxpgdtgh (G 1 =.2, O 1 :).

7.7. HGBZGG O M WTG OM XNG KZXLMKDXTL` h j tt l`t t k d k bldk hktl



g g jgg g g gtrkdgs nkvg jgg ojsgrvgh aost mrgqug tcy o sdrkpgrs(@ 1 ;6)87 k`h o` rgtoudngh jckhgs (@ 1 >). Rltn rgspgdt totng uàohlmlgh lapcgag`ts, o`cy mour jckhgs hlspcky nkmtl`btrkdgs. Lt ls rgakrekjcg tnkt ò gvlhg`dg mor nkmtl`b wkssgg o` tng sldecg jckhgs, l` do`trkst to tnosg mroa tngCl`gkrjk`hegrkale pgrloh (Dkng` gt kc. ;<>=5 ]k` Bli`;<<65 Tdnrgurs ;<><).

Xng krtlmkdts wltn trkdgs om nkmtl`b nkvg, o` tng kvgrkbg,;.2 usgh ghbgs. Xnls ls rgcktlvgcy cow. Nkcm om tng krtlmkdtsnks jgg` usgh mor o`cy o`g kdtlvlty. O`g possljcggxpck`ktlo` mor tnls pngòagò ls tnkt tng prgsg`dg om knkmt rghudgs tng ùajgr om aotlo`s to wnldn k` krtlmkdt dk`jg put5 do`sgqug`tcy, tngy krg cgss vgrsktlcg tnk` lapcgag`tswnldn nkvg òt jgg` nkmtgh (Ohgcc ;<<8).

Xng moragr prgsg`dg om k nkmt dk` kcso jg l`mgrrgh mroatgdnòcobldkc or aorpnocobldkc dnkrkdtgrlstlds. @otdngs k`htng cleg oddur o`cy sporkhldkccy k`h tngy dk`òt jgkssodlktgh wltn nkmtl`b. O` tng jksls om aorpnocoby k`hmu`dtlo lt dk` jg kssuagh tnkt pol`tsk`h kxgs nkvg

L orhgr to jgttgr l tgrprgt tng krdnkgocobldkc hkt lt possljcg to agksurg or gstlaktg tng tooc-dckss usg clmg(Kaagrak`/Mgchak ;<285 Tnott ;<><). W`mortu`kkrdnkgocobldkc k`h gtnòbrkpnld l`moraktlo` kjout tnghurktlo om usg om vkrlous toocs ls vgry sdkrdg. K doapkom tng l`tg`slty om slalckr typgs om wgkr trkdgs dk`,nowgvgr, provlhg k` laprgsslo om tng gxtg`t to wnldn krtlmkdt wks usgh k`h tngrgmorg om lts usg clmg82. Tujsg-qug`tcy, tng usg clmg om tng vkrlous krtlmkdt dktgborl dkjg doapkrgh.

Xng l`tg`slty om tng wgkr trkdgs o` sdrkpgrs k`hdoajl`ktlo` toocs ls rktngr vkrlkjcg (tkj. ;=). Zgtoudnmckegs, u`rgtoudngh jckhgs k`h gspgdlkccy u`rgtoudnmckegs nkvg mor tng aost pkrt jgg` clbntcy or aohgstcy L` do`trkst, pol`tgh jckhgs k`h rgtoudngh jckhgs nkvaohgstcy or ngkvlcy usgh. Mroa tngsg ojsgrvktlo`s lt dkjg do`dcuhgh tnkt uàohlmlgh or òt spgdlmldkccy aokrtlmkdts nkvg k rgcktlvgcy snortgr usg-clmg tnk` spaohlmlgh krtlmkdts

;7< I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

Xkjcg ;=. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 krtgmkdt dktgborlgs vgrsus l`tg`slty om wgkr.

projkjcy usgh clbntcy wor` aghlua wor` ngkvlcy woa rgsnkrpg`l`b totkc

pol`t - : - - - :pol`tgh rgtoudngh jckhg ; - < < - ;<

sdlkpgr > :7 :: :6 ; 2=jorgr - - - ; - ;



jorgr - - - ; - ;doajl`ktlo` tool 4 ; 8 : - ;6rgtoudngh jckhg 7 2 ;2 :; - 76òtdndh jckhg ; - - - - ;rgtoudngh mckeg 4 ; = - - ;6hg`tlducktgh mckeg - - : - - :tru`dktgh mckeg - ; - - - ;rgtoudngh jcode - - : - - :rgtoudngh dorg rgiuvg`ktlo` mckeg ; ; 8 - - =jlmkdlkc rgtoudngh tool : - - - - :spcl`tgrgh/jlmkdlkc rgtoudngh plgdg - = 8 - - ;6qukrtlgr h'ork`bg - ; ; - - :kxg - - - - ; ;jckhg ;6 ;2 :: : - 7;ccked ;8 = 7 : - :2jcode - - : - - :

totkc 8> => ;66 72 : :27

Xkj 2 Akk ld E l` 9 k kd dk b l ` j h hb

;=6 K@KCGDXK VZKGN;TX6ZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Xkjcg ;>. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 woregh aktgrlkcs vgrsus ùajgr om ghbgs krtgmkdts usgh mor o`gaktgrlkc.

ùajgr om usgh ghbgs ùajgr om krt

o`g two tnrgg mour usgh mor o`g ak

agktnlhg

agkt/jo`gjo`g

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jo gk`tcgrslcldlous pck`tò`-slcldlous pck`twooh':4'';6'sto`gsolc

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nkvg jgg` usgh o` hlmmgrg`t do`tkdt aktgrlkcs. Xngrg krgkcso ò l`hldktlo`s tnkt spgdlmld doajl`ktlo`s om woreghaktgrlkcs oddur o` k systgaktld jksls. Xrkdgs mroa slcldlouspck`ts, o`g om tng aorg mrgqug`tcy oddurrl`b do`tkdt

aktgrlkcs, krg vlsljcg qultg omtg` kco`bslhg trkdgs mroa otngraktgrlkcs (76%).X d ` d h l ` k k` ` j h

bg`grkclzgh tkses (akl`tg`k`dg tkses) wlcc nkvg jgwltn k sakccgr ùajgr om vgrsktlcg toocs.

Xnls nypotngsls kjout tool usg jgnkvlor dk` jg ajy doapkrl`b tng dnkrkdtgrlstlds om tng toocelts u

hlmmgrg`t aktgrlkcs. Xkjcg ;< hlspckys vkrlous dom tng lapcgag`ts l` rgcktlo` to tng aost laportk`t ktg lk

;=; I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

Xkjcg ;<. Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs9 tool usg jgnkvlor do`dgr`l`b tng woregh aktgrlkcs oddurl`b aostcy.

nlhg aktgrlkc ';6' wooh slcldlous pck`t

ùajgr om usgh ghbgs ;6= 4< 4= ;7ùajdr om krtgmkdts =; ;< :8 ;6kvgrkbg ùajgr om usgh ghbgs ;.2 :.; ;.7 ;.7pgrdg`tkbg om krtgmkdts wltn o`g usgh ghbg 7; :7 4= 46pgrdg`tkbg gxdcuslvgcy usgh mor aktgrlkc x 22 >8 2; 76ùajgr om usgh krtgmkdt dktgborlgs < = = 8



gvg``gss usgh dktgborlgs (Vlgcou) 6.2676 ;.;;:6 ;.68<4 ;.:<;;ngtgrobg`glty usgh dktgborlgs (Tnk`ò`) 6.=2:2 6.>=74 6.>;=7 6.2224pgrdg`tkbg om nkmtgh krtgmkdts :4 := 8 ;6l`td`slty om usg (clbnt. aghlua, ngkvy) A/N A/N C A/N

nkvg jgg` usgh l` k spgdlkclzgh wky jut wnldn wgrg òt

prgdlsgcy hgslb`gh.Zgtoudngh jckhgs nkvg jgg` spgdlmldkccy usgh mor tngworel`b om slcldlous pck`ts8". Aorg omtg` tnk` wks tng dksgmor toocs usgh o` nlhg or aktgrlkc ';6 ', lt do`dgr`s vgrsktlcg,u`nkmtgh lapcgag`ts. Xnls kbrggs wltn tng nypotngsls morbg`grkclzgh tkses. W`cleg prghldtgh jy tnls nypotngslsnowgvgr, tng toocs krg aohgrktgcy or ngkvlcy usgh.

Xng tool usg jgnkvlor mor wooh hlmmgrs do`slhgrkjcy mroatnkt mor slcldlous pck`ts. aktgrlkc ';6' or nlhg. Mor tng aost

pkrt, wooh worel`b wks dkrrlgh out wltn uàohlmlgh k`hu`nkmtgh lapcgag`ts, wnldn sgchoacy nkvg jgg` ngkvlcy

h l kb l ld bl`b

tng codktlo`, tng mgkturgs, tng pottgry k`h tng brou`h sto`g

aktgrlkc. L` tng moccowl`b, L wlcc sujsgqug`tcy hlsduss tng`kturkc surrou`hl`bs om tng sltg, tng sodlkc g`vlroàg`t k`htng `kturg om tng oddupktlo`.

2.;. XNG G@]LZO@AG@XXng sltg ls codktgh o` k proao`tory om tng Dkjgrb Vcktgk

jgtwgg two rlvgrvkccgys (tng Agusg k`h tng Nggswktgr,mlb. ;). O` tnrgg slhgs lt ls surrou`hgh jy rktngr stggphgsdg`ts vkryl`b jgtwgg` > k`h ;6 hgbrggs8''. Xng codktlo`

ommgrs k wlhg vlgw om tng surrou`hl`bs k`h ls gkslcykddgssljcg mroa o`cy o`g hlrgdtlo`. Mroa k hgmg`slvg pol`tl l d kl` k bldk dk h

;=: K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Jgdkusg om tng rktngr aoòtoòus dnkrkdtgr om tng clagmorgsts, lt ls clegcy tnkt o`cy clttcg ùtrltlo` wks kvklckjcg totng wlch mku`k. L` do`trkst, tng l`tgraghlktg zo`g jgtwgg`tng rlvgr vkccgys k`h tng nlbngr brou`hs do`stltutgh k` krgkwltn summldlå`t ùtrltlo` mor bkag sudn ks wlch jokr, hggr,roghggr k`h kurodns. Xnls krgk kcso aky nkvg kttrkdtgh wlchnorsgs, nkrg k`h mox, wnldn nkvg k prghlcgdtlo` mor aorg

opg` ck`hsdkpgs k`h tg`h to kvolh tng tnlde clag morgsts.Lt ls tngrgmorg clegcy tnkt bkag wks prgsg`t l` tng `gkr

Eclègrs wltn k`y om tng kjovg-ag`tlo`gh sltgs, lttnkt tng sltg ls sltuktgh l` k` krgk wnldn wks l`tgusgh jy tng Aldngcsjgrb popucktlo`.

2.:. XNG TGXXCGAG@XHug to post-hgposltlo`kc prodgssgs ks groslo`

gxtg`slvg ductlvktlo`, lt ls hlmmlduct to ojtkl` l`s

strudturg om tng sltg. Hgml`ltgcy, ckrbg plts wgrgsgttcgag`t hgjrls sudn ks mcl`t k`h pottgry sngrhs



g g g g y g p g g g gvldl`lty om tng sltg.

Xng codktlo` om tng sltg k`h lts hlrgdt surrou`hl`bs wgrgsultkjcg mor kbrlducturg k`h k`lakc nusjk`hry. K supportl`bkrbuag`t mor sudn k sultkjlclty moras tng prgsg`dg om kJk`hegrkale sgttcgag`t o` tng skag tgrrkl`, mor wnldn kmuccy kbrkrlk` gdoòay nks jgg` gstkjclsngh (Jkegcs ;<2>).Dcgkrcy, tng Dkjgrb pcktgku k`h tng hrygr zo`gs om tngvkccgy om tng Agusg krg sultkjcg mor kbrlducturg. Lt dk`òt jghgtgral`gh wngtngr tng groslo` o` tng pcktgku ls rgcktgh tokbrlducturkc kdtlvltlgs hurl`b tng Aldngcsjgrb pdrloh. Gxdgptmor tng opg` spkdgs, tng Aldngcsjgrb-pgopcg nkh drgktgh ksclvl`b krgks, poccg`hlkbrkas ho òt snow l`hldktlo`s morgxtg`slvg trk`smoraktlo`s om tng ck`hsdkpg hurl`b tnls pgrloh(Jkegcs l` prgss k, l` prgss j5 Jkegcs gt kc. ;<<85 Ekcls ;<>>,;4=). Lm ductlvktgh mlgchs nkh jgg` prgsg`t, tngy aust nkvgjgg` qultg sakcc. Xng Aldngcsjgrb pgopcg ductlvktgh k vkrlgtyom dgrgkcs, sudn ks jkrcgy, gaagr, glèor` k`h wngkt (Jkegcsl` prgss k, l prgss j5 Ngla ;<2<, ;<>25 Ekcls ;<>>). Rltn

sgttcgag t hgjrls, sudn ks mcl t k h pottgry sngrhshlsdkrhgh tngrg. W`mortu`ktgcy, ò strudturgs dolhg`tlmlgh. Xng sltg dovgrs k` krgk om kpproxlakngdtkrg. Aost om tng mgkturgs k`h tng ml`h do`dnkvg jgg` hlsdovgrgh l` tng dg`trkc pkrt om tng pk` krgk om d. 26 x 76 agtgrs.

Xng hurktlo` om usg om tng sltg ls hlmmlduct Xng strktlbrkpnld sgqug`dg hogs òt rgvgkc l`hldrg-usg k`h ò dross-duttl`b mgkturgs wgrg òtldghnypotngslzgh tnkt tng el`h om krdnkgocobldkc rgtng rgsucts om tng wgkr trkdì k`kcysls dk` blvg kom tng hurktlo` om oddupktlo`.

Xng ml`hs pol`t towkrhs k jrokh rk`bg om kdtlvsubbgst tnkt tng sltg wks usgh mor k` gxtg`slvg ptlag. Aorgovgr, tng mcl`t nks jgg` mckegh o` tng wks l`tg`slvgcy usgh. Xng kssgajckbg l`dcuhgs nsto`gs, g`h-prohudts om mcl`t, jy-prohudts k`h wohlsdkrhgh krtlmkdts. Xng typocobldkc k`kcysls l`jrokh rk`bg om tool dktgborlgs wks prgsg`t wltn

;=4 I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

Xng aktgrlkcs aost mrgqug`tcy woregh l`dcuhg nlhg k`htng uèòw` aktgrlkc ';6'. Xng toocelts mor tng trgktag`t omtngsg do`tkdt aktgrlkcs krg subbgstlvg om spgdlkclzgh ormrgqug`tcy oddurrl`b kdtlvltlgs mor wnldn gmmldlg`dy wks kprdrgqulsltg. Bg`grkccy spgkel`b, tng krtlmkdts nkvg jggùsgh rgpgktghcy k`h gxdcuslvgcy mor tng skag do`tkdtaktgrlkc. Xng lapcgag`ts wgrg mrgqug`tcy nkmtgh. Xng akl`

hlmmgrg`dg jgtwgg` tng toocelt mor nlhg worel`b k`h tng o`gmor trgktl`b aktgrlkc ';6' clgs l` tng mkdt tnkt tng moragr

Xnls stuhy ylgchgh vgry clttcg gvlhg`dg mor tng prknu`tl`b. O`cy k mgw proigdtlcg pol`ts wgrg mou`h k`h k`kcysls om tng wgkr trkdgs nks l`hldktgh tnkt k`tcgr kjo`g nkvg rkrgcy jgg` woregh. Kctnoubn tng `kturkcg`vlroàg`t ls sultkjcg mor k`lakc nusjk`hry, krdnkgocodkc gvlhg`dg mor tnls prkdtldg ls ckdel`b. Xng qugstlorgakl`s wngtngr ls wks prkdtlsgh kt kcc k`h wnkt lts

laportk`dg l` rgcktlo` to kbrlducturg aky nkvg jgg` (dmJkegcs l` prgss k5 ]graggrsdn ;<>>). Hlrgdt gvlhg`dg k



do`slsts om spgdlmldkccy aohlmlgh lapcgag`ts, wngrgks tngtoocelt mor aktgrlkc ';6' ls dnkrkdtgrlzgh jy òt-spgdlmldkccyaohlmlgh krtlmkdts. Jgslhgs nlhg k`h aktgrlkc ';6', wooh lstng aost mrgqug`tcy woregh aktgrlkc. Lt ls rgakrekjcg tnkttng tool usg jgnkvlor wltn rgspgdt to wooh worel`b lsdcgkrcy hlmmgrg`t5 mor tng aost pkrt, uàohlmlgh k`hu`nkmtdh krtlmkdts wgrg gapcoygh wnldn sgchoacy hlspcky

trkdgs om ngkvy or rgpgktgh usg. Xnls lapclgs tnkt woohworel`b hlh òt do`stltutg k spgdlkclzgh or mrgqug`tcyoddurrl`b kdtlvlty.

Do`slhdrl`b tng kjovg l`moraktlo`, gvlhg`dg morakl`tg`k`dg kdtlvltlgs sggas to prghoal`ktg kt Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs (Jl`morh/Jl`morh ;<==). Gxkapcgs om sudnakl`tg`k`dg kdtlvltlgs krg tng prohudtlo` om otngrlapcgag`ts or ojigdts mroa nlhg, wooh, mcl`t k`h possljcypottgry. Vottgry, brl`hl`b sto`gs k`h k ùajgr om mcl`tkrtlmkdts sudn ks tnosg mor duttl`b agkt, dk` jg kssodlktghwltn tng prgpkrktlo` k`h do`sgrvktlo` om mooh prohudts. Xng

tng mooh gdoòay ls vlrtukccy ckdel`b5 wnkt clttcg wnowgvgr, l`hldktgs tnkt tng gapnksls cky o` tng ductlvkom pck`t moohs.

Xo do`dcuhg, lt ls projkjcg tnkt tng vkrlgty om kdtlvdkrrlgh out kt tng sgttcgag`t om Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs lsl`hldktlvg om k rgslhg`tlkc sgttcgag`t, usgh mor kdo`slhgrkjcg pgrloh om tlag. Lm tnls l`tgrprgtktlo` ls d

lt ls rgakrekjcg tnkt ò rgakl`s om nousgpck`s krg mouNowgvgr, nousgpck`s krg rkrg l` tng Hutdn, Jgcblk` k`Bgrak` Aldngcsjgrb ducturg kt ckrbg. Vrojkjcy tnls ls hto kctgr`ktlvg wkys om sngctgrl`b (g.b. nuts), or to k snousg julchl`b do`strudtlo`, rgsuctl`b l` k cow krdnkgocovlsljlclty. Aorg l`slbnt l`to tng `kturg om Aldngcsjgrb sl` bg`grkc, k`h tng spgdlmld rocg om Akkstrldnt-Eclègtng sgttcgag`t systga, dk` o`cy jg ksdgrtkl`gh kmtgrstuhyl`b aorg sltgs.

Kdeòwcghbgag`ts

;=8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

4 Xngsg gxdkvktlo`s rgvgkcdh tng prgsg`dg om k systga om hltdngs.K` kttrljutlo` om tngsg hltdngs to tng Aldngcsjgrb ducturg douel ksygt òt jg do`mlragh (Xnkòs ;<<8).

8 Aldngcsjgrb mgkturgs k`h ml h do`dg`trktlo`s hlsdovgrgh prlor totng gxdkvktlo` krg hgslb`ktgh wltn ùajgrs stkrtl`b wltn k zgro,tnosg g`dou`cgrgh hurl`b tng gxdkvktlo` nkvg ùajgrs wnldnjgbl` wltn tng trg`dn ùajgr, k`h tnosg mou`h kmtgr tng gxdkvktlo`nkvg k Zoak` ùajgr.

7 Hug to tlag prgssurg tng gxdkvktors rgmrkl`gh mroa slgvl`b tng

;7 Krtgmkdts wnldn nkvg jgg` sgdu`hkrlcy usgh k`h ntnglr orlbl`kc mu`dtlo` ks k do`sgqug`dg, wgrg dcksslmdktgbory om tnglr ckst kppgkrk`dg.

;= Hlag`slo`s vkry mroa 4.6 to 2.7 da. wngrgks tng akhlspckys k cg`btn jgtwgg` 8.7 k`h =.7 da. Hg akxlaua tng `gbktlvgs o` tng dorgs vkrlgs mroa ;.7 to 8.7 da. Xbroup nks k cg`btn jgtwgg` :.7 k`h 8.6 da.

;2 Akdrocltnld jckhgs krg hgml`gh jy tnglr hlag`slo`s9cg`btn om >6 aa k`h k al`laua wlhtn om :7 aa (Hg Bro



7 Hug to tlag prgssurg tng gxdkvktors rgmrkl gh mroa slgvl b tngplt do`tg`ts k`h lt ls clegcy tnkt òt kcc mcl`t krtgmkdts prgsg`t wgrgrgtrlgvgh. Lt ls kssuagh nowgvgr, tnkt tng skapcg ls rgprgsg`tktlvg,wltn tng gxdgptlo` om tng sakccgr mrkdtlo` (3 ;.7 da).

= Lt omtg` tur`s out to jg lapossljcg to gxkdtcy hgtgral`g tngcodktlo` om orlbl` om mcl`t. Vgtrobrkpnldkccy tng mcl`t mroa tng al`gsom Zlidenoct, Ik`hrkl`-Ik`hrdòulccg (Orp-cg Brk`h, Vrovl`dg omClîbg, Jgcblua) k`h Tplg``gs (Vrovl`dg om Nkl`kut, Jgcblua)

dk`òt jg hlmmgrg`tlktgh (Ekrs gt kc.

;<<6). Mor tnls rgkso` lt lsprgmgrkjcg to rgmgr to typgs om mcl`t9 Zliednoct typg. Zuccg` typg gtd.(Couwg Eooliak`s ;<>6). L` tnls krtldcg, wng` L rgmgr to Zlidenoctmcl`t, L agk` Zlidenoct typg om mcl`t.

2 Hurl`b tng pgrloh om tng Aldngcsjgrb ducturg gcuvlkc mcl t nksjgg` al`gh l` Ik`hrkl`-Ik`hrgòulccg (Nujgrt ;<28). Gcuvlkc mcl`tnks kcso jgg` wo` kt Zuccg`. Jk`noct. Angdr, Zlidenoct (HgRkrrlao`t/Brog`d`hl ie ;<<4) k`h ]kceg`jurb (Jrou`d` tnlsvocuag).

> Xng hktk wgrg stktlstldkccy tgstgh wltn tng klh om tng ^: agtnoh.Mor tng dkcducktlo`s usg wks akhg om k doaputgr probrka. Mlsngr

4 6 hgslb`gh jy ]grjgge k`h Eroo`g`jgrb (;<<6) k`h spddlmldkccy

cg btn om >6 aa k h k al laua wlhtn om :7 aa (Hg Bro;<<;, ;7<).

;> Kcc rgtoudngh or otngrwlsg aohlmlgh krtgmkdts.

;< Jcodes nkvg òt jgg` l`dcuhdh l` tngsg dkcducktlo`stngy krg hgml`gh jy tng vgry mkdt om jgl`b jroeg`.

:6 Tlalckr to tng akiorlty om tng Hutdn Aldngcsjgrb sl

kxgs k`h sto`g kxgs krg ckdel`b.

:; K jlmkdlkccy rgtoudngh jckhg mrkbag`t, dcksslmlghjckhg, possljcy do`stltutgs k mrkbag`t om k pol`tgh jck

:: Xnls typg om roccgh pgjjcg mrgqug`tcy oddurs l` tntng Agusg rlvgr (D. Jkegcs, pgrs. doaa.). K slalckr typgpg`hk`t nks jgg` mou`h l` tng Jgcblk` Aldngcsjgrb sltg Joltsmort (Có`l`b ;<=>, ;<;, mlb. ;.:6).

:4 O` k mgw codktlo`s jotn Aldngcsjgrb k`h Cl`gkrjkàktgrlkc nks jgg` mou`h. Xng gxdkvktors nkvg trlgh kspossljcg to sgpkrktg tng aktgrlkc mroa jotn pgrlohs. Ks

;=7 I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZ;DNX-ECL@EGZT

:< Lt ls possljcg to jutdngr k`h hgjo`g k`lakcs wltnout mrgqug`tcytoudnl`b tng jo`gs (Vkttgrso` ;<>;). Lm tng jo`gs o`cy l`dlhg`tkccydoag l`to do`tkdt wltn tng mcl`t lapcgag`t, tng rgsuctl`b trkdgs wlccòt jd ks wlhg-sprgkh ks wng` tng tool nkh jgg` usgh mor tngworel`b om jo`g o`cy.

46 Krtlmkdts wnldn nkvg jgg` gapcoygh mor :.7 nours o`cy hlspckyk` l`slb`lmldk`t ùajgr om strlktlo`s (]k` Bli` ;<<6, >;), wngrgksnkrvgstl`b tor sgvd` nou` prohudgs wgkr trkdgs wnldn. jgdkusg om

tng ùagrous strlktlo`s, krg vgry audn slalckr to tng trkdgsd`dou`tgrgh o` krdnkgocobldkc spgdlag`s (Iugc Ig`sg` ;<>>).

tng mkdt tnkt k dorrgcktlo` gxlsts jgtwgg` skapcg slzg k`h rldlt ls kssuagh tnkt tng hlmmgrg`dgs l` rldn`gss jgtwgg` vkrloukrtlmkdt dktgborlgs, ks hlspckygh l` tnls k`kcysls, krg agk`l`b(sgg Vcob/Ngbao` ;<<4).

4< Xng gvg``gss ls hgtgral`gh wltn tng usg om tng I-stktlstld(Vlgcou ;<==).

86 Xnrgg agtnohs nkvg jgg` usgh to hgtgral`g tng ngtgrobg`

tng Tnk`ò`-Rgkvgr L`moraktlo` Ttktlstlds wnldn ls hgslb`gh l`ml`ltg popucktlo`s k`h wnldn ls wglbntgh l` mkvor om rkrg



4; Ghbg k`bcgs nkvg jgg` tkeg` kt hlmmgrg`t codktlo`s kco`b tngworel`b ghbg5 tng rgsuctl`b agk` nks jgg` rou`hgh omm to mlvdhgbrgds.

4: @ot kcc tng ghbg k`bcgs nkvg jgg` adksurdh. Rltn rgspgdt toaotlo` (tkjcg <), pol`tgh ghbgs wgrg òt l`dcuhgh l` tngadksurgag`ts. L` tkjcg ;6 o`cy gxkdtcy l`tgrprgtgh woreghaklg`kcs nkvg jgg` l`dorporktgh. Murtngraorg, slxtgg` usgh ghbgswgrg òt kvklckjcg mor tkel`b agksurgag`ts. Xo do`dcuhg, wltnrgspgdt to tkjcg <, 8: usgh ghbgs wgrg òt agksurgh, wltn rgspgdtto tkjcg ;6 tnls pgrtkl`gh to >6 usgh ghbgs.

44 Co`bltuhl`kc aovgag`ts nkvg jgg` dkrrlgh out aorg mrgqug`tcytnk` gxpgdtgh wltn ghbgs nkvl`b k` k`bcg jgtwgg` :7-76 hgbrggs(G 177.4, O 1>7) k`h trk`svgrsg aotlo`s aorg omtg` wltn ghbgshlspckyl`b k`bcgs jgtwgg` 77-;;6 hgbrggs (G 1=<.7, 6 1 >4).

48 Xng doapkrlso`s jgtwgg` ghbg k`bcg k`h do`tkdt aktgrlkc wgrg

o`cy pgrmoragh mor aktgrlkcs gvlhg`t o` kt cgkst ;7 usgh zo`gs.47 Ghbgs gapcoygh mor tng worel`b om wooh k`h nlhg hlmmgr

hg Jrlccoul` k`h tng Tlapso` l`hgx, jotn hgvgcopgh mor ml`ltpopucktlo`s. wngrgjy tng ckttgr ls wglbntgh l` mkvor om tng doaao` spgdlgs. Xo ojtkl` tng dkcducktlo`s, usg wks akhg omdoaputgr probrka hgslb`gh jy El`tlbn (;<>>).

8; Xng hlmmgrg`dgs jgtwgg` tng vkrlous l`hldgs krg sakcc9Tnk`ò` k`h Jrlccoul` provlhg tng skag rkèl`b om krtlmkdtdktgborlgs. Tlapso`, wno tkegs sakcc ùajgrs l`to kddou`t to kcgssgr gxtg`t, nks dkcducktgh k cowgr ngtgrobg`glty mor tngrgtoudngh mckegs wltn rgspgdt to tng otngr two l`hldgs.

8: Tlhg-sdrkpgrs, norsg-snog snkpgh sdrkpgrs, sl`bcg k`h hog`h-sdrkpgrs krg kcc, wltn tng gxdgptlo` om o`g sl`bcg snort sdrkpgr, usgh mor sdrkpl`b nlhg.

84 Tl`bcg k`h houjcì co`b g`h-sdrkpgrs wltn rgtoudngh ghbghlspcky, mor tng aost pkrt. tnrgg or mour worel`b ghbgs (rgspk`h ;66%).

88 O`g tnlrh om tng pol`tgh jckhgs hlspcky akdrocltnld slzgskhhltlo` two jroeg` pol`tgh jckhgs nkvg k wlhtn om al`lakccy:7 aa5 possljcy tngsg two orlbl`kccy wgrg akdrocltnld krtlmk

;== K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

rgmgrg`dgs

Kchg`hgrmdr, A.T.C.Z. Elajkcc,K. Tlgvgrt

;<>< Aldrowgkr k`kcysls l` tng Akyk Cowck`hs9 tng usg om mu`dtlo`kc hktk l`sodlgty sgttl`b, Iour`kc om Mlgch Krdnkgocoby ;=, 82-=6.

K`lagrak`, K.I.,A R M h k`

;<28 O` tng "ak el`b" om k` kssgajckbg om sto`g toocs, Kagrldk` K`tlqulty 4<, =;6-=;=



A.R. Mgchak`

K`hgrso`, V.D.

K`hdrso`-Bgrmkuh, V.D.

Krork. T.E.,H. Mrk`zg`

;<>6 K tgstlao`y om prgnlstorlg tkses9 hlkbòstld rgslhugs o` sto`g tool worel`b R Krdnkgocoby ;:, ;>;-;<8.

;<>; Do`trljutlo` aìtnohoclqug h L'k`kcysg hgs aldrotrkdgs h'utlclsktlo` sur cgs outlcs prìnlstorlqugs. Jorhgkux (tngsls).

;<>2 Ygn` Mu`hstrguu`bg` kum 88 nk. Hlg Mu`hg hgr Ojgrmckdng` prospgetlo`Grhwgregs vo` Iócldn. L`9 Jgrldntg kus hgr Krjglt hgs Ausguas 8, 72-7<. Hks ZnCk`hgsausgua Jo``.

Jkegcs, D.D. ;<2> Mour Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale sgttcgag`ts k`h tnglr g`vlroàg`t. K pkckgogdocoblTlttkrh, Ttgl`, Gcscoo k`h Nlg`ngla. K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ;;.

l` prgss k Vck`ts k`h ak` l` `gocltnld Jgcblua. L`9 H. Dkng`/Z. Ck`bonr/V.-C. ]k` JgrVgupcgs kbrlductgurs hg ck Jgcblqug prìnlstorlqug hk`s cgur dkhrg `kturgc. Jruxgccg

l` prgss j Cktg Bckdlkc k`h Nocodg`g poccg` rgdorhs mroa tng Kls`g k`h ]gscg vkccM k`dg9 t g g` hlkb k Akl D l k`h Jk d gh h l`b ` li bl

;=2 I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

Jrojrowsey, V.X.,J.M. Jkcc

;<>< Xng tngory k`h agdnk`lds om gdocobldkc hlvgrslty l` krdnkgocoby. L`9 Z.H. CgB.X. Io`gs (ghs), [uk`tlmyl`b Hlvgrslty l` Krdnkgocoby. @gw Hlrgdtlo`s l` KrdnkgocobDkajrlhbg W`lvgrslty Vrgss, Dkajrlhbg, 8-;:.

Jrokhjg`t, @.H.,E. Eùtsso`

;<27 K` gxpgrlag`tkc k`kcysls om qukrtz sdrkpgrs. Zgsucts k`h kppcldktlo`s, Mor`vk``g` 26,;;4-;:>.

Jrogeg, V. vk` hg`,N. Moeeg`s, l` prgp. Hg Vrgnlstorlg vk` @ghgrck`h. Vroagtngus, Kastgrhka.



K.C. vk` Bli`,C.V. Couwg Eooliak`s

Jrou`g`, M.X.T. ;<<8 Akkstrldnt-]obgczk`b9 gg` vl`hpckkts vk` hg Aldngcsjgrb ductuur l` ngt Akkshkc @otkgVrkgnlstorldkg ;8, ;27-;22.

Dkng`, H‐I.V. Dkspkr,A. Oclg

;<>= L`hustrlgs cltnlqugs hkùjlg``gs hg Jgcblqug, Clîbg (GZKWC, :;).

Dkng`, H..C.N. Eggcgy,M. vk` @otg`

;<2< Tto`g toocs, toocelts k`h nuak` jgnkvlor l` prgnlstory, Durrg`t K`tnropocoby :6, ==;-=>4.

Dnkttgrs, I.D. ;<>2 Nu`tgr-bktngrgr khkptktlo`s k`h kssgajckbg strudturg, Iour`kc om K`tnropotobldkc Krdnkgocoby =, 44=-427.

Drggagrs, K.X.,V.A. ]graggrsdn

;<>< Agguwg`-Ho`hgrsckbnglhg9 k Alhhcg @gocltnld sltg o` tng Clajurb Egapg` Vck(Jgcblua), Ngcl`lua :<, :6=-::=.

;=> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Ngla, I.

Nýn`, J.

;<<6 Xng wgkr k`h tgkr om mcl`t9 prl`dlpcgs om mu`dtlo`kc k`kcysls kppclgh to Hutdn @gocltnlkssgajckbgs. Cglhg` (hlssgrtktlg). K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ::.

;<2< Zgdngrdngs pkcìojotk`lqugs ku sltg `ìocltnlqug hg ck Jossg hg c'Xoajg k B JucTod. roy. jglbg K`tnrop. Vrìnlst. <6, =7-2>.

;<>2 Ìtuhg hgs rgstgs vìbìtkux dkrjo`lsìs provg`k`t hgs mossgs h'kbg Gpl-Zýssgsltuìgs k Lttrg (Jrkjk`t, Jgcblqug), Ngcl`lua :2, =;-26.

;<>8 Hks Ttglàktgrlkc hgr Aldngcsjgrbgr Tlghcu`b Eosckr ;6, Er. Hurg`. AkblstgrkrjglM k` k Akl`



Nocwgrhk, I.N.

Nujgrt, M.

Nurcjgrt, T.N.

Iugc Ig`sg`, N.

Iugc Ig`sg`, N,G. Jrl`dn Vgtgrsg`

Ekcls, K.I.

Ekrs, N.,

Mrkèmurt ka Akl`.

;<47 Bgsdnlghg`ls vk` @ghgrck`h. Hggc ;, Kastgrhka, :7-:=.

;<28 Al`lîrgs `gocltnlqugs k Ik`hrkl`-Ik`hrgòulccg g` Jrkjk`t, Krdnkgocobldk Jgcbldk ;=2

;<2; Xng ò`do`dgpt om spgdlgs hlvgrslty9 k drltlqug k`h kctgr`ktlvg pkrkagtgrs Gdocoby 7722-7>=.

;<>> Mu`dtlo`kc k`kcysls om prgnlstorlg mcl t toocs jy nlbn-powgr aldrosdopy9Guropgk` rgsgkrdn, Iour`kc om Rorch Vrgnlstory :, 74->>.

;<>7 K mu`dtlo`kc stuhy om cltnlds mroa ]kg`bgt @orh, k Agsocltnld sltg [email protected]. Tikgcck`h, Iour kc om Hk lsn Krdnkgocoby 8, 86-7;.

;<>> Yur Wawgct hgs mrón`goclmnlsdng` Ag`sdng`9 gl` Jgltrkb hgr Voccd`k`kcy(gh.). Hgr prknlstorlsdng Ag`sdn u`h sgl`g Wawgct. Morsdnu`bg` u`h jgrldntg zuu`h mrónbgsdnldntg l` Jkhg`-Rórttgajgrb 4;, ;:7-;42.

;<<6 Vgtrobrkpny k`h bgodngalstry om mcl t mroa tng Ck`kyg Dnkce (Zlidenoc

Sw I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZ;DNX-ECL@EGZT

;<>6 Hg alhhd`-`goclcnlsdng vo`hstbrogp vk` Ngt ]oragr jli Rydng` g` ngt ductuurpktrro`h hg zulhgclieg @oorhzgg dlrdk 4666 v. Dnr., Ouhnglheu`hlbg Aghgcl`bg` ult ngc

Zliesausgua vk` Ouhnghg` Lg Cglhg` =;,;;4-:6>.

;<>; Zlidenoct-typg Nl t k`h tng Aldngcsjgrb Ducturg l` tng Hutdn Zlvgr Hlstrldt. L`9M.N.B. G`bgcg` (gh.), Vrodgghl`bs om tng Xnlrh L`tgr`ktlo`kc Tyaposlua o` Ucl`t.:8-:2 agl ;<2<- Akkstrldnt (Ttkrl`blk =). ;67-;6=.

Couwg Eooliak`s, C.V.,C.J.A. ]grnkrt ;<<6 Gg` alhhg`-`docltnlsdn `ghgrzgttl`bstgrrgl` g` gg` eulc vk` hg Ttgl`-brogp op hgvoorakclbg Erkklg`jdrb jli Cl`hg`, bgagg`tg Jggrs (@.-Jr.), Ouhnglheu`hlbgh l`b ` l l k` h h ` lh ` 26 8< 6>



Aghgcl`bg` ult ngt Zliesausgua vk` Ouhnghg` tg Cglhg` 26, 8<-;6>.

Có`l`b, .;. ;<=> Hlg Aldngcsjgrbgr Euctur, Lnrg Mu`hg l` zgltcldngr u`h rkuacldngr Bclghgru`b, Jgrldnt hgr Zôalsdn-Bdrak`lsdng` Eoaalsslo` 8>, ;-476.

Aoss, G.N. ;<>4 Xng mu`dtlo`kc k`kcysls om Ill`t lapcgag`ts, Oxmorh (JKZ L`t. Tgr., ;22).

;<>= Kspgdts om sltg doapkrlso`9 hgjltkbg skapcgs, tgdnòcoby k`h mu`dtlo`, Rorch Krdnkgocoby ;>, ;;=-;44.

Aódngr. N.I. ;<>= Kspgdts om cogss k`h cogss-hgrlvgh scopg hgposlts9 k` gxpgrlag`tkc k`h aldroaorpnocobl-dkc kpprokdn. Kastgrhka (hlssgrtktlg).

Ohgcc, B.cc. ;<22 Xng kppcldktlo` om aldrowgkr k`kcysls to tng cltnld doapo`g`t om k` g`tlrg prgnlstorlgsgttcgag`t9 agtnohs, proncgas k`h mu`dtlo`kc rgdo`strudclo`s. Nkrvkrh (tngsls).

;<>; Xng aorpnocobldkc gxprgss kt mu`dtlo` iu`dt lo`9 sgkrdnl`b mor agk`l`b l` cltnld

Iour`kc om K`tnropocobldkc Zgsgkrdn 42, 4;<-48:.

Kh l`b l l ` l`b kd ld b ` l k`k l


Vuyht. A. hg

Tdngde,E.

Tdnlmmgr, A.J.

Tdnrgurs. I.

;<6: Mo`hs hg dkjk`g `ìocltnlqugs hg ck Ngsjkyg. Cg vlcckbg hgs Xoajgs, doaptmoulccgs gxìdutìgs k Oakc pkr AA. G. Hkvl`-Zlbot gt A. Hg Vuyht, g` ;<6

Aìaolrgs hg ck Todlìtì h'K`tnropocoblg hg Jruxgccgs :;.

;<22 Hlg Xlgreòdng` kus hga iu`bstgl`zgltcldng` Horm Gnrg`stgl`, Morsdnu`bg` u`h Jgrldn

zur ]or- u`h Mrónbgsdnldntg l` Jkhg`-Rórttgajgrb <.

;<2= Jgnkvlorkc Krdnkgocoby, @gw \ore, Kdkhgalg Vrgss.

;<>< Gg` bgjrulessporg` k`kcysg vk` hg vuurstgg` krtgmkdtg` ult hg Jk`hegrkalsdng `ghgr



Tngk, I.I.

Tnott, A.

Tclvk Z.I.,C.N. Eggcgy

Tprg`bgr, I.

Ttkajocov, X.

Xkl`tgr, I.K.

zgttl`b tg Gcscoo. Cglhg` (l`tgr`kc rgport LVC).;<<; Xng jgnkvlorkc slb`lmldk`dg om Cgvk`tl`g Aoustgrlk` l`hustrlkc vkrlkjlclty. Josto`, V

hlssgrtktlo`, Nkrvkrh W`lvgrslty.

;<>< O` tooc-dckss usg clvgs k`h tng moraktlo` om krdnkgocobldkc kssgajckbgs Kagrldk` K`tlkulty 78, <-46.

;<<8 "Mrlts" k`h spgdlkclzgh nlhg prgpkrktlo` l` tng Jgcblk` gkrcy `gocltnld, Iour`kc om Krdnkgocobldkc Tdlg`dg :;, <;-<<.

;<8> Jgeòpt ovgrzldnt hgr voor- g` vrogbnlstorlsdng ouhnghg` g` nu` vl`hpckktsbgagg`tg Akkstrldnt, Ouhnglheu`hlbg Aghgcl`bg` ult ngt Zliesausgua vk` Ouhnghg` tg

Cglhg`, ;7-84.

;<=< Akùmkdturg, hgtgrlorktlo` k`h prgsgrvktlo` om cgktngr. K cltgrkcurg survgy om tngorgtldkckspgdts k`h k`dlg`t tgdn`lqugs, Kastgrhka.

;<2< Xng Aou`tkl`klr cltnld sdkttgrs9 sgttcgag`t pkttgr`s k`h slb`lmldk`dg gvkcuhg`slty surmkdg sltgs, Iour`kc om Mlgch Krdnkocoby =, 8=4-8=<.

;2; I. TDNZGWZT - AKKTXZLDNX-ECL@EGZT

]glaggrsdn, V.A.

Rk`scggjg`. A..C.J.A. ]grnk`

Rkrrlao`t, I.V. Hg.K.I. Brog`g`hlie

Rktgrjoce. N.X.

;<>> Cg Algngcsjgrb g` Jgcblqug, Kdtk Krdnkgocobldk Covk`lg`slk :=-:2, ;<>2-;<>>, ;-:6.

;<<6 Agusg ]kccgy Vroigdt9 tng Xrk`sltlo` mroa tng Agsocltnld to tng @gocltnld l` tnAgusg ]kccgy. L`9 V.A. ]graggrsdn/V. vk` Vggr (ghs), Do`trlnutlo`s to tng Agsocltnld l`

Guropg, Cguvg`, 4><-86:.

;<<4 ;66 ikkr Zuccg`vuurstgg`9 gg` ecgurrlieg vuurstgg`soort `khgr jgegeg`. Krdngocoblg l` Clajurb 72, 42-8=.

;<<8 Opbrkvl`bg` l` ngt vuurstggàli`jouwbgjlgh vk` Zlidenoct-Tt. Bggrtrulh, Yulh-ClaKrdngocoblg l` Clajurb =; 44-7:



Rnltg, I.V..@. Aohigsek,c. Nlpuyk

Rlccas. D.

Rlcasg`. G.@.

Rlttnomt, I.

\gccg`, I.G.

Krdngocoblg l Clajurb =;, 44-7:.

;<22 Broup hgml`ltlo`s k`h ag`tkc tdapcktgs9 k` gtnòbrkpnld gxpgrlag`t . L`9 Z.].T. R(gh.), Tto`g toocs ks ducturkc akregrs9 dnk`bg, gvocutlo` k`h doapcgxlty, @gw Igrsgy.4>6-4<6.

;<>: Ywgl Mu`hpcktzg hgr Aldngcsjgrbgr Euctur kus hga wgstcldng` Au`stgrck`h, Bcgldnzgltlbgl` Jgltrkb zua `gocltnlsdng` Tlcgxnk`hgc l` Alttgcguropk. Nlchgsngla (Aó`stgrsdngJgltrllbg zur Wr- u`h Mrónbgsdnldntg ;:).

;<=> Mu`dtlo`kc k`kcysls om mckegh sto`g krtlmkdts, Kagrldk` K`tlqulty 44, ;7=-;=;.

;<7> L`hlk` agtnohs om sel` hrgssl`b k`h tk``l`b, Onlo Krdnkgocoblst >, <8-<<.

;<=2 Bckzgh poclsn o` mcl`t toocs , Kagrldk` K`tlqulty 4:, 4>4-4>>.

;<22 Krdnkgocobldkc kpprokdngs to tng prgsg`t. Aohgcs mor rgdo`strudtl`b tng pkst, @gw \ore.



Vlgtgr vk` hg ]gchg Hust k`h ksngs9 tng two @gocltnld dgagtgrlgs omGcscoo k`h @lghgragrz doapkrgh



;. L`trohugc lo`:. Xng alssl`b hgkh4. Xng alssl`b hktk8. Zgcktlvg dnroòcoblgs7. Bg`hgrl`b tng jurlkcs, Gcscoo=. K` k`kcysls om tng kòakclgs

2. Bg`hgrl`b tng jurlkcs, @lghgragrz>. Hlsdusslo`<. O` tng stktus om tng jurlkcs

;6. Bg`hgr k`h sodlkc posltlo`;;. Todlkc broup agajgrsnlp;:. O` tng jkck`dg, do`dcuhl`b rgakres

@otgsClstl`bs om brkvgs to bg`hgr, @lghgragrzZgmgrg`dgs

L` k rg-k`kcysls om tng jk`hegrkale dgagtgrlgs om Gcscoo

usg. Xngy tglc us om brlgm k`h plty, jut kcso om tng agrlt omskdrlmldg l`durrgh jy tng hoòr.

L` ay VnH tngsls (]k` hg ]gchg ;<2<) L k`kcysgh tngmu`grkry mur`lsnl`bs om tng `gocltnld dgagtgry kt Gcscoo l`tng @gtngrck`hs ks k plcot stuhy om Jk`hegrkale sodlkcstrudturg, moclowgh jy tgsts kbkl`st sgttcgag`t hktk. Mroa

nl`hslbnt, tngrg wgrg soag mckws l` ay krbuag`ts5 kcso,L hlh òt hlsduss tng 'alssl`b hktk' k`h tng 'alssl`b hgkh'l` Jk`hegrkale brkvg ykrhs. Xng :7tn K`kcgdtk sggas k`ldg oddkslo` to ag`h tngsg mkucts. Ks k murtngr tgst om aykpprokdn ks wgcc ks mor sujstk`tlvg k`h doapkrktlvg rgkso`sL wlcc jrl`b l` @lghgragrz, kòtngr Jk`hegrkale dgagtgry,

iust kdross tng jorhgr wltn Bgrak`y. Xng ckttgr nks jgg`gxdkvktgh jgtwgg` ;<=< k`h ;<27, Gcscoo l` ;<7< k`h ;<==(Honr`-Lnalb ;<>45 rgsp. Aohhgrak` ;<26). Xng two

dgagtgrlgs nkvg hlmmgrg t clmg nlstorlgs9 @lghgragrz nksjgg` l` usg mor slx or sgvg` bg`grktlo`s, dol`dlhg`t wltn tng


jlocobldkc sgx ‘ kao`b tngsg jurlkcs9 wltnout tnkt dktgborynkrhcy k`ytnl`b l`tgrgstl`b dk` jg sklh. Jgmorg hol`b so,L mlrst nkvg to hlsduss tng alssl`b hgkh ‘ wnldn aky jgmgw- k`h tng alssl`b hktk ‘ wnldn aky jg u`laportk`t.Agk`tlag L dk` kcso l`trohudì tng gxdkvktlo` hktk.

:. Xng alssl`b hgkhL` tnglr popuckr suaakry om tng Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg

Vroigdt (wnldn l`dcuhgh tng @lghgragrz gxdkvktlo`s) Ttgnclk`h Có`l`b krbug tnkt tng quk`tltktlvgcy laportk`t ygt

tng vlcckbg `gxt to lt (]k` hg ]gchg ;<2<, ;87). Xngy wlccnkvg jgg` l`nkjltgh jy 86 to =6 pgopcg kt k tlag. Tuaaghovgr tng bg`grktlo`s jgtwgg` ;:6 k`h :76 pgopcg austnkvg clvgh k`h hlgh tngrg, tng`. L` otngr worhs, tng Gcscoodgagtgry rgdglvgh kt cgkst nkcm wng` òt kcc om tng vlcckdo`tgapork`gous popucktlo` k`h do`sgqug`tcy tngl`mgrg`dgs hgrlvgh mroa tng k`kcysls snouch jg òt too mkromm tng akre ‘ u`cgss o`g wouch jg wlccl`b to kssuag tnktpgopcg mroa otngr Jk`hegrkale sgttcgag`ts mkrtngr kwkynkvg jgg` jurlgh tngrg, too.



g g q g y p ygkrdnkgocobldkc u`trkdgkjcg dktgbory om cost dorpsgs rg`hgrstng mgw rgdovgrgh brkvgs jy hgml`ltlo` gxdgptlo`kc (Ttgncl/Có`l`b ;<><). Ks tngy sgg lt, tng ùajgr om Jk`hegrkalk`stnkt nkvg clvgh o` tng Kchg`novg` Vcktgku dk` jg gstlaktghks l` tng orhgr om mlvg to tg` tnousk`h. \gt kt jgst kjout;:6 brkvgs nkvg jgg` ojsgrvgh l` tng krgk. Rg aky jgprgtty dgrtkl` tnkt tngrg nkvg jgg` ò aorg brkvg plts, kstng g`tlrg pcktgku nks jgg` rgaovgh u`hgr krdnkgocobldkcsupgrvlslo` om tng rgdg`t opg` plt al`l`b opgrktlo`s. O`gpossljcg kccowk`dg snouch jg akhg mor jurlkcs wltnl` tngsgttcgag`ts9 tngrg, tng groslo` om tng top solc aky nkvgdkusgh tng coss om brkvgs. Iuhbl`b mroa sgttcgag`t hktkgcsgwngrg, tnglr ùajgrs wlcc òt jg vgry ckrbg, tnoubn(]glt ;<><). K doapkrkjcg krbuag`t nochs mor Gcscoo9 kslalckr ùajgr om Jk`hegrkalk`s nks clvgh o` tng

Brkgtnglhg Vcktgku wngrg tng Gcscoo dgagtgry wltn lts ;;4brkvgs ls codktgh. Kt Gcscoo tng krdnkgocobldkc do`hltlo`s

Mor @lghgragrz lt nks jgg` stktgh tnkt k do`slhgrkjcg jutu`spgdlmlgh ùajgr om drgaktlo`s nks jgg` cost jgdkusg omtng kbrlducturkc usg om tng ck`h mroa Zoak` tlags o`wkrh.Ttgncl & Có`l`b (;<><) gvg` wrltg tnkt mor tng usg clmg omtng dgagtgry tngrg aust nkvg jgg` k suppcy om kjout ;,666hgkh johlgs, mroa kao`b wnoa "o`cy k alòrlty" wks

jurlgh ks dorpsgs, k`h tng rgakl`hgr ks drgaktlo`s ‘ sl`dgcost. Xngy kppkrg`tcy supposg tnkt kcc tng Jk`hegrkalepgopcg mroa tng g`tlrg Agrzjkdn krgk (mlvg to tg` sgttcgag`ts) nkvg jurlgh tnglr hgkh l` tnls dgagtgry, projkjcyjgdkusg tngy dk`òt posltlvgcy codktg tng sgttcgag`t ltjgco`bgh to. Kbkl`, gvg` lm tngy krg rlbnt, ;;: brkvgssnouch provlhg stktlstldkccy rgclkjcg l`mgrg`dgs mor tnktpopucktlo`. Jut tng` tng sgttcgag`t dcosgst jy (d. 766 a)ls Ck`bwglcgr >, wnldn nkppg`s to jg tng ckrbgst k`h

co`bgst l`nkjltgh sgttcgag`t om tng wnocg krgk (ks ls Gcsco` tng Brkgtnglhg), wltn k` oddupktlo` wnldn ckstgh mor




dcgag`ts omhgdorkt lo`9 cl`gs, pol`ts, nktdnl`b k h stkj-k`h-hrkb5 kcso, tng usg om sl`bcg- k`h auctlhg`tgh spktuck wksl`dorporktgh. Otngr kttrljutgs om tng pot hgdorktlo`s wgrgòt dnroòcobldkccy rgcgvk`t tngrg (]k` hg ]gchg ;<2<. >7).Kt @lghgragrz auctlhg`tgh spktucks nkvg òt jgg` usgh o`tng pots l` tng brkvgs5 tnls vkrlkjcg wks cgmt out om tngdoaputktlo`s, tngrgmorg. Aost otngr vkrlkjcgs ho òt sggato nkvg dnroòcobldkQ slb`lmldk`dg gltngr9 aotlvgs òrstrudturgs, òt gvg` prgsg`dg om rla hgdorktlo` dk` jgdo`slhgrgh rgcgvk`t. Xnls cgkvgs o`cy mour kttrljutgs mor

K Vrl`dlpkc Doapo`g`ts K`kcysls om tng dorrgcktlo`s kao`btng blmts wks usgh to bgt ay mlrst jgkrl`bs o` tng hktk. O`gom tng Doapo`g`ts dorrgcktgh wltn tnlde khzgs, jckhgs,u`hgdorktgh gkrtng`wkrg, k`h gspgdlkccy wltn krrowngkhs.Kòtngr Doapo`g`t wks `gutrkc to tngsg toocs, jut l`stgkhsnowgh kmml`ltlgs wltn 'qugr`s', rgh odnrg, k`h mckt khzgL tng` nypotngslsgh tnkt tng krrowngkhs wgrg aorg clegcy akcg kttrljutg tnk` mgakcg ‘ to kvolh u``gdgsskry k`hro-dg`trld jlks L khhgh tng do`hltlo` tnkt o`cy lm k do`slstg`tpkttgr` wouch moccow L snouch trust tng kssuaptlo`. Aorg



tng doaputktlo`s mor @lghgragrz9 tng ùajgrs om cl`gs,pol`ts, nktdngs, k`h stkj-k`h-hrkb pol`ts l` tng hgdorktlo`.4> kao`b tng ;;: brkvgs ngch hgdorktgh pots, ;6 mroa tng@ortngr` k`h :> mroa tng Toutngr` brkvg broup.

Zgsucts krg prgsg`tgh l` tkjcg :, wngrg tng mkdtor(doapo`g`t) sdorgs krg snow` ks doaputgh mroa tng

hgdorktlo` om tng pots l` tng brkvgs (dm. ]k` hg ]gchg ;<2=5;<2<, >, :6-:8)5 tng tnlrh docua` rg`hgrs tng pnksgs mroa ksgrlktlo` om ;7 'styclsgh kttrljutgs' om tng hgdorktlo` om pots(Honr`-Lnalb ;<>4, <:, <7). Xng dorrgcktlo (Tpgkrak`'s p)om tng VDK sdorgs k`h tng sgrlktlo` pnksgs ls 6.2=, wnldn lsòt jkh blvg` tng mu`hkag`tkccy hlmmgrg`t kssuaptlo`s k`htgdn`lqugs. :

Xng rgcktlvg dnroòcobldkc orhgrl`b om tngsg 4> brkvgsaorg or cgss do`mlras Honr`-Lnalb's ojsgrvktlo` om two

sgpkrktg ùdcgl l` tng brkvgykrh wnldn l` tng cktgr pnksgsagrbgh. L` tkjcg : tng @ortngr` broup (brkvgs `rs =: k`h

cgss doapgccgh jy tnls l`ltlkc krbuag`t tng 'qugr`s'/odnrgDoapo`g`t wks l`tgrprgtgh ks k mgakcg gxprgsslo`. Xng twobroups l`hgxgh jy tngsg Doapo`g`ts wgrg om gqukc slzg9:; jurlkcs gkdn.

O` l`spgdtlo` om tng bgobrkpnldkc hlstrljutlo` om tngbrkvgs lt oddurrgh to ag tnkt tng hlstk`dgs jgtwgg` brkvgs

om opposltg bg`hgr (ks gstkjclsngh kjovg) wgrg do`slstg`tcysakccgr tnk` jgtwgg` brkvgs om gqukc bg`hgr, tngy sggaghpklrgh5 kppkrg`tcy pklr-jo`hl`b rgmcgdtgh k`h trk`sdg`hghtng prlakry hlvlslo` om ckjour. K @gkrgst @glbnjourK`kcysls jroubnt out ak`y aorg sudn doupcgs, ùajgrs omwnldn nkh o`g gcgag`t kttrljutgh to gltngr om tng twobroups, wltn tng pkrt`gr brkvgs nkvl`b ò`g or òdnkrkdtgrlstld blmts (dm. tkj. 4). Jy gxtg`slo` tngu`rgdob`lskjcg pkrt`gr brkvg snouch do`tkl` tng rgakl`s om

tng opposltg bg`hgr. Xnls rgsuctgh l` k clst om 2; brkvgs(]k` hg ]gchg ;<2<, tkj. ;>) wltn :7 akcg, ;4 projkjcy



L2T S T . S ; ; •'( 'L S L'EKL NLTXOZLD K CL -L L) LST LK :7

Xkjcg 7. Mrgqug dlgs om brkvg blmt dktgborlgs kt Gcscoo krrk`bghkddorhl`b to bg`hgr dckssgs, k`h kòakclgs ag`hgh. Doaputghmroa tkjcg 8, wltn kddou`tkjcg kòakclgs rgaovgh. x : , Dnl-squkrgvkcugs doaputgh ovgr akcg k`h mgakcg docua`s5 l` <7% om tngdksgs x : 3 4,>8 kt v 1 ;.

mgakcg akcg u`dcgkr ^ I

pckl` dgrkalds ;; ;2 2 ;.:<

hgdorktgh dgrkalds ;8 ;7 > 6.66cuaps odnrg ;7 : - ;;.72rujjl`b sto`gs ;: - - ;:.66

'akcg' stktus aky nkvg khhltlo`kc agk`l`bs, sudn ks g.b.'rgspgdtgh'. ... Kao`b tng brkvgs wltn o`cy o`g or twodktgborlgs om blmts tng akiorlty snouch jg dcksslmlgh'mgakcg'. Lt ls tng kjsg`dg om dgrtkl` brkvg blmts wnldndnkrkdtgrlsgs tng mgakcg brkvgs (Honr`-cnalb ;<>4,;66-;6:).

Xngrg krg two rgkso`s mor ay suspldlo`9 o`g lhgocobld(L ka òt rgkccy prgpkrgh to kssuag wltnout murtngr hlsdussk akcg hoal`ktgh `gocltnld), k`h kòtngr agtnohldkc (lm tnwgrg trug om tng @lghgragrz dgagtgry, k`h lm ay Gcscoo

http://s./1

http://s./1

http://s./1



krrowngkhs - ;6 - ;6.66jckhgs ;: 2 ; ;.<6tnlde khzgs ; ;= - ;;.72mckt khzgs 2 2 ; 6.66

totkc 48 4> 8;

ls u`lvgrskc (Aurhode ;<8<, 25 kcso, mor k rgdg`trgmoraucktlo`, Doègy/ Bgro ;<<;, >). Toagtnl`b slalckrnochs mor pklr-jo`hl`b, tng do`stltutlo` om doupcgs mroaopposltg s, too (Doègy ;<<;). Xngsg l`mgrg`dgs ho òtlapcy l` k`y wky tnkt Jk`hegrkalk`s clvgh l` ùdcgkrmkalclgs5 gcsgwngrg L nkvg snow` tnkt tngy rktngr moraghstga gxtg`hgh mkalclgs ‘ l` tnls (pktrlcodkc) dksg, mktngrk`h so` pcus tnglr wlvgs k`h tnglr uàkrrlgh dnlchrg` (]k`

hg ]gchg ;<2<, ;8<).K clttcg jlt om k slhgc l`g, l` ay ;<2< tgxt L hlh òt

k`kcysls kjovg ls kddgptkjcg, tng` tngrg snouch nkvg jggàkior hlmmgrg`dgs l` sodlkc strudturg jgtwgg` tng tworgblo`s. Kt k hlstk`dg om ò aorg tnk` 86 elcoagtrgs tnlswouch rgkccy posg k projcga).

Kddorhl`bcy, L rgworegh tng @lghgragrz hktk kco`bslalckr cl`gs ks l` tng Gcscoo k`kcysls. Xo ò kvklc,

nowgvgr9 tng Vrl`dlpkc Doapo`g`ts hlh òt hlstl`bulsnjgtwgg` tool elts, jut sdkcgh wgkctn or hlvgrslty om tngbrkvgs' l`vg`torlgs o`cy ‘ k`h tnls gvg` o` k` kjsg`dg/prgsg`dg jksls. Gxdgpt mor tng krrowngkhs (wnldn wg`tl`to tng kssuaptlvg pkrt om tng krbuag`t) ò blmt dktgborlgdouch jg rgkso`kjcy pkrtltlo`gh omm ks hlstl`dt or l`hgpg`hgtool elts9 to ay hgspklr kcc doajl`ktlo`s sgga to oddur,gvg` tnoubn cktgcy Ylaagrak`` (;<>>) nks jgg` kjcg togstkjclsn sgvgrkc hlstl`dt tool elts l` tng Kchg`novg`

sgttcgag`ts.Hlssktlsmlgh L tur`gh tng prodghurg o` lts ngkh, k`h

;2< V. ]K@ HG ]GCHG - HWTX K@H KTNGT

Xkjcg =. @gkrgst @glbnjour K`kcysls om brkvg hlstrljutlo` kt @lghgragrz.

Kvgrkbg @gkrgst @glbnjout Hlstk`dg. kcc brkvgs9 ;.: a `1 ;;:

Gxpgdtgh Kvgrkbg @gkrgst @glbnjout Hlstk`dg 9 ;.7 a Z 1 h () /h G 1 6.>6 (p 1 6.:>)

@uajgr om rgdurslvg pklrs9 ;;

Kvgrkbg hlstk`dg wltnl` tngsg pklrs9 6.2 a



l` brkvg <= wnldn dk` pgrnkps jg rgcktgh to lts pkrt`grbrkvg (`r <4) wnldn do`tkl`s audn aorg Nl`t tnk` k`y omtng otngr brkvgs. k`h kcso : mckt khzgs. Nowgvgr. l` tnlsg`ckrbgh sgt stlcc ò spgdlmldkccy mgakcg brkvg blmt lstur`l`b up. o`cy akcg brkvgs sgga to jg akregh

hlmmgrg`tlkccy.Om doursg, tng `gxt stgp ls to khh kcc brkvgs do`tkl`l`bkrrowngkhs k`h/or mckt khzgs (ks l` tkj. <)5 tnkt wky tngsocutlo` subbgstgh jy o`g om tng Vrl`dlpkc Doapo`g`ts lskpproxlaktgh. Xng projcga rgakl`s tnkt ò spgdlmld mgakcgl`hgx ls kppkrg`t kao`b tng survlvl`b gcgag`ts om tngbrkvgs' l`vg`torlgs, k`h o`g ls kcaost mordgh to kbrgg wltn

Xkjcg 2. Mrgqug`dlgs om brkvg blmt dktgborlgs kt

@lghgragrz krrk`bgh kddorhl`b to sgx, ks l`mgrrgh mroa k@gkrgst @glbnjour K`kcysls.

Honr`-Lnalb's l`mgrg`dgs quotgh kjovg, vlz., tnkt ks mkr ksprgsg`tcy pgrdgptljcg akcg brkvgs l` @lghgragrz krg akreghjy wgkctn, k`h mgakcg brkvgs jy tng kjsg`dg om brkvg blmts.@otg tnkt gvg` lm kcc 'otngr' brkvgs wgrg khhgh to tng'mgakcg' l`vg`torlgs stlcc ò blmt dktgbory douch jg sl`bcgh

out ks k` l`hgx mor tnls ckttgr sgt.Nowgvgr, lm 46 brkvgs stk`h out ks 'akcg', lt hogs òtojtkl` tnkt tng 8; brkvgs wltn ò akcg-spgdlmld blmts (k`hprgsuakjcy tnosg otngr 8; wltnout brkvg blmts kt kcc, too)krg 'mgakcgs'9 soag aky jgco`b to gchgr pgopcg or dnlchrg`(l.g., nkvg nkh stktusgs om ò`-khucts k`h tnus possljcyjgyo`h tng bg`hgr hldnotoay), or gvg` to 'u`hlstl`bulsngh'akcgs ks proposgh jy Honr`-Lnalb. Xng possljcy 'mgakcg'brkvgs l`mgrrgh mroa tng @gkrgst @glbnjour K`kcysls krg

g`tgrgh sgpkrktgcy, k`h kcc tng otngr brkvgs wltn brkvgblmts nkvg jgg` ngkhgh ks 'otngrs' l` tng tkjcg, k`h òt ks

;>6 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CG;HG@TLK :7

Xkjcg <. Mrgqug dlgs om brkvg blmt dktgborlgs kt @lghgragrz,wltn krrowngkhs k`h mckt khzgs do`slhgrgh 'akcg' kttrljutgs x : ,Dnl-squkrg vkcugs doaputgh ovgr akcg k`h mgakcg docua`sl` <7% om tng dksgs x : 3 4,>8 kt v 1 ;.

akcg mgakcg otngr ^ :

pckl` dgrkalds s 4 ;: 6.4<hgdorktgh dgrkalds ;8 > ;= 6.66

cuaps odnrg ;4 ; 4 8.<>rujjl`b sto`gs 7 : 8 6.66krrowngkhs :: ; - <.86

K m'urtngr l`stk`dg dk` jg mou`h l` ay ;<2< k`kcysls om tn`gkrjy k`h pkrtlkccy do`tgapork`gous Gcscoo dgagtgry(]k` hg ]gchg ;<2<, ><). Xng @gkrgst @glbnjour K`kcyslsuaakrlsgh l` tkjcgs 2 k`h > kcso subbgsts sgpkrktgkssodlktlo`s om tng two khzg typgs, k`h bol`b jy tnls aorgrgstrldtgh l`mgrg`dg, tkjcg < nks jgg` dkcducktgh5 mor wls wortn, o` tng gvlhg`dg om tkjcg 2 L stlcc do`slhgr tng mkhzgs akregrs om akcg brkvgs, wnlcg tng tnlde khzgs akynkvg jgg` l` bg`grkc usg kt @lghgragrz.



jckhgs ;: ; 8 7.:6tnlde kh/ gs < 4 : 6.42Nkc kh /gs ;> - - <.66

wltn brkvg blmts 46 ;= :7wltnout blmts 8;

L` ngr kddou`t, Honr`-Lnalb g`hs up wltn k sclbntcyhlmmgrg`t clst om akcg k`h mgakcg brkvgs (Honr`-Lnalb ;<>4,;;:-;;8). Ngr stkrtl`b pol`t kppkrg`tcy nks jgg` ‘ sng lsòt gxpcldlt ngrg ‘ k aorpnocobldkc k`kcysls ot' tng tggtnmou`h l` 46 brkvgs (jy K. Dzkr`gtzel, k`h suaakrlsgh l`Honr`-Lnalb ;<>4, ;67-;;;). Mroa tng rgsucts, sng projkjcynks l`mgrrgh tng bg`hgr spgdlmld brkvg blmt dktgborlgs5u`mortu`ktgcy, tng do`tg`ts om tng `l`g oho`tocobldkccy

lhg`tlmlkjcg mgakcg brkvgs krg clttcg hlstl`dtlvg.7

Ks l` tngprgsg`t tgxt, l` Honr`-Lnalb's kddou`t sodlkc bg`hgr k`h

<. O` tng stktus om tng jurlkcsLt ls hlmmlduct to gstkjclsn drltg rlk om stktus wnldn ho

laadhlktgcy rgal`h us om our ow` sodlgty. Xnkt ls to sky,kcc om tng cltgrkturg hgkcl`b wltn kutnorlty, stktus k`h pomroa Akrx k`h Rgjgr o`wkrhs to k`h l`dcuhl`b Moudkuctk`h Jourhlgu, kssodlktgs sodlkc stk`hl`b wltn hlmmgrg tlk

kddgss to tng agk`s om prohudtlo` (l`dcuhl`b woag`-prohudgrs) k`h prohudts. L` krdnkgocobldkc tgxts supgrlorls usukccy trk`scktgh ks kssodlktlo` wltn boohs9 wgkctn kstktus, kutnorlty k`h powgr krg kcaost l`gvltkjcy gquktgh.Gcsgwngrg L nkvg soubnt to bo jgyo`h tnls mkdlcgkssodlktlo` (]k` hg ]gchg ;<<6), tng outdoag rgakl`ghslalckr, nowgvgr ‘ hlmmgrg`tlkc powgr wks gxprgssgh l`hlmmgrg`dgs l` aktgrlkc wgkctn l` Jk`hegrkale sodlgty.L wlcc tngrgmorg proposg k brkhl`b om tng jurlkcs kddorh

to tng ùajgr om krtgmkdts l` tng brkvgs, k`h kòtngr o`g ttng ùajgr om blmt dktgborlgs, l` tng kwkrg`gss om k vgry

;>; V. ]K@ HG ]GCHG - HWTX K@H KTNGT

Xkjcg ;;. Gcscoo k`h @lghgragrz, brkvgs' orlg`tktlo`s. k9 hlrgdtlo` omtng ngkh wng` pgrdgptljcg5 j9 hlrgdtlo` om brkvgplt kxls wng` ngkh'sposltlo` l`hgtgral`kjcg, l`dcuhl`b tng brkvgs clstgh l` tkjcg ;;k.

Gcscoo @lghgragrz

k. hlrgdtlo` om tng ngkh9T - ;TR - ::

R ; 4@R ;; ;@ ; =

towkrhs tnglr hgstl`ktlo`s9 tng suaagr su`sgt or tng wl`tgrsu`rlsg kt Gcscoo, tng suaagr su`rlsg or tng wl`tgr su`sgt kt@lghgragrz ‘ l` orhgr tnkt tngy aky jg egpt sgpkrktg kmtgrhgktn, too?

Xo do`tlùg kco`b k hlmmgrg`t tkde, tkjcg ;: snows tngtkcclgs om brkvg boohs l` tng two dgagtgrlgs. Kcc snkrhs l` kbrkvg tobgtngr nkvg jgg` dou`tgh ks o`g sl`bcg krtgmkdt, kskrg trkdgs or sagkrs om rgh odnrg, k`h om pyrltg5 tng otngrkrtgmkdts nkvg jgg` g`tgrgh sgpkrktgcy. Lt tur`s out tnkt tng@lghgragrz brkvgs nkvg k wlhgr rk`bg om ùajgrs tnk`

k k k d kd l` ` l



@G - 4:G - :TL' < -

n. hlrgdtlo` om tng brkvgplt kxls9R-G ;6 ;;@R-TG 8> :

@-T > ;:@G-TR 4 22

òt dcgkr 88 <

two ykrhs krg kt dross k`bcgs to gkdn otngr9 kt @lghgragrztng TR-@G orlg`tktlo` ls mkvourgh, wnlcg kt Gcscoo tng@R-TG kzlautn kppgkrs prghoal`k`t. Rltnl` jotn sgts ombrkvgs kjout gqukc ùajgrs krg kclb`gh to opposltg

hlrgdtlo`s ks mkr ks stlcc dk` jg hlsdgr`gh. Honr`-Lnalb(;<>4, =;) l`mgrs mkalcy rgcktlo`s jgtwgg` jurlkcs o` tng

tnosg kt Gcscoo5 aorgovgr, kt tng ckttdr pckdg tng l`vg`torlgswltn o`cy mgw blmts krg aorg mrgqug`t tnk` kt tng mkragr.

Xkjcg ;:. Xng ùajgrs om krtgmkdts l` tng brkvg l`vg`torlgs kt@lghgragrz k`h Gcscoo.

@lghgragrz Gcscoo

6 88 4>; ;= ::: ;4 :;4 2 28 < >7 = 7= 4 :2 : 4> 4 :

< : ;;6

;>: K@KCGDXK VZKGN;TXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Xkjcg ;4. Xng ùajgrs om blmt dktgborlgs pgr brkvgkt Gcscoo k`h @lghgragrz.

Gcscoo @lghgragrz

6 4> 88; 48 46: ;> ;:4 ;: >

8 7 ;;7 8 == : -

O` tng otngr nk`h, lm tng mlburgs krg òt too audn jlksgjy tng cow ùajgrs, tng hlstrljutlo`s mroa jotn dgagtgrlgsnkrhcy hlmmgr l` tnglr stggp`gss9 @lghgragrz nkh o`cy k aorg blmts l` tng wgkctnlgr brkvgs tnk` nkh Gcscoo, jg tngakcg or mgakcg.

;;. Todlkc broup agajgrsn lpXwo rgcktgh toplds nkvg stlcc to jg hlsdussgh9 tng spk

sujhlvlslo`s om tng dgagtgrlgs, k`h tng Jk`hegrkalehgml`ltlo` om broup agajgrsnlp.

H ` lb k h d lj h l `d b



Kccowl`b mor tng ak`y aorg brkvgs wltn krrow tlps kt@lghgragrz ‘ wltn tnglr ojvlous do`òtktlo`s om nu`tl`bor wkr ‘ tng hlmmgrg`dgs jgtwgg` tng two dgagtgrlgs sgga tojg do`tl`bg`t o`cy, k`h dgrtkl`cy òt om k qukcltktlvg `kturg.

;6. Bg`hgr k`h sodlkc posltlo`Xkjcg ;8 prgsg`ts tng blmt dk tgborlgs jy bg`hgr kt Gcscoo

k`h @lghgragrz. Ks rgbkrhs tng sakcc ùajgr om putktlvgmgakcg brkvgs kt @lghgragrz wltn o`cy 6, ; or : dktgborlgsòt too audn wglbnt snouch jg kttkdngh, ks woag`'s brkvgs

Xkjcg ;8. @lghgragrz k`h Gcscoo9 bg`hgr vs. stktus ks l`hldktghjy tng ùajgrs om blmt dktgborlgs pgr brkvg.

@lghgragrz Gcscoo

Honr`-cnalb nks hgsdrljgh tng gxlstg`dg om two broupsor hgsdg`t cl`gs l` @lghgragrz o` tng jksls om tng spktlkchlstrljutlo` om tng brkvgs. Xng ochgst brkvgs krg l` tngdg`trgs om tng òrtngr` k`h tng soutngr` nkcvgs om tngdgagtgry, `gktcy sgpkrktgh jy k cow rlsg l` tng mlgch. Aorbrkvgs nkvg jgg` khhgh cktgr, k`h l` tng ml`kc pnksgs tngtwo broups nkvg agrbgh (dm. tng sgdtlo` o` dnroòcoblgs)K Eagk`s dcustgr k`kcysls om tng bgobrkpnldkc hlstrljutloom tng brkvgs supports tnkt do`dcuslo`5 gvg` wltn mour omlvg broups laposgh, tng jorhgr jgtwgg` tng òrtn k`h tngsoutn nkcvgs rgakl`s jgtwgg` tng skag brkvgs (`rs =8/=7k`h ==) wnldn ls prgdlsgcy tng kxls om tng rlhbg jgtwgg` two dg`trgs. Honr`-cnalb, tnoubn, puts tng jorhgr k mgwagtrgs to tng Toutn, jgtwgg` brkvgs =; k`h =: (Honr`-cnalb ;<>4, =>)5 sng hogs òt prgsg`t ngr rgkso`s mor tnkcl`g.

Kt Gcscoo L ckjorlouscy hgrlvgh k broupl`b om tng brk

;>4 V. ]K@ HG ]GCHG - HWTX K@H KTNGT

Xkjcg ;7. Hlstrljutlo` om krtgmkdts ovgr tng brkvg broups^ : 3 4.>8 mor v 1 ; k`h <7% slb`lmldk`dg.

@ortn Toutn Y'

pckl` ddrkalds ;; ;8 6.66hddorktgh dgrkalds ;7 86 2.24ngaktltg 2 ;4 6.<4rujjl`b sto`gs 4 > ;.82

krrowngkhs ;7 72 ;6.;4sdrkpgrs 7 ; :.==jckhgs 4; :7 ;.2<

aktrlcl`gkrlty. Rltn kcc tng hlmmgrg`dgs jgtwgg` @lghgragrzk`h Gcscoo Jk`hegrkale, o`g om tng aost jksld strudturgs omtngsg sodlgtlgs, vlz., tng rucgs om l`tgrakrrlkbg k`h kcclk`dgkrg slalckr5 tngy gvg` ml`h gxprgsslo` l` tng skag aghlua9pottgry hgdorktlo`.

;:. O` tng jkck`dg, do`dcuhl`b rgakresAy ml`kc hlsdusslo` jgkrs o` agtnoh, tgdn`lqug, k`h k

ùajgr om sujstk`tlkc hlmmgrg`dgs k`h kbrggag`ts jgtwgg`tng two Jk`hegrkale dgagtgrlgs om @lghgragrz k`h Gcscoo.

Xnls gssky jgbk` wltn k hlsdusslo` om tng rgprgsg`tktlvlty



otngr Nl t ;4 8 7.<6tnlde khzgs 7 ;; ;.6;mckt khzgs ;; ;4 6.66

totkc 7; =6

Xkjcg ;7 snows tng dou`ts om krtgmkdts l` tng two broups5slb`lmldk`t hgvlktlo`s mroa akrbl`kc gqukclty krg sgg` o`cywltn hddorktgh dgrkalds, krrow tlps, k h ' otngr' mcl`t.Dorrgdtl`b mor tng 'spgdlkclst' brkvgs (krrowngkhs, mcl`tjckhgs, otngr mcl`t). o`cy hgdorktgh dgrkalds k`h jckhgsnkvg slb`lmïdk`tcy u`gxpgdtgh hlstrljutlo`s ovgr tng twobroups. tng Toutngr` brkvg broup jgl`b hoal`k`t l` jotndksgs5 kbkl`, laportk`t blmt dktgborlgs sgga to nkvgvk`lsndh mroa tng l`vg`torlgs (kcso dm. tng sgdtlo` o`

bg`hgr. kjovg). Lt sggas to ag tnkt o` tng gvlhg`dg kt nk`h(two hgvlk`t dktgborlgs kao`b tg`) l`mgrg`dgs kjout broup

Xnls gssky jgbk wltn k hlsdusslo om tng rgprgsg tktlvltyom Jk`hegrkale brkvgykrhs rgbkrhl`b tnglr ducturkc k`hhgaobrkpnld jkdebrou`h popucktlo`s. Do`trkry to rgdglvghwlshoa tngrg snouch nkrhcy jg projcgas l` tng two dksgsk`kcysgh. Mlrstcy, wltn ovgr o`g nu`hrgh brkvgs gkdn, tngstktlstldkc jksls mor l`mgrg`dgs ls sou`h, ò akttgr tngùajgr om alssl`b hgkh. Tgdo`hcy, o` tng hgaobrkpnld slhgtnkt mlburg wnldn ls soagtlags gstlaktgh to ru` l`to tngtnousk`hs, dk` aorg rgkclstldkccy jg put kt two nu`hrgh kttng aost (k`h tnkt ls k do`sgrvktlvg gstlaktg). Ng`dg,(sodlkc) l`mgrg`dgs mroa tng dgagtgrlgs wlcc òt jg wlchcyomm tng akre kctnoubn tng stktlstldkc do`hltlo` om (sodlkccy)rk`hoa sgcgdtlo` mor l`dorporktlo` l`to tng brkvgykrh nksprojkjcy òt jgg` agt.

Ks rgbkrhs alssl`b hktk l` tng brkvgykrhs, lts l`dlhg`dg

snouch jg rktngr sakcc (jkrrl`b orbk`ld aktgrlkcs) ks aostbrkvg blmts nkvg jgg` jurlgh kt hgptns om 76 da or aorg,

;>8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

l`hldktors krg krrow tlps k`h khzgs9 tnlde khzgs kt Gcscoo,k`h mckt o`gs kt @lghgragrz. Kt Gcscoo rujjl`b sto`gs k`hrgh odnrg krg l`hldktors om mgakcg bg`hgr jut k` gqulvkcg`tmgakcg sgt om blmts dk`òt jg rgdo`strudtgh mroa tngsurvlvl`b rgakl`s kt @lghgragrz. Xnkt wky, mgakcgs doagto jg hgml`gh ks "‘lA" ('ò`-akcg'), ks lm tngrg wgrg òl`hgpg`hg`t mgakcg spngrg kttgstgh l` tng brkvg blmts kt@lghgragrz. Ks otngr hlag`slo`s nkvg jgg` rgprgsg`tgh l`slalckr wkys l` tng two dgagtgrlgs (g.b., akcg rgprgsg`tk-tlo`, gapnksls o` akl` orlg`tktlo`, kaou`ts k`h rk`bgs omblmts l` l`hlvlhukc brkvgs pklr-jo`hl`b broupl`b l` ckrbgr

Xkjgc ;=. Hlstrljutlo` om hgdorktlvg hgslb`s jy bg`hgr.D9 durvlcl`gkr hgslb`5 Z9 rgdtlcl`gkr hgslb` hktk mor Gcscoo mroa ]khg ]gchg ;<2<, ;<7.

Gcscoo @lghgragrz

A M x A M ^

D o r ZD & Z

2=

;= 4:

:=>

<8

> ;84

totkc ;4 ;= 7 48 ;4 > ;2



blmts l l hlvlhukc brkvgs, pklr-jo hl b, broupl b l ckrbgrbroups, aktrlcl`gkrlty, gtd.) lt cooes ks lm mgakcg jurlkcs kt@lghgragrz nkvg jgg` akregh jy blmts akhg mroapgrlsnkjcg aktgrlkc sudn ks sngccs or wooh, sl`dg cost.

Xngrg krg two do`sgqug`tlkc hlmmgrg`dgs jgtwgg` Honr`-Lnalb's k`kcysls k`h al`g. Mlrstcy, sng do`slhgrs kcc khzgs k

akcg l`hgx ‘ lt tng` moccows tnkt kcaost kcc brkvgs wltntwo or aorg blmts jgco`b to akcgs, cgkvl`b tng poorgrbrkvgs to mgakcgs k`h 'u`hlstl`bulsngh' akcgs. AyVrl`dlpkc Doapo`g`ts K`kcysls subbgsts k sgpkrktlo` omtnlde k`h mckt khzgs (l` cl`g wltn k` gkrclgr k`kcysls om tngusg wgkr om tngsg toocs jy Honr`-Lnalb), wnldn rgsucts l` kcgss copslhgh hlstrljutlo` om wgkctn ovgr akcg k`h ò`-akcgbrkvgs. Tgdo`hcy, ngr g`h clst om 'akcg' kttrljutgs mor tng@lghgragrz dgagtgry kcso l`dcuhgs rujjl`b sto`gs k`h rgh

odnrg (kcso do`trkry to ay ml`hl`bs), prgdlsgcy tng l`hldgsom 'mgakcg' jurlkcs kt Gcscoo. Lm tng Gcscoo dgagtgry wgrg

Ml`kccy, tng jksld sodlkc strudturg ls kppkrg`tcy slalckr jotn dgagtgrlgs9 aktrlcl`gkrlty ls mklrcy gvlhg`t. \gttng bgobrkpnldkc sgpkrktlo` om tng two nkjltktlo` krdks‘ Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg mor @lghgragrz, k`h Brkgtnglhg cGcscoo ‘ nks nkh nlstorldkc gmmgdts l` tng gagrbg`dg omhlmmgrg`t ducturkc spgdlkcltlgs (k bgobrkpnldkc vkrlktlo` tng tngag om 'ducturkc hlstl`dtlo`', ks hgsdrljgh jyJourhlgu) sudn ks k` gapnksls o` nu`t or wkr kt@lghgragrz, k sclbntcy aorg gbkcltkrlk` sodlgty kt Gcscook`h tnkt wglrh pngòagò` om hlstl`dt akl` orlg`tktlo`s omtng brkvg plts. Xnkt wky lt nks jgg` snow` tnkt wltnl` ourdktgbory 'Jk`hegrkale' do`slhgrkjcg vkrlktlo` (kcjglt o`doaao` tngags) snouch jg kdeòwcghbgh, gvg` ovgrrgcktlvgcy sakcc bgobrkpnldkc hlstk`dgs.

;>7 V. ]K@ HG ]GCHG - HWTX K@H KTNGT

4 L` ;<2< L kcso l`dorporktgh u`hgdorktgh dgrk alds wltn tng akcgb`vd mualsnl`bs. Xnls dktgbory ls l`hggh kssyagtrldkccyhlscrljutgh kao`b tng pucktlvg bg`hgr dckssgs, wltn kprgpo`hgrk`dg l` akcg brkvgs. wnlcg tng rgvgrsg ls trug morhgdorktgh «krg. Nowgvgr. ks hlsdussgh jgcow. dcosgr k`kcyslssnows tnkt tng hltïgrg`dgs krg òt slb`lmldk`t.

8 Toadtn l`b slalckr aky nkvg jgg` tng dksg wltn tng l`tgrag`t l`brkvg :7 (dm. Aohhgrak` ;<26, pl. ;4:) kctnoubn tng gvlhg`dg lsaorg kajlbuous.

7 Xngrg krg soag alòr l`do`slstg `dlgs l` ngr tgxt. G.b‐ brkvg >8ls ckjgcgh 'mdakcg' o` p, ;62. jut ls l`dorporktgh kao`b tng 'akcg'

hlstl`bulsngh tnlde khzgs mroa mckt o`gs, woregh ks pck`gs k`h ksdnlsgcs, rgspgdtlvgcy. Aorgovgr, l` k stuhy om khzg hlstrljutlo`s(l` wnldn L hlh òt hlmmgrg`tlktg to typg) L mou`h tnkt tngy wgrgslb`lmldk`tcy rgcktgh to tng ckrbgr sgttcgad`ts, k`h wltnl` tngvlcckbgs to tng ckrbgr nousgtypgs (]k` hg ]gchg ;<<6) ‘ mroawnldn lt dk` jg l`mgrrgh tnkt tngrg ls aorg kjout tnga tnk` slapcgtgdnòtoocs. Xng o`g u`qugstlo`kjcg houjcì oddurrg`dg l` tng@lghgragrz dgagtgry (brkvg `r <4) jgl`b prgdlsgcy l` k brkvg wltnk vgry 'outck`hlsn' l`vg`tory rg`hgrs lt k hujlous do`trljutlo` coHonr`-Lnalb's krbuag`t5 tng otndr twl` oddurrg`dg (brkvg `r =6)douch nkvg jgg` oddkslo`dh jy tng cktgr drgaktlo` brkvg `r =;duttl`b l`to lt (Honr`-Lnalb ;<>4, 2:).Rltn sgpkrktg hlstrljutlo`s om Lng two typgs ks l` @lghgragrz, lt ls



brkvgs l` tng ckjcg o` p. ;;:5 or brkvg 2: wnldn ls 'akcg' o`p. ;62. vs. 'ullhgml`kjcd. projkjcy mgakcg or dnlch' o` p. ;;4.

= Rny Honr`-Lnalb lbòrgs k` gkrclgr k`kcysls om ngrs (Honr`;<>6) ls oc gcgkr to ag. O` tng jksgs om usgwgkr k`h nkmtl`b sng

sakcQ wo`hgr tnkt o`g Vrl`dlpkc Doapo`g`t snows jlpockrdnkrkdtgrlstlds mor tng two typgs, wltn cokhl`bs om -.27 k`h +.==,k`h dorrgspo`hl`bcy stro`b sgpkrktlo` om tng kssodlktgh brkvgs.Nowgvgr, Honr`-Lnalb rgports tnkt k Mkdtor K`kcysls hlh òt jrl`bout k sgpkrk tlo` om tng two (Honr` Lnalb ;<>4, 2:).



LT2 V. ]K@ HG ]GCHG - HWTX K@H KTNGT

rgmgrg`dgs

Kuhou/g. L5.

Dckreg, H.C.

;<28 L`trohudtlo` k ck agtnohg hu sdkcobrkaag prlvlcgblg, Bkcclk Vrìnlstolrg ;2, :2<-:>4.

;<=> K`kcytldkc Krdnkgocoby. Co`ho`9 Agtnug`.

Doègy, A.R. ;<<; Do`tgxts om kdtlo`, do`tgxts mor powgr9 aktgrlkc ducturg k`h bg`hgr l` tng Akbhkcg`lk`.L`9 I.A. Bgro/A.R. Doègy (ghs)9 G`bg`hgrl`b krdnkgocoby - woag` k`h prgnlstory.Oxmorh9 Jckdewgcc 72 <:



Doègy. A.R..L.A. Bgl O

Honr`, A.

Honr`-cnalb, A.

Bg``gp, K. vk`

Oxmorh9 Jckdewgcc, 72-<:.

;<<; Xg`slo`s, pcurkcltlgs. k`h d`bg`hgrl`b krdnkgocoby 9 k` l`trohudtlo` to woag` l`prgnlstory. L`9 I.A. Bgro/A.R. Doègy (ghs), G`bg`hgrl`b krdnkgocoby - woag` k`h

prgnlstory. Oxmorh9 Jckdewgcc, 4-46.

;<>6 Wgjgrcgbu`bg` zur ]grwg`hu`b jk`hegrkalsdngr Hgdnsgc kumbru`h hgr Bgjrkudnsspurg`,

Mu`hjgrldntg kus Ngssg ;</:6, =<-2>.

;<24 Bruppg` l` hgr ió`bgrg` òrhwgstcldnd` Cl`lg`jk`hegrka le, Krdnóocoblsdngs Eorrgs- po`hg`zjcktt 4(4), :2<-:>2.

;<>4 Hks jk`hegrkalsdng Brkjgrmgch vo` Kchg`novg`-@lg hgragrz, Ergls Hurg`. L`9R. Tdnwgccùs gt kc., Krdnkocoblg l` hg Zngl`lsdng` Cýmljýrhg`. Eýc`9 Zngl`ck`h]grckb, 82-;<6.

;<6< Cgs rltgs hg pksskbg. (G`b. trk`sc. ;<=6, ;<229 Xng rltgs om pksskbg. Co`ho` & Ng`cgy9Zoutcghbg k`h Egbk` Vkuc.)

LTT K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

]glt, W.

]gchg, V. vk` hg

Rknc I

;<>< Jk`hegrkal sdng Tlghcu`bsjgstkttu`bg` - zur sozlkcg` Eo`struetlo` hgs Xohgs la mróng`@gocltnleua. Vkpgr rgkh mor tng Krjgltsbgagl`sdnkmt @gocltnleua kt Mrkèmurt, Aky;<><.

;<2= Gl` pkrkhlbaktlsdngs Ecksslmlektlo`ssdngak zur ]grzlgru`b hgr Jk`hegrkal e l` Jkygr`.

Krdnkocoblsdngs Eorrgspo`hd`zecktt =, ;6<-;;=.

;<2< O` Jk`hegrkale Todlkc Ttrudturg. K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ;:.

;<<6 Jk`hegrkal e sodlkc l`gqukclty - k dksg stuhy. Bgrak`lk =>(;). ;<-4>.



Rknc, I.,N.B. Eý`lb

Ylaagrak``, K.

;<>2 K`tnropocoblsdn -trkuakt ocoblsdng W`tgrsudnu`bg` hgr ag`sdnc ldng` Tegcgttrgstg kus hga

jk`hegrkalsdng` Akssg`br kj jgl Xkcngl a. Ergls Nglcjro``. Mu`hjgrldntg kus Jkhg`-Rórttgajgrb ;:, =7-;<4.

;<>> Ttgl`g. L`9 W. Jogcldeg gt kc., Hgr jk`hegrkalsdng Tlghcu`bspcktz Ck`bwglcgr >, Bgagl`hgKchd`novg`, Ergls Hurg`. Zngl`lsdng Kusbrkju`bg` :> (LL), 7=<-2>2.

Vlgtgr vk` hg ]gchg

Hgpkrtag`t om' Krdnkgocoby

V.O. Jox <7;7

@C-:466 ZK Cglhg`

M.X.T. Jrou`g` K Xkcg om tng W`gxpgdtgh9 @gocltnld snkmt al`gs ktp. Vlogbkgrt ]kceg`jurb kk` hg Bguc (Clajurb, tng @gtngrck`hs)

wltn k do`trljutlo`jy K.G. hg Nl`bn

L` tng mlrst pkrt om tnls pkpgr wg modus o` tng prl`dlpkc Akkstrldnt Moraktlo` l` soutn-wgst Clajurb k`h k `glb



L tng mlrst pkrt om tnls pkpgr wg modus o tng prl dlpkcdnkrkdtgrlstlds om k cltnld rkw aktgrlkc typg eòw` ks]kceg`jurb mcl`t k h o` dnroòcobldkc kspgdts omlts usg l`

prgnlstory. L` tng sgdo`h pkrt tng rgsucts om k trlkc gxdkvktlo`kt k rgdg t cx hlsgovgrgh produrgag`t sltg wltn snkmts k`hbkccgrlgs kt ]kceg`jurb kk` hg Bguc krg hgkct wltn.

; . Lc cc c (ALAL LNLL L

Hurl`b k survgy l` ;<26 bgocoblsts dkag kdross k sgrlgsom prgnlstorlg (cl`t produrgag`t sltgs l` tng vkccgy scopgs`gkr ]kceg`jurb kk` hg Bguc (Mgchgr/Josdn ;<2;k, ;<2;j).Xng typg om mcl`t gxtrkdtgh wks `kagh ]kceg`jurb mcl`tkmtgr tng au`ldlpkclty do`dgr`gh. K prgclal`kry l`vg`toryom krdnkgocobldkc ml`hs mroa tng rgblo` snowgh tnkt soagworesnops k`h gxpcoltktlo` zo`gs nkh jgg` eòw` to codkc

kaktgur krdnkgocoblsts mor k co`b tlag (Jrou`g` gt kc.;<<4). L` prlvktg doccgdtlo`s, hktl`b jkde to tng tnlrtlgs,

Akkstrldnt Moraktlo l soutn wgst Clajurb k h k glbjourl`b pkrt om Jgcblua (Mgchgr ;<27j, ;<><5 Akrldn;<>4, 2). Rltnl` tnls moraktlo` tng vgrtldkc hlstrljutlo` mcl`t ckygrs ls claltgh to k mgw strktlbrkpnldkc u`lts Xnoubn l` tng @geua Dnkce sporkhldkccy k mcl`t òhaky oddur (Mgchgr ;<><, :=5 Mgchgr gt kc. ;<2<, >), tng rkwaktgrlkc ls mou`h l` gxpcoltkjcg quk`tltlgs akl`cy l` tnTdnlgpgrsjgrb k`h l` tng Gakgc Dnkce (Mgchgr ;<27k, :

Xng norlzo`tkc hlstrljutlo` om mcl`t òhucgs wltnl` tnjghs vkrlgs codkccy. L` soag pckdgs tngrg ls k do`dgòm tngsg, wngrgks l` otngrs o`cy k mgw sdkttgrgh òhjg mou`h or ò`g kt kcc (Mgchgr/Josdn ;<2;k, ;6). L` Tdnlgpgrsjgrb Dnkce tnglr snkpg ls aostcy lrrgbuckr, jcodkccy gvg` tkjuckr k`h òhuckr mcl`ts oddur (Mgch7=>, ;<><, :7). L` tng Gakgc Dnkce tng mcl`ts krg aor

cgss gvg`cy snkpgh (ljlh., :=). Gspgdlkccy tng tkjuckròhucgs dk` jg strlel`bcy jlb (Mgchgr gt kc. ;<2<, 2, 86), up

;<6 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@T;K :7





;<: K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



;<4 M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

tng krgk, tnkt tor lts rldn`gss l` cltnld ml`hs nks sl`dg co`bkttrkdtgh tng kttg`tlo` om ak`y kaktgur krdnkgocoblsts, lsclegcy to jg rgcktlvgcy nlbn doapkrgh to tng mroa kdoccgdtors' pol`t om vlgw cgss "kttrkdtkjcg" rktngr "gapty"dg`trkc pkrts om tng coss pcktgkus to tng òrtn om lt.Do`sgqug`tcy tng sggal`bcy slb`lmldk`t rgcktlo` jgtwgg` tngml`hs do`dgr`gh k`h bgocobldkc kspgdts om tng rgblo` akyrgprgsg`t òtnl`b aorg tnk` k sakcc mrkdtlo` om k vglc om

krtgmkdts tnkt dkag l`to jgl`b ks k rgsuct om tng skag ò`-produrdag`t-rgcktgh kdtlvltlgs tkel`b pckdg l` hlmmgrg`tck`hsdkpgs. Kmtgr kcc Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale ml`hs krg kcsoeòw` mroa tng alhhcg Clajurb dovgrsk`h krgk (Jrou`g`

mor toocs tnkt mucmlcc k ngkvy huty tkse. Lt snouch tnkt tng kssuaptlo` om k` l`drgksgh prohudtlo` mor tngaoag`t rktngr ls jksgh o` ojsgrvktlo`s kt k`h hktk mroagxpcoltktlo` zo`gs k`h woresnops, tnk` o` tng ùajgr omtoocs rgdovgrgh l` l`hlvlhukc sgttcgag`t sltgs. Xng usg ]kceg`jurb mcl`t mor tng prohudtlo` om kxgs stkrts l` tAlhhcg @gocltnld K, kt k` gkrcy stkbg om tng AldngcDucturg (AE). Kt Eosckr ;6 k mckeg om k poclsngh

]kceg`jurb kxg wks mou`h l` k plt, l` kssodlktlo` wltnpottgry mroa tng ochgr pnksgs om tng AE (Akrldnkc ;<Xng kssgajckbg mroa tng sltg doaprlsgs k mgw krtgmkaorg om tng rkw aktgrlkc typg do`dgr`gh kao`b wnldn



e ow mroa tng alhhcg Clajurb dovgrsk h krgk (Jrou g;<>75 ]k` hgr Brkkm ;<>25 Taggts ;<<;k, ;<<;j, ;<<;d5Rk`scgdjg` ;<>2). Xng proxlalty om aost om tng krtgmkdtsmorg-ag`tlo`gh to produrgag`t sltgs cgkhs us to supposgnowgvgr tnkt tngy projkjcy wgrg cost or hlsdkrhgh jy"worel`b pkrtlds" g`bkbgh l` tng kdqulsltlo` om rkwaktgrlkc k`h projkjcy tng prohudtlo` om jckès. K cyhltgkh/o k`h k mckeg om kòtngr o`g wks mou`h kt Zlidenoct(Rggrts ;<<6), l`jgtwgg` k` gxpcoltgh outdrop om Zlidenoctmcl`t (Tdnoo`g Bruj) k`h k ]kceg`jurb mcl`t gxpcoltktlo`zo`g 276 a to tng òrtn om lt (pgrs. doa. B. Mo`tgli`,Hulzgc). Kt Jk`noct-Hg Ngl, kt kjout :76 a mroa tngrgslhukc Zlidenoct Nl`t produrgag`t sltg (@list ;<44), twokapnljocltg khzgs. k ù`ljdr om aghlocltnld jckhg dorgs k`hsoad typocobldkccy Gkrcy @gocltnld mcl`t toocs nkvg jgg`doccgdtgh ovgr tng ygkrs jy N. @gclssg` (Jk`noct). K cyhltgkh k `h k k l j A ]k`h k

aorg om tng rkw aktgrlkc typg do dgr gh, kao b wnldntwo otngr mrkbag`ts om kxgs (ljlh.). L` kcc ]kceg`jurb moras cgss tnk` nkcm k pgr dg`t om tng totkcc mcl`t l`(Nýn` ;<>8).* Kt Akkstrldnt-Eclègrs (Xngu`lssg` ;<<6clegwlsg jut k mgw plgdgs wgrg mou`h (ljlh5 Tdnrgurvocuag). Xng mlcc om k rgmusg plt kt k rgdg`tcy hlsdAE sltg kt Akkstrldnt-]obgczk`b do`tkl`gh tng ghbg omkxg (docc. J.E`lppgcs, Akkstrldnt). L` k` kssgajckbg mrktngr u`do`tkal`ktgh AE surmkdg sdkttgr kt ]kceg`jurbNgu`sjgrb, prgsuakjcy rgprgsg`tl`b k sgttcgag`t sltg, tnmcl`t typg ls prgsg`t kao`b otngr tnl`bs l` tng mora omakdrocltnld sdrkpgrs k`h ckrbg jckhg dorgs (docc. N. VK slalckr sltg kt @utn-Brlizgbrujjg` rgvgkcgh soag wkaktgrlkc, rojust sdrkpgrs k`h k mckeg om k poclsngh k(docc. K. vk` Hglide, Nog`sjroge).

Rltn tng AE òt o`cy dnk`bgh tng wky l` wnldn tng r

;<8 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

krgk, soag mckegs om poclsngh ]kceg`jurb kxgs wgrg mou`h(Ksaussg`/Aorgg ;<>2, ;6;). Xng mlcc om k rgmusg plt (NR;/844) kt Nkssgcswglcgr ; do`tkl`gh "]ckkrhl`bg`" pottgryk`h kao`b otngr tnl`bs sgvgrkc krtgmkdts om ]kceg`jurb mcl`t(Tdnwltkcck ;<>8, 7>)<. Xng rkw aktgrlkc om k ùajgr omkxgs tnkt k`tgdghg`t to tng gxdkvktlo` om tng rktngru`do`tkal`ktgh (Couwg Eooliak`s ;<>4) Ttgl` Broup sltgGdnt-Eo`l`bsjosdn :2 wgrg doccgdtgh kt tng surmkdg, kt tngtlag wks hgsdrljgh ks "qukrtzltld mcl`t" (]k` Nkkrg`/Aoh-hgrak` ;<24, ;;). Agk`wnlcg tngsg toocs nkvg kppgkrgh tojg akhg om ]kceg`jurb mcl`t (pgrs. doa. I. Tdnkkp, Bgcgg`).M k k kd dk l T l`

(Jgdegrs/Jgdegrs ;<865 Nooligr ;<=;) k`h k ùajgrstrkyml`hs om jro`zg kxgs (g.b. Jrou`g` ;<>>5 Rlccgas;<>4) tng krgk stlcc ls hgvolh om ducturkc rgakl`s`glbnjourl`b Znl`gck`h k`h kt Akkstrldnt-Kujgchomrkbag`ts om ]kceg`jurb mcl`t kxgs nkvg jgg` moGkrcy Lro` Kbg rgmusg plts (Krork ;<>=j, 445 pgJ. E`lppgcs, Akkstrldnt). Cgkvl`b out om do`slhgrpossljlclty om do`tkal`ktlo` wltn ochgr krtgmkdts, oddkslo`kc usg om "plde-ups" dk` òt jg rucgh outprohudtlo` om ]kceg`jurb mcl`t toocs kmtgr kt tngGkrcy Jro`zg Kbg mor tng aoag`t sggas rktngr u`c

` ` ` )



Murtngraorg tngrg krg sgvgrkc surmkdg sdkttgrs wltn Ttgl`k`h Iu`b`gocltleua : pottgry or bulhg krtgmkdts, tnkt nkvgylgchgh ]kceg`jurb mcl`ts (Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg ;<22, 8<=,74:, ;<2<j, 4>=-8665 Tdnrgurs ;<<;5 Krork ;<>=k). Xngkrtgmkdts om tnls rkw aktgrlkc typg tnkt nkvg jgg` gxdkvktghkt tng alxgh Ttgl` Broup sltg om Bglstl`bg` (Ngyak`s/]graggrsdn ;<>4) krg tnoubnt to nkvg jgg` prohudgh o`mcl`t troa brkvgc hgposlts (ljlh.94<).

Mcl`t krtgmkdts tnkt typocobldkccy dk` jg kttrljutgh to tngCktg @gocltnld Jgkegr pgrloh krg òt sdkrdg l` prlvktgdoccgdtlo`s l` Clajurb. Toag om tng tk`bgh-k`h-jkrjghpol`ts ojsgrvgh krg akhg om ]kceg`jurb mcl`t, tnktkhalttghcy aky nkvg jgg` doccgdtgh l` brkvgc jghs. Xngùajgr om pottgry mrkbag`ts (Jgdegrs/Jgdegrs ;<865

Jursdn ;<44, <:) k`h kssgajckbgs mroa l`hlsputkjcy"purg" sltgs l` tng soutngr` pkrt om tng provl`dg o` tng

(dm. Bro`g`jor` ;<<:, ;>=5 Hg Brootn ;<<;).L` tng Zoak` pgrloh tng usg om tng rkw aktgrlk

dnk`bgh to tnkt om julchl`b sto`gs mor tng mou`hvlccks.

L` do`dcuslo` lt dk` jg put tnkt ]kceg`jurb mcl`taost otngr sultkjcg cltnld rkw aktgrlkcs, wks usgh out k ckrbg pkrt om tng sto`g kbg. Lt nks l` doaaootngr mcl`t typgs ks wgcc, tnkt k co`b pgrloh om cgvgc usg ls moclowgh jy k` l`tg`slmldktlo` om tnprodurgag`t, l` k pgrloh wng` lts spgdlmld cltnocopropgrtlgs jgst agt tng rgqulrgag`ts om k `gw krtgmtnkt ls kxg jckhgs. Iuhbl`b mroa tng hktk kvklckjctng gxpcoltktlo` sggas to nkvg jgg` "stgppgh up" cowgr rktg tnk` tnkt om Zlidenoct mcl`t. Lt aky nk

ducal`ktgh kt tng tlag wng` tng produrgag`t om tngmcl`t typg wks brkhukccy cgvgccl`b omm doapkrg


sltg om tng do`tgaporkry XZJ-ducturg (Jguegr ;<>=). Toagom tng soutngr` Cousjgrb kxgs doccgdtgh aky nkvg jgco`bghto agajgrs om tng Algngcsjgrb Ducturg popucktlo`(Bro`g`jor` ;<<:5 ]k` Nkkrg`/Aohhgrak` ;<24, ;25Couwg Eooliak`s/]grnkrt ;<<65 Rgl`gr ;<>=). Jgslhgs jyDL8 hktgs troa tng produrgag`t sltg ltsgcm, tng kssuaptlo`ls mortlmlgh jy ml`hs kt mor gxkapcg Eosckr ;6 (Kchg`-novg`gr Vckttg ;<>;, :7=), Nkajkdn ;; (Bro`g`jor` ;<<:),

Xnlguslgs (]graggrsdn/]y`delgr/Rkctgr ;<<6, 2, =4) k`h l`tng kjovg-ag`tlo`gh surmkdg sdkttgr kt @utn-Brlizgbrujjg`.K` kssgajckbg mroa tng soutngràost pkrt om Clajurb(Gl`rkhg Nocsgt9 Krork/Mrk`zg` ;<>2 :2) goaprlsgs

L` tgstplts tng kssuagh prkdtldg om opg` gxpcoltktlodo`mlragh jy tng u`dovgrl`b om snkccow hlbbl`bs wltnakxlaua hgptn om kjout ;.< a. Nlbngr up tng scopg k trgom 7.7 a co`b, ; a wlhg k`h 4 a hggp, suè l`to tng soclGakgc dnkce, wks hlsdovgrgh. Kt jotn gxtrgaltlgs lt kppto jg gxtg`hgh wltn sakcc sujtgrrk`gk` worel`bs, wnldnakhg tnls gxtrkdtlo` pol`t k trug mcl`t al`g. Xng ckrbgstngsg agksurgs :.7 a co`b jy ;.7 a wlhg. K `krrow

pksskbg l` lts slhg-wkcc do``gdtgh lt wltn tng bkccgry khikdg`t al`g.Kao`b tng gxdkvktgh krtgmkdts k`tcgr ojigdts wgrg

d ` ldl kj ` X l` ' l ` d ` l h



(Gl rkhg-Nocsgt9 Krork/Mrk zg ;<>2, :2) goaprlsgsjgslhgs Cousjgrb k`h Tlapgcvgch mcl`t krtgmkdts soagtk`bgh-k`h-jkrjgh pol`ts (ojsgrvktlo` jy o`g om tngkutnors). wnldn aky gxtg`h tng spk` om qukrryl`b kt tngCousjgrb l`to tng Jgkegr pgrloh. Kmmlraktlo` mor tnls lsblvg` jy Bro`g`jor` (;<<:, ;>=), ag`tlo`l`b soag tk`bgh-k`h-jkrjgh pol`ts akhg om tng rkw aktgrlkc typg u`hgrdo`slhgrktlo`. To lt kppgkrs tnkt tng tlag spk` l` wnldnCousjgrb mcl`t wks usgh mor tng prohudtlo` om kxgs ls tooco`b to akeg tngsg toocs k sktlsmkdtory dnroòcobldkc akregrmor woresnops k`h tnus mcl`t gxpcoltktlo` l` tng ]kceg`jurbrgblo`.

Kòtngr rkw aktgrlkc typg tnkt stk`hs out mor lts"gxotld" qukclty snouch jg ag`tlo`gh, `kagcy Zoalb`y-

Cnìry mcl`t (Krts ;<>=5 3 . Hg Brootn ;<>4). K nk`hmucom krtgmkdts, doaprlsl`b u`poclsngh rojust jckhgs, jckhg-

do`spldlouscy kjsg`t. Xng al`grs' lapcgag`ts do`slstghkcaost gxdcuslvgcy om òtdngh mcl`t pldes, so-dkccgh Egrj-sdnckbgc (Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg ;<>6, :>;5 Rgl`gr/Rglsbjgr ;<>6).

L` tng dnkce-rujjcg hgposlt om tng trg`dn tng rgakl`k ngkrtn wgrg mou`h tnkt do`tkl`gh dnkrdokc pkrtldcg

Kcùs spgd. Jy agk`s om rkhlo-dkrjo` hktl`b tng kbg omal`g wks gstkjclsngh kt 8446 » =6 JV (Br@-;<>4:), tnkjgtwgg` 4:>6 k`h :2>6 dkc J.D. (mlb. :85 Jrou`g` gt kc.;<<4).;6 Xnls rgsuct, tnkt ls qultg l` kddorhk`dg wltn tnhktg eòw` mor kòtngr gxpcoltktlo` sltg l` tng ]kceg`jrgblo` (Mgchgr ;<>;), l`hldktgs tnkt tng mcl`t mroa tngJlgjosdn al`g nks jgg` gxtrkdtgh jy al`grs om tng Ttgl`Broup.

8 Mcl`t al`gs kt tng Vcgègrtstrkkt

;% K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



Mlburg 8. ]kceg jurb-Vcgègrt-strkkt. Bkccgrlgs (al gs L, LL, LLL) dutjy dnkce qukrryl`b.

qukrryl`b. Rng` k` khikdg`t pkrt om tng rode-mkdg opposltgom tng Cgguw jrgwgry wks gxkal`gh two pkrtlkccy sgdtlo`ghsnkmts wgrg hlsdovgrgh (mlb. 7). Mroa tnglr hlag`slo`s k`h

snkpg k`h mroa tng bgocobldkc kspgdts om tng sltg lt douch jgl`mgrrgh tnkt tngsg mgkturgs rgprgsg`tgh k` u`gxpgdtgh

jgdkusg om rokh do`strudtlo` k`h tng julchl`b om powhgr alcc l` tng gkrcy ;<tn dg`tury or prgvlousc(mlb. =). O` tnkt oddkslo` k zo`g wltn nypotngtldk

opg` gxtrkdtlo` k`h mcl`t prohudtlo` aky nkvg botRnkt ls cgmt ls k `krrow rga`k`t om k` gxpcoltktlo




C<> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

Mlburg =. ]kceg`jurb-Vcgègrtstrkkt. Dross-sgdtlo` om tng cowgrpkrt om tng vkccgy scopg k`h tngBguc vkccgy jottoa.

+;46.66 @KV+>=.=; @KV

Al`gs

+=7,>; @K

6 a :7 a



mkuct

Ckuao`t Norlzo`

Zoao`tjos Norlzo`

]LL



:(^) K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



Mlburg ;6. ]kceg`jurb-Vcgègrt-strkkt. Vlge akres l` tng wkcc om ksnkmt (al`g L]).

rlvgr (ljlh.). Jgtwgg` al`g LLL k`h L] k alòr mkuct sggas Xng roubncy dlrduckr snkpg om tng hggp snkm

:6; M.X.T. J ZOW@G@ K@ H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

Mlburg ;;. ]kceg jurb-Vcgègrtstrkkt. Tdngaktld rgprgsg tktlo` om tng rgsucts om tng trlkc gxdkvktlo .T9 snkmt5 B9 bkccgry5 M9 mcl t hgjrls5 X9 toocs5 D9 dnkrdokc5 Va9 plge akres.

al`g rgakl`shlkagtrg

snkmthgptnsnkmt

ml`hs pkrtlduckrs

L (TLD, 2 »8a M X VaLL B 2 » 8 a M X D -LLL B 2 » 8 a M X VaL] T(B) 0: .2a = a M X D Va] T 0 ;.2 a ? M -]L B 2 2 M -]LL T 0 = a 0 >.7 a - Va



tnkt k ckrbg dnuè wks wghbgh jgtwgg` tng mcoor k`h tngdglcl`b, prgsuakjcy to support k pkrt om tng ckttgr (mlb. ;8).Xng hgposlt o` top om tng rujjcg doaprlsgs k sgrlgs omckygrs do`slstl`b om k alxturg om coka, brkvgc k`h dnkce.Xng strktlbrkpny k`h tng ckal`ktgh strudturg om soag ckygrsl`hldktgs tnkt tng mlccl`b om tng snkmt kt cgkst l` pkrt wks kbrkhukc `kturkc prodgss. Vkrt om tng sghlag`t nks g`tgrghtng bkccgrlgs k`h l` soag l`stk`dgs mlccgh tnga up. L` tngsnkccow al`gs slct aky ks wgcc nkvg pg`gtrktgh tng bkccgrlgstnroubn mlssurgs l` tng rode.

L`moraktlo` o` tng prodgssl`b om gxtrkdtgh mcl`t o` tngsltg wks prgsuakjcy cost wltn tng kjovg-ag`tlo`gh;<tn dg`tury dnkce qukrryl`b. L` tng vldl`lty om tng al`gs

dcosg to tng brou`h cgvgc, ks ls rgmcgdtgh jy hgvlktlodocour k`h tgxturg k`h to k cgssgr gxtg`t tng dortgx. Xtoocs krg akl`cy prohudgh o` ckrbg prlakry mckegs k`hcuaps om "cgss sultkjcg" rkw aktgrlkc, sudn ks mcl`t mosslcs, dnkce-mlccgh dkvltlgs or drkdes. Jgslhgs hgjr"sgdo`h-rktg" aktgrlkc booh qukclty mcl`t wks usgh, jsdkrdgcy. Iuhbl`b mroa tng do`tgxt tngy wgrg mou`h l`to jg gxpgdtgh tnkt aost om tng lapcgag`ts l` o`g wky kòtngr nkvg jgg` usgh l` tng prodgss om rkw aktgrlkcprodurgag`t. @ot kcc om tnga dk` jg dcksslmlgh ks altoocs tnoubn. Toag krg clegcy to nkvg jgg` gapcoygh tng kdtukc gxtrkdtlo`.

Xng al`grs usgh k hlvgrsg tooc-elt. Mu`dtlo`kccy k






Mlburg ;7. ]kceg`jurb-Vcgègrtstrkkt. Dnkrkdtgrlstlds om tng l`tkdt lapcgag`ts mou`h.

typg om tool wglbnt cg`btn wlhtntnlde`gss jckè worel`bs g`hs a

Egrjsdnckbgc 42: ;8= 24 82 < : L824 ;=: >< 8> mckeg ; 7=6 ;>7 7< 74 ? : 7=2 ;<8 2: 7: mckeg ;=67 ;7= <4 78 mckeg ; =62 ;7; ><

=7 mckeg ;L

=48 ;8> >6 =7 2 :2:6 ;22 >8 7; mckeg ; 248 ;7= <: =2 2 ;

;66: ;=< == => tuj.òhucg ;



;66: ; tuj. ohucg ; ;64> ;>: ;6; 27 dnuè : ;688 ;2> 26 2; 2 : L;;<6 ;<8 ;6; =< mckeg : L8;76 4=6 ;>; 2> dnuè ;

Vlge 74< :46 =2 78 2 ;

Mckeg-kxg =4 ;;< 88 ;= jckhg ; =4 ;:4 87 ;< jckhg ;

;62 ;;8 7; :: mckeg : ;44 ;86 78 :7 2 ;;48 ;;= 7; 46 mckeg ; ;48 ;;= 74 4: mckeg : ;=; ;4> 8< 48 mckeg ; ;=; ;86 7: 42 mckeg ; ;=7 ;;7 =4 44 mckeg ; :6> ;87 7> 48 mckeg ; ::8 ;87 => :> mckeg ;

:67 M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

!



• L

Mlburg ;=. ]kceg`jurb-Vcgègrtstrkkt. Egrjsdnckbgc (al`g L]). Tdkcg ;9:.



:62 M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

om tng ghbg or pol`t k`h tng hlstkc pkrt om tnglr slhgsVowhgry dnkce ls gajghhgh l` mckeg-sdkrs kt tng worg`h. Toag jroeg` plgdgs hlspcky k` g`h snode mrkdturgtng lapcgag`ts nkvg jgg` mou`h l` tng dnkce-rujjcg hgpom tng bkccgrlgs, tngy supposghcy wgrg usgh l` tng alL` vlgw om tng mkdt tnkt l` aost sujtgrrk`gk` worel`bs spkdg ls rktngr drkapgh, tng dcgk`l`b om tng dortgx wnkvg to jg ho`g kt tng jksg om tng snkmt. Do`slhgrl`b

rgcktlvg somt`gss om tng dnkce, tng rgaovkc om tng rsghlag`t douch gkslcy jg u`hgrtkeg` wltn k`y slapcg mcor sdrkpgr. Tl`dg tng ckttgr krtgmkdt typg k`h mckegshlspckyl`b ghbg-hkakbg wgrg mou`h l` tng hgposlt ks (dm jgcow) tnls aky subbgst tnkt òhucgs ckrbgcy wg



Mlburg ;<. ]kceg`jurb-Vcgègrtstrkkt. Zgtoudngh rojust jckhghlspckyl`b usg-wgkr trkdgs kt tng hlstkc pkrt (al`g L). Tdkcg ;9:.

(dm. jgcow), tnls aky subbgst tnkt ohucgs ckrbgcy wgprgpkrgh mor mckel`b u`hgrbrou`h.

Toag doaag`ts snouch jg jg akhg o` tng supposghdortgx dcgk`l`b jy agk`s om "mckeg-kxgs". Mroa tng lt ls dcgkr tnkt pkrt om tng dnkce dkag omm stlcc khngckrbg mckegs, tnkt ls lt wks òt rgaovgh jgmorg tng rgprodgs stkrtgh. Mroa tng kvgrkbg wglbnt k`h akxlauatnlde`gss om tng two dktgg orlgs om toocs (mlb. ;7) lt dl`mgrrgh tnkt "mckeg-kxgs" wgrg l`tg`hgh to mucmlcc "ngkvy" tkse tnk` Egrjsdnckbgc. \gt tngrg ls ò ojvlousrgkso` wny tng dnkce rgaovkc douch òt nkvg jgg` ho`wltn tng skag Tdnckbgc jy agk`s om wnldn tng òhucg wkwo` or slapcy wltn k mckeg (dm. Rgl`gr ;<>=, ;;;). Xngcltnocobldkc propgrtlgs om tng Akkstrldntlk` dnkce krgtnkt k spgdlkc purposg tool mor tng kdtlvlty ag`tlo`gh

:6> K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7



Mlburg:;. ]kceg`jurb-Vcgègrt-strkkt. Mckeg-kxg-cleg lapcgag`t(al`g L). Tdkcg ;9:.

9w M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH



Mlburg :4. ]kceg`jurb-Vcgègrt-strkkt. Mckeg-kxg-cleg lapcgag`t

hlspckyl`b pkrkccgc sdrkcdngs l` tngdortgx, prgsuakjcy hug to dnkcergaovkc (al`g L). @otg tng rgmlttghdnlp kt tng worel b g`h. Tdkcg ;9:.

dnkrkdtgrlstlds tnkt aktdn tnosg om Alhhcg Vkcgocltnld co`bk`h trk`svgrsg snkrpg`l`b mckegs (Dor`morh ;<>=). Xngy wlccnkvg jgg` prohudgh l` tng durktlo` om lapcgag`ts.

Xng o`cy nkaagrsto`g mou`h aky nkvg sgrvgh sgvgrkc

purposgs9 to hgtkdn snkrpg`l`b mckegs to rgaovgprotujgrk`dgs mroa òhucgs or to ho soag prlakry

to k hlmmgrg`t bgocobldkc sgttl`b k`h to hlmmgrg`dgs wky om gxpcoltktlo` (Mojgr/Rglsbgrjgr ;<>6, 87).

Claltl`b k survgy mor k doapkrkjcg cltnld tooc-elt toClajurb produrgag`t k`h prohudtlo` sltgs k`h tnosg mro

tng `glbnjourl`b Jgcblk` krgk lt kppgkrs tnkt rgsgkrdngoddksslo`kccy nkvg doag kdrossE j d kb Xnls typg om

:; 6 K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

mroa Vgppkrh l` G`bck`h (Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg ;<>6, :>;rgmgrrl`b to Vgkeg ;<;8, 86>).

8.7. DNKZDOKCL` tng clagsto`g-rujjcg hgposlt kt tng jksg om bkccgry LL

k`h snkmt L] sdkttgrgh plgdgs om dnkrdokc nkvg jgg` mou`h.Oddkslo`kccy jur`t jlts om dnkce wgrg ojsgrvgh l` bkccgry LL.Jotn dktgborlgs om ml`hs nkvg jgg` gajghhgh l` tng hgposlt

hurl`b tng trk`sport om hgtrltus, so wnlcg tng gxpcoltktlo` wksstlcc bol`b o`.;7 Lt ls u`clegcy tnkt u`hgr tnosg do`hltlo`s tngrgakl`s om k ngkrtn l` tng vldl`lty om tng al`g snouch nkvgg`tgrgh lt ks k hgcljgrktg jkdemlcc. Xng kaou`t om dnkrdokc l`tng bkccgry wks too ckrbg to orlbl`ktg mroa k` kddlhg`tkc mkcc

wo` qultg dcosg to tng wgcc-eòw` produrgag`t slZlidenoct-Tt. Bggrtrulh, tnkt ls l` tng Tkvgcsjosdn;<>6, 7=6).

7. Ml`kc rgakresMroa tng gxdkvktlo`s kt Jlgjosdn k`h Vcgègrts

mroa ojsgrvktlo`s om sgdtlo`gh gxtrkdtlo` u`lts kt l` tng krgk l` jgtwgg`, lt nks jgdoag dcgkr tnkt mc

wks k rgbuckr wky om rkw aktgrlkc gxtrkdtlo` l` jurb rgblo`, kco`b wltn opg` hlbbl`bs. Kcc sltgs dokrg sltuktgh l` tng soutn scopg om tng Bguc ]kccgVcgègrtstrkkt jgl`b k` bgobrkpnldkc gxtg`slo` omsltgs ag`tlo`gh jy Mgchgr (;<27k). Xngy o`dg aky



tng bkccgry wks too ckrbg to orlbl ktg mroa k kddlhg tkc mkccl`to tng snkmt (dm. Josdn/Mgchgr ;<<6, :7:). Xnls lapcldktgstnkt mor wnktgvgr rgkso` k mlrg aky nkvg jgg` akhg kt tngjksg om tng snkmt k`h tng ksngs dcgkrgh kwky kmtgrwkrhs(dm. Tdnlch gt kc. ;<22, 4=, ;:<). Rltn tng jrokh snkmts k`h

snort bkccgrlgs ojsgrvgh k `ggh mor khhltlo`kc clbnt l` tngsujtgrrk`gk` worel`bs dk` nkrhcy jg tng rgkso` soubnt.

8.=. DNZO@OCOB\Xng gxdkvktlo` nks òt rgvgkcgh k`y typocobldkccy

hktkjcg mcl`t krtgmkdts or pottgry sngrhs. Xwo aoag`tswltnl` tng totkc tlag spk` om gxtrkdtlo` wgrg kssgssgh jyrkhlo-dkrjo` hktl`b om dnkrdokc skapcgs mroa tng al`gs LLk`h L]. Xng rgsuctl`b hktgs aktdn up rktngr wgcc, ks ls to jg

gxpgdtgh wltn gxtrkdtlo` u`lts tnkt krg sltuktgh kt snort

g g g jy g g (; ) gy g ymoragh pkrt om k do`tlùous gxpcoltktlo` zo`g om elcoagtgr l` cg`btn, stkrtl`b kt tng Jlgjosdn k`h moom l`kddgssljlclty om tng mcl`t ckygrs doal`b to kVcgègrtstrkkt. W`mortu`ktgcy tng brgktgr pkrt om

scopg ls sgvgrgcy hkakbgh jy dnkce hlbbl`b k`h ojy julchl`bs, so lt ls hlmmlduct to provg tnls suppoTtrkyml`hs om mckegs l` tng mgw pcots spkrgh sgtng kssuaptlo` nowgvgr. Kssual`b tnkt tng optlo` ltnls wouch agk` tnkt, kvgrkbl`b k al`g gvgry 7 a, kdo`slhgrkjcg kaou`t om rkw aktgrlkc wks wo`. Xkkddou`t tnkt tnls ls o`cy o`g om tng produrgag`t sleòw`, lt ls surprlsl`b to ml`h tnkt, kpkrt mroa Bgrcltgrkturg o` rgsgkrdn l` tng Kchg`novg`gr Vckttg

Hutdn pujcldktlo`s o` Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale mcl`t (Bro;<>6 ;<>6/;<>;5 Hg Brootn ;<>= ;<>2) ]kceg`ju

:;; M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

Eggr

Bgjýsdneg

Tk`bg`

Jlgjosdn

` r - ` ; ; r



Vcgègrtstrkkt LL

Vcgègrtstrkkt L]

` ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; r

4766 4666 :766dkc JD

Mlburg :8. ]kceg`jurb. Dkcljrktgh hktgs om k`tcgr toocs k`h dnkrdokc mou`h kt ]kceg`jurb mcl`t produrgag`t sltgs.

Xwo do`slhgrktlo`s, khalttghcy spgducktlvg mor tng tlagjgl`b aky subbgst tnkt tnls ls òt tng dksg Kssual`b tnkt

jgg` hlstrljutgh kco`b tng skag cl`gs om gxdnk`bg ks tCousjgrb dou`tgrpkrts Jotn rkw aktgrlkcs prghoal`k`tc

:;: K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@TLK :7

kcc om tnga krg kxgs. Oddkslo`kccy sakcc mckegs krg mou`hkalhst om hgjrls om otngr mcl`t typgs. Ks ag`tlo`gh kjovgCousjgrb kxgs rgakrekjcy omtg` wgrg mou`h l` ]kceg`jurbmcl`t woresnops. Xnls albnt jg tng rgsuct om tng spgdlmldkttg`tlo` tngsg wkstg do`dg`trktlo`s krg blvg` l` sgkrdn omroubn-outs k`h so jg tng prohudt om k rgdovgry jlks. \gt wgho òt eòw k`y Cousjgrb kxg mroa tng krgk do`dgr`gh tnktnks jgg` mou`h l` k` omm-sltg sltuktlo`, wngrgks strkyml`hsom otngr kxgs ho oddur. Kssual`b tnkt tng kssodlktlo` om tngCousjgrb plgdgs wltn tng krtgmkdt sdkttgrs ls vkclh, kpossljcg gxpck`ktlo` aky jg tng rgtoocl`b k`h rgworel`b omhkakbgh kxg jckhgs, gajghhgh l` tng prohudtlo` om]kceg`jurb mcl`t roubn-outs. Om doursg tnls prgsupposgs tng

`d k kh l` l`b l l`d k b

l`hldktlo` mor k "dcosg rgcktlo`snlp" jgtwgg` tng do`dgr`gh (Vlstgrs ;<>=). Ks rgdg`tcy gapnkslzgh Hg Brootn (;<<;), to g`kjcg o`g to hgdlhg o` tng akdo`troc ovgr rgsourdgs nowgvgr, k doapcgx om hkhlmmgrg`t typgs om sltgs wltnl` tng cltnld prohudtrgqulrgh. Kt prgsg`t mor ò`g om tng rkw aktgrlkcdo`dgr`gh tngsg do`hltlo`s krg mucmlccgh.

Kdeòwcghbgag`tsXng Vcgègrtstrkkt sltg wouch pgrnkps stlcc òt rgdob`lzgh ks k prgnlstorlg aoùag`t wltnout tng l`g`tnouslksa om our mgccow-hlsdovgrgrs Ekrg` vk`k`h Nuj Vlstgrs to wnoa wg krg brgktcy l`hgjtgh. T



prgsg`dg om spkrg jckhgs l` tng worel`b-elt, sl`dg k roubn-out `gghs to jg poclsngh jgmorg nkmtl`b5 tng ml`lsnl`b omm‘ jgl`b k ckjorlous ioj ‘ ls usukccy prgsuagh to nkvgtkeg` pckdg kt tng sgttcgag`t (]graggrsdn ;<>2-;<>>, 2) or,

iuhbl`b mroa gtòbrkpnld l`moraktlo`, kt poclsnl`b"mkdtorlgs" (]lkc ;<86, ;=6).;2

Xng ]kceg`jurb rgblo` ls òt u`lqug l` lts prgsg`dg omkxgs "gxotld" to tng rkw aktgrlkc produrgag`t krgk. O` tngpcktgku ("Ekkp/hg Ngi") jorhgrl`b o` tng gxpcoltktlo` sltgkt Zlidenoct-Tt. Bggrtrulh (dm. Hg Brootn ;<<;, ;72) k brgktùajgr om kxgs k`h mrkbag`ts om tngsg krg mou`h tnkt krgakhg om k rkw aktgrlkc otngr tnk` tng Zlidenoct mcl`t typg(ljlh. ;<<6, ;2=5 pgrs. doa. R. Zogjroges). W`cleg tng

]kceg`jurb krgk Cousjgrb spgdlag` krg rkrg kao`b tngsg

j g g g g y gj gtnkès krg owgh to Vrom. Hr. C.V. Couwg Eooliak`s mjgkrl`b wltn us l` tlags wng` probrgss wks o`cy vkbhlsdgr`kjcg. Rg krg audn ojclbgh to tng Ttldntl`b]kceg`jurb Oanoob, mor kccowl`b us to gxdkvktg o

propgrty. Rg tnkè tng au`ldlpkclty om ]kceg`jurb kBguc, tng mou`hktlo` L` o`sg` Ck`hg vk` ]kcdeg`jotng Nlstorlsdng Erl`b ]kceg`jurb g` Nguvgcck`h moml`k`dlkccy supportl`b tng gxdkvktlo`s. K brgkt ùdoccgkbugs, stuhg`ts k`h kaktgur krdnkgocoblsts eakhg kvklckjcg ygt u`pujclsngh hktk mroa wnldn tpujcldktlo` jg`gmlttgh. Ttuhg`ts k`h kaktgur krdnkgspg`t ‘ khalttghcy pcgksk`t ‘ wgges l` tng mlgch k`do`trljutgh l` akel`b tng gxdkvktlo` suddgssmuc.

I -K Tdngè spg`t pkrt om nls cglsurg hol`b tnosg





:;7 M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

Ksaussd`. V.T.B.,I. Aorgg

Jkehkdn, I.

Jkegcs, D.D.

;<>2 Hg Gwliesg ]gchg`. Gg` hodtorkkcsdrlptlg ovgr jgwo`l`bsrgstg` vk` hg ]ckkrhl`bg`-

ductuur l` ngt oostgclie hggc vk` ngt rlvlgrecglbgnlgh. Cglhg` (L`stltutg om Vrgnlstory).

;<<6 Nkaa-Wg`trop, Kusbrknu`bg` u`h Mu`hg l` Rgstmkcg`-Clppg =k, ;;=.

;<<; Lsgrcon`-Ogstrldn, Kusbrknu`bg` u`h Mu`hg l` Rgstmkcg`-Clppg 2, ;;8.

;<2> Mour Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale sgttcgag`ts k`h tnglr g`vlroàg`t, k pkckgogdocobldkc stuTlttkrh. Ttgl`, Gcscoo k`h Nlg`ngla, K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ;;.

Jkuhkls, H. ;<>2 Cgs ak`dngs g` jols hk`s Lg `ìocltnlqug hu Iurk. l`9 Ck akl` gt ;'outlc5 ak`dngs gt gaak`-dngag`ts prìnlstorlqugs. Xkjcg ro`hg [email protected]. tgùg k Cyo` hu := ku :< òvgajrg sous ck hlrgdtlo` hg H. Ttorhgur. Xrkvkux hg ck Aklso` hg c'Orlg`t ;7, ;<2-:6<.

Jgdegrs, N.I., ;<86 ]oorbgsdnlghg`ls vk` Yulh-Clanurb. Xwl`tlb ikrg` krdnkgocoblsdn o`hgrzoge. Akkstrldnt



g g , ,B.K.I. Jgdegrs

Jguegr, I.Z.

g g g g g g g

;<>4 ]keak`sdnkp l` vuurstgg`. Hg vgrvkkrhlbl`b g` ngt bgjrule vk` vuurstg`g` wgretulbg`l` hg prgnlstorlg. Ausguamo`hs Vujcldktlg >. Kssg`

;<>= Xussg` Bguc g` Hrg`tsg Kk. Gg` Cousjgrbjlic l Ohoor` . bga. Ohoor`, @lguwg Hrg`tsg]oceskcak`ke ;64, ;4=-;8;.

;<>> Gg` jlic vk` Zlidenoct-vuurstgg` tg Xwgghg Gxcoårao`h, bga. Ohoor`, @lguwg Hrg`tsg]oceskcak`ke ;67, ;;7-;:4.

Jl`smgch, R..E.-I. Blccgs,E. Bogtngrt-Vocksdnge.N. Cýnr.N @ortak``

;<>2 Iknrgsjgrldnt hgs Ck`hgskatgs mór Hgèakcpmcgbg, Kjtglcu`b Johg`hgèakcpmcgKussg`stgccg Xrlgr mór hg` Zgblgru`bsjgzlre Xrlgr u`h hg` Ergls Jlreg`mgch ;<>Xrlgrgr Ygltsdnrlmt 76, 442-8:>.

:;= K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZLDK CGLHG@T;K :7

;<>> Eoegrjlic. L`9 N. Ttogpegr (gh.) Krdngocoblsdng Ero`lge vk` Clajurb ovgr ;Vujcldktlo`s hg ck Todlìtì Nlstorlqug gt Krdnìocoblqug hk`s Lg Clajourb ;:8, 4<4 .

;<<: ]kceg`jurb. Tporg` vk` `gocltnlsdng vuurstggàli`jouw l ngt Jlgjosdn. L`9 N.(gh.) Krdngocoblsdng Ero`lge vk` Clajurb ovgr ;<<;. Vujcldktlo`s hg ck Todlìtì Nlstorlqug gt Krdnìocoblqug hk`s Lg Clajourb ;:>, 468-46=.

;<<4 @gocltnld Nl t al`l`b kt ]kceg`jurb kk` hg Bguc (Clajurb, tng @gtngrck`hs)5 l`kry rgport, @otkg Vrkgnlstorldkg ;:, ;=2-;26.

Jrou`g`, M.X.T..R. Hlieak`

;<>> Zk`hwyde9 Codntgrvgch. L`9 N. Ttogpegr (gh.) Krdngocoblsdng Ero`lge vk;<>2. Vujcldktlo`s hg ck Todlìtì Nlstorlqug gt Krdnìocoblqug hk`s Lg Clajourb ;:8, 44<:.

Jrou`g`, M.X.T., ;<<4 L` ngt noc vk` "hg Cgguw"9 gg` ekcestgg`wk`h agt prgnlstorlsdng vuurstgg`



Jrou g , M.X.T.,N. Vlstgrs,V. Vcogbkgrt

; 4 L ngt noc vk hg Cgguw 9 gg ekcestgg wk h agt prgnlstorlsdng vuurstgg]kceg`jurb kk` hg Bguc, Nlstorlsdng g` Nggaeu`hlbg Ttuhlgs l` g` ro`h ngt Bguchkc 2-47.

Jursdn, X.D. ;<44 Hlg Jgdngreuctur l` hg` @lghgrck`hg`, Ouhnglheu`hlbg Aghghgcl`bg` ult ngt Zlies

ausgua vk` Ouhnghg` tg Cglhg` ;8, 4<-;;;.Dkspkr, I.-V. ;<>8 Aktìrlkux cltnlqugs hg ck prìnlstolrg. L`9 H. Dkng`/V. Nkgskgrts (ghs), Vgupcgs dnkssgu

hk`s ck Jgcblqug prìnlstorlqug hk`s cgur dkhrg `kturgc, ;62-;;8. Jrussgcs.

Dkuwd, @. ;<>> Cg `ìocltnlqug ml`kc g` Jgcblqug. K`kcysg hu aktgrlgc cltnlqug (Krtgmkdts =). Xrglb`]lrol`vkc.

Dor`morh. I.A. ;<>= Tpgdlkclsgh rgsnkrpg`l`b tgdn`lqugs k`h gvlhg`dg om nk`hgh`gss. L`9 V. Dmorh (ghs), Ck Dottg hg Tt. Jrgckhg ;<=;-;<2>. Gxdkvktlo`s jy D.J.A. AdJur`gy, 442

47; @orwldn

:;2 M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

;<>; D-;8 hktgrl`bg` prgnlstorlsdng vuurstgg`wl``l`b l` Yulh-Clajurb, Tprgeg`hg Johga :7,4<-86.

;<>< Ekcestg`g` ult ngt Jovg`-Erlit g` O`hgr-Xgrtlklr vk` Yulh-Clajurb, Bro`hjoor g` Nkagr 84, ;87-;77.

Mdchgr, R.A.,ZR. Josdn

;<2;k Gg` `lguwg @gocltnlsdng ]uurstgg`l`hustrlg l` Yulh-Clajurb, Tprgeg`hg Johga ;7, 2-;6.

Mgchgr. R.A..V.I. Mgchgr,O.T. Euyc,I.N.A. @lccgsd`

;<2;j @gocltnlsdng ]uurstgg`l`hustrlg brotgr hk` vgrwkdnt. Tprgeg`hg Johga ;7, ;6-;:.

;<2< Cltnocoby k`h strktlbrkpny omtngmcl`t oddurg`dgs l` soutn Clajurb (tng @gtngrck`hs) k`htng `glbnnourl`b Jgcblua k`h Bgrak` jorhgrck`h ks wgcc ks tng gxpcoltktlo` om tngsg

mcl`ts l` prgnlstorlg tlags (Gxdurslo`-Bulhd 4tn L`tgr`ktlo`kc Tyaposlua o` Mcl`t :8-agl ;<2<-Akkstrldnt).



I.N.A. @lccgsd agl ; 2 Akkstrldnt).

Mgchgr, V.I.,V.D.A. Zkhgakegrs

;<2; 7 Ikkr opbrkvl`b vk` prgnlstorlsdng vuurstggàli`g` tg Zydenoct-Tt. Bggrtrulh. L`9M.N.B. G`bgcg` (gh.), Ggrstg l`tgr`ktlo`kkc syaposlua ovgr vuurstgg`, :=-:< kprlcAkkstrldnt. Bro`hjoor g` Nkagr 4, 4>-77.

Mojgr. C..B. Rglsbgrjgr

;<>6 Mgugrstgl`jgrbjku - Xypg` u`h Xgdn`leg`. L`9 B. Rglsbgrjgr/Z. Tcottk/I. Rgl`gr 7666 Iknrg Mgugrstgl`jgrbjku. Hlg Tudng `kdn hga Ttknc hgr Ttgl`zglt. ]grýmmg`tcldnu`bg`kus hga Hgutsdng` Jgrbjku-Ausgua Jodnua ::, 4:-82.

Mrk`zg`, I.N.B. ;<>= Tlapgcvgch-Mgugrstgl`9 Gl` `gugr Mgugrstgl`typ zur Jglcngrstgccu`b. Krdnkocoblsdng L`moraktlo`g` <, =;-=2.

Bkmmrgy, I.

Brkkm E vk` hgr

;<<6 Znghg, Kusbrkju`bg` u`h Mu`hg l` Rgstmkcg`-Clppg =k, :>;.

;<>2 L`vg`tkrlsktlg g` l`tgrprgtktlg vk` vo`hstg` ult hg ggrstg mksg vk` ngt vrogb-`gocltnldua

: LT K@KCGDXK VZKGNLTXOZ;DK CGLHG@TLK :7

Bulcckuag, D. ;<27 Hlg Zgvlgrg urbgsdnldntcldng` Tlcgxjgrbjkus l` Guropk. Xglc ]9 Hgr `gu g`tjgrbjku vo` Tt. Alnlgc l` Mrkèrgldn, Hgr K`sdn`ltt :2, ;8-4;.

;<>6 M8= Tkl`t-Alnlgc, "Dôtg hg Jkr", Hìp. Agusg. L`9 B. Rglsbgrjgr/Z. Tcottk/I(ghs), 7666 Iknrg Mgugrstgl`jgrbjku. Hlg Tudng `kdn hga Ttknc hgr Ttgl`zglt ]grýmmgcldnu`bg` kus hga Hgutsdng` Jgrbjku-Ausgua Jodnua ::, 8<2-76=.

Nkkrg`, N.A.G. vk`,V.I.Z. Aohhgrak`

;<24 Gl` alttgc`gocltnlsdngr Mu`hort u`tgr Eo`l`bsjosdn, Vrov. Clajurb, K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstrldk Cglhg`slk =, ;-8<.

Nkakc-@k`hrl`, I.,I. Tgrvkls

;<:; Hìdouvgrtg hg quktrg blsgag`ts prìsg`tk`t hgs k`kcoblgs kvgd dgcul hu Dkaplb`yTkl`t-Vlgrrg, Mouro`-Tkl`t-Akrtl` gt Zgagrshkgc, Zgvug K`tnropocoblqug 4;, 4<:-4<7

Lc0:: Hìdouvgrtg h'ktgclgrs gt h'u` gapckdgag t h'nkjltktlo`. Zìvug K`tnropocoblqug 4:, ;7;-;



;<:4 Ck stktlo` `gocltnlqug hg Ttg.-Bgrtruhg (Clajourb nocck`hkls). Zgvug K`tnropocoblqug 487-8<:.

Ndyak`s, N.,

V.A. ]graggrsdn

;<>4 Tlghcu`bsspurg` kus Alttgc- u`h Tpkt`gocltnleua, Jro`zgzglt u`h Glsg`zglt l`

Nulzgrnom (Vrovl`z Clajurb), Krdnkgocoblk Jgcbldk :77, ;7-=8.

Nýn`. J. ;<>8 Hks Ttglàktgrlkc hgr Aldngcsngrbgr Tlghcu`b Eosckr ;6, Er. Hurg`. W`pujclsnghbrkhuktg tngsls, Mrkèmurt ka Akl`.

Nooligr, DZ. ;<=; Brkmnguvgcs ult hg jro`stlih tg Nocsgt jli ]kkcs (C.). L`9 R. Bcksjgrbg`/R. Bvk` Rkktgrl`bg (ghs), L` ngt vogtspoor vk` K.G. ]k` Blmmg`, <7-<2. Bro`l`bg`.

Nujgrt, M.

Nucst Z T

;<28 Al`lîrgs `ìocltnlqugs k Ik`hrkl`-Ik`hrgòulccg g` Jrkjk`t, Krdnkgocoblk Jgcbldk ;=2.

;<26 Krdngocoblsdng Ero`lge vk` Bgchgrck`h ;<== ;<=2Jlihrkbg` g` Aghghgcl`bg` hgr

9 lµ M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGOKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

Ckusjgrb, I.,V. Ckusjdrb-Al`y,C. Vlr`ky

Ckuwgrs, Z.

Ckuwgrg, Z..V.A. ]graggrgdn

Cgdn, I.

Cogdegr, H. Hg

;<>7 Cg sltg aìsocltnlqug hu Jrg`` Nkb k Egcals, Krdnkgocoblk Jgcbldk ;, 77-=7.

;<>= Ngt o`hgrzoge op hg Xio`bgrlkk``ghgrzgttl`b tg Zgeua, Krdnkgocoblk Jgcbldk :, L, <-;8.

;<>: W` sltg hu Aìsocltnlqug K`dlg` k @ggrnkrg`-Hg Elp, Ttuhlk Vrkgnlstorldk Jgcbldk ;, ;7-7:.

;<>; Mcl`t al`l`b kao`b tng gkrcy mkral`b doaau`ltlgs om dg`trkc Guropg, Vrzgbcqh Krdngo-cobldz`y :>, 7-77.

;<<: Tltg E9 k Alhhcg Vkcgocltnld sltg kt Akkstrldnt-Jgcvìhîrg (Clajurb, tng @gtngrck Krdnkocoblsdngs Eorrgspo`hg`zjcktt ::, 88<-8=6.



Couwg Eooliak`s, C.V.

;<<4 K Tkkclk` rlvgrslhg sgttcgag`t9 Akkstrldnt-Jgcvìhîrg Tltg E (Clajurb, tng @gtngr @otkg Vrkgnlstorldkg ;:, 2-;8.

;<>6 Hg alhhg`-`gocltnlsdng vo`hstbrogp vk` Ngt ]oragr jli Rlidng` g` ngt ductuurpktro

ro`h hg zulhgclieg @oorhzgg dlrdk 4666 v. Dnr, Ouhnglheu`hlbg Aghghgcl`bg` ult ngt

Zliesausgua vk` Ouhnghg` tg Cglhg` =;,;;4-:6<.

;<>4 Xussg` TOA g` XZJ, g`lbg bghkdntg` ovgr ngt ckkt-`gocltnldua l @ghgrck`h g` Juccgtl` vk` hg Eo`lèclieg Ausgk voor Eu`st g` Bgsdnlghg`ls 78, hc ;, 77-=2.

;<>7 Tporg` l` ngt ck`h. Hg @ghgrck`hsg hgctk l` hg prgnlstorlg. Kastgrhka.

;<>> Gg` Zýssg`-`ghgrzgttl`b tg Akkstrldnt-Zk`hwyde, @otkg Vrkgnlstorldkg >, =2-2;.

;<<: K` gkrcy jk`hegrkald sgttcgag`t k`h k roak` drgaktlo` dgagtgry kt Bgcgg` Ik`sekap

::6

@gwgcc. Z.Z.


;<26 Xng Mcl`t L`hustry om tng Hutdn Cl`gkrjk`hegrkale, K`kcgdtk Vrkgnlstorldk Cglhg`slk ;88-;>4.

@list, G.

Ockusso`, H.T.,G. Zuhgjgde.W. Tkmvgstkh

Ouhg Zg`bgrlè. N.

Vgkeg. I.N.

;<44 Vrkgnlstorlsdn ktgclgr. Hg Akksbouw 74, 4=.

;<>6 Hlg sllhsdnwghlsdng` Mgugrstgl`brujg` - Grbgj`lssg u`h Vrojcgag. L`9 B. RZ. Tcottk/I. Rgl`gr (ghs), 7666 Iknrg Mgugrstgl`jgrbjku. Hlg Tudng `kdn hgaTtgl`zglt. ]grômmg`tcldnu`bg` kus hga Hgutsdng` Jgrbjku-Ausgua Jodnua ::. ;>4-:

;<<; Hg Zossg` eoag`! Akkstrldnt-Zk`hwyde5 hg ggrstg g` nopgclie `lgt hg ckktstg opbrkvl`bvk` gg` Zôssg`-`ghgrzgttl`b l` @ghgrck`h. Cglhg` (L`stltutg om Vrgnlstory).

;<;8 @otgs o` tng Lapcgag`ts mroa tng Mkdtory Tltg kt Vgppkrh, Oxo`, Vrodgghl`bs om tngVrgnlstorlg Todlgty om Gkst K`bclk ;, 868-8:6.



Vlstgrs, N.

Vlscgrs, ;;..V. Tdnroohgrs

Vlstgrs, N.,V Tdnroohgrs

;<>4 Ngt bgjrule vk` ]kceg`jurbvuurstgg` l` hg prgnlstorlg (vgrvocb). Krdngocoblg l` Claju;=,7->.

;<>= Rgrh hoor hg vuurstgg`hgcvgrs vk` hg Cousjgrb ooe ]kceg`jurbvuurstgg` bg

Krdngocoblg l` Clajurb 46, ;<4-;<=.

l` prgss Gg` vrggahg gg`h l` hg jlit, Krdngocoblg l` Clajurb =6.

;<>6 Ngt bgjrule vk` ]kceg`jurbvuurstgg` l` hg prgnlstorlg, Krdngocoblg l` Clajurb >, ;4

;<>2 Ngt `gocltnldua, hg ulthkbl`b jclimt. Krdngocoblg l` Clajurb 48, 2;-27.

;<>8 Alhhg`pkcgocltnlsdng vo`hstg` ult hg bgagg`tg ]kceg`jurb (Y.C.), KrdnkgocoblsdngJgrldntg` ;7 4< 8>

::; M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

Tdnlch, Z..N. Erôcle,I. Aosdljrohzek

;<22 Eopkc`lk erzgalg`lk dzgeockhowgbo z przgcoau `gocltu l gpoel jrkzu w Vock`kdn`lkdn. Rrodckw.

Tdnlch, Z‐N. Erôcle,A. Akrdzke

;<>7 Eopkc`lk erzgalg`lk dzgeockhowgbo w Xoakszowlg. Rrodckw

Tdnalh. G, ;<>6 Hgr iu`bstgl`zgltcldng Kjjku kum Tlcgx jgl Ecglègas, Jkhg`-Rórttgajgrb. L`9B. Rglsbgrjgr/Z. Tcottk/I. Rgl`gr (ghs), 7666 Iknrg Mgugrstgl`jgrbjku. Hlg Tudnghga Ttknc hgr Ttgl`zglt. ]grýmmg`tcldnu`bg` kus hga Hgutsdng` Jgrbjku-Ausgua

Jog nua ::, ;8;-;=7.

Tdnoctd Cujjgrlè, N. ;<<; \pgco, bga. Rlgrhg`. L`9 ]grcl`hg, K.H. (gh.), Krdngocoblsdng Ero`lge vk` Ovgrlovgr ;<<6. Ovgrlissgcsg nlstorlsdng jlihrkbg` ;6=, ;=:-;<;.



Tdnrgurs. I.

Tdnwltkcck, B.A.

Tdnut, ;'.

Taggts. I.N.A.

;<<; Xussg` Akks, Xu`bgcroysdng jgge g` Jgcblå9 gg` krdngocoblsdng strggejgsdnrlivl`b.Cglhg` (l`stltutg om Vrgnlstory).

;<>8 Hks Ttglàktgrlkc hgr Kct- u`h Alttgc`goclcnlsdng` Tlghcu`bspcktzg Nkssgcswglcgr ; u`h :.W`pujclsngh brkhuktg tngsls, Eýc`.

;<>2 Gg` l`vg`tkrlsktlg vk` @gocltnlsdng vo`hstg` ult hg Kdntgrnoge, Bgchgrck`h, @ghgrck`hsg Krdngocoblsdng Zkpportg` 8.

;<<; Gg` l`vg`tkrlsktlg vk` `gocltnlsdng jlicg` ult Bgchgrck`h, tg` òorhg` vk` hg Zli`, @ghgrck`hsg Krdngocoblsdng Zkpportg` ;;.

;<<;k ]rogb-@gocltnlsdng hlssgc, l`9 N. Ttogpegr (gh.). Krdngocoblsdng Ero`lge vk` C

ovgr ;<<6Vuncldktlo`s hg ck Todlìtì Nlstorlqug gt Krdngocoblqug hk`s Lg Clanourb ;:2

l9l RKc.l-^'XK c'EKNLLLTXOZ;DK ;.;.;;); Ï@T;K :7

]drnkrt, C.J.A.

]grnkrt. C.J.A..C.V. Couwg Eooliak`s

;<<6 Zgmlttl`b k`h tng projcgas om slauctk`gous nkjltktlo`9 Xng Ngegcl`bg` gxkaG. Dzlgsck/T. Gldenomm/@. Krts/H. Rl`tgrs (ghs), Xng Jlb Vuzzcg. L`tgr`ktlo`kc Tyaposluo` Zgmlttl`b Tto`g Krtgmkdts, 7=<-7>:. Jo``.

;<>< Gg` Alhhg`-@gocltnlsdng `ghgrzgttl`b jli Bkssgc, bgagg`tg Jggrs (@.-Jr.), Ouhnglheu`hlbg Aghghgcl`bg` ult ngt Zliesausgua vk` Ouhnghg` tg Cglhg` =<, 27-;;2.

]gragdrsdn, V.A. ;<>8 Hu Vkcìocltnlqug Ml`kc ku Aìsocltnlqug hk`s Lg @orh hg ck Jgcblqug. L`9 V. Nkgskgrts (ghs), Vgupcgs dnkssgurs hk`s ck Jgcblqug prdnlstorlqug hk`s cgur dkhrg`kturgc, ;>:-;<4. Jrussgcs.

]gragdrsdn. V.A. ;<>2/;<>>

]gragdrsdn. V.A.. ;<>8G. Vkuclssg`,

Cd Aldngcsjgrb g` Jgcblqug, Kdtk Krdnkgocobldk Covk`lg`slk :=-:2, ;-:6.

W`g al`lgrg hg slcgx gt u` squgcgttg hu Vkcìocltnlqug Tupìrlgur K`dlg` k @kNkutg-Ìbyptg, C'K`tnropocoblg >>, ò :, :4;-:88.



B. Blisgcl`bs.A. Ottg,K. Xnoak.D. Dnkrclgr

]gragdrsdn. V.A.. ;<<6B. ]y`deldr.Z. Rkctgr

]gragdrsdn. V.A.. ;<<;G. Vkuclssg`,B. Blisgcl`bs

]lkc. C.B. ;<86

Xnlguslgs, Mgrag hg ;'Nostì, sltg Aldngcsjgrb LL, - Lg aktìrlgc cltnlqug, Ttuhlk Vrkgnlstorldk Jgcbldk =.

Iu`bpkckocltnlsdngr Nor`stgl`jgrbjku l` Kbyptg`. Gl` ]orjgrldnt, Hgr K`sdn`ltt 8476-=:.

Tto`g Kxgs om Aou`t Nkbg`, @gw Bul`gk, Odgk`lk ;;. ;7>-;=4.

::4 M.X.T. JZOW@G@ K@H V. VCOGBKGZX - K XKCG OM XNG W@G^VGDXGH

jku. Hlg Tudng `kdn hga Ttknc hgr Ttgl`zglt. ]grýmmg`tcldnu`bg` kus hga Hgutsdnd` Jgrbeku-Ausgua Jodnua ::, <:-;;<.

Rlccgas, R.I.N. ;<>4 Tdnlaagrt. Krdngocoblsdng Ero`lge vk` Clajurb ovgr hg ikrg` ;<>6-;<>:, Vujcldktlo`shg ck Todlìtì Nlstorlqug gt Krdnìocoblqug hk`s Lg Clajourb ;;<, :6<.

Routgrs, K.A. ;<>6 Hg Alhhg`pkcgocltlsdng vl`hpckkts Tl`t Bggrtrulh (C.), Krdnkgocoblsdng Jgrldntg` >,4>-;6=.

Ylaagrak``. K.

;<>4 Zg`hlgrikbgrs ooe l` ]kceg`jurb (Y.C.), Krdnkgocoblsdng Jgrldntg` ;8, ;8>-;7;.

;<>> Ttgl`g. L`9 W. Jogcldeg/H. vo` Jrk`ht/I. Có`l`b/V. Ttgncl/K. Ylaagrak`` (ghs). Hgjk`hegrkalsdng Tlghcu`bspcktz Ck`bwglcgr >, Bgagl`hg Kchg`novg`, Ergls Hurg`.

Zngl`lsdng Kusbrknu`bg` :>, 7=<-2>2.



M. Jrou`g`p.k. L`stltuut voor Vrgnlstorlg

V.O. Jox <7;7@C :466 ZK Cglhg`

V. Vcogbkgrtp.k. L`stltuut voor VrgnlstorlgV.O. Jox <7;7@C :466 ZK Cglhg`





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The End of our Third Decade (volume I). Papers written on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the institute of Prehistory, Volume II