THE ENERGY TO DRIVE THE WHEELS OF A

WORLD WIDE, GLOBAL TECHNOLOGICAL

SOCIETY IS REQUIRED OR CIVILILZATION,

AS WE KNOW IT, DISAPPEARS …

ENERGY RESOURCES

CHINA AND OTHER DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES ARE NOT CONSTRAINEDBY THE KYOTO PROTOCOL.

COUNTRIES THAT ARECONSTRAINED, USUALLY, HAVE NOT MET THEIR PROTOCOL MANDATES.

The USA, OTHER NON-SIGNATORIESARE NOT CONSTRINED BY THEKYOTO PROTOCOL.

RESULTS OF KYOTO PROTOCOL:

NADA, NICHTS, NOTHING, NICHIEVO

EVERYWHERE!

It is ALL talk, so far …

KYOTO PROTOCOL

ENERGY RESOURCES

DEPLETABLE RESOURCES:

FOSSIL FUELS: NUCLEAR:

NATURAL GAS FISSIONOIL NON-BREEDER

COAL REACTORS

RENEWABLE OR NON-DEPLETABLE:

FISSION(BREEDER) NUCLEAR

FUSION (DEUTERIUM)

WIND SOLAR OTEC

DIRECT

GEOTHERMAL

HYDROELECTRIC

Carbon Dioxide and Global Climate

FACTS:

1. Global CO2 level is rising due to hydrocarbon use as an energy resource

2. During the next 50 years, the RISE in CO2 is unlikely to be checked

PREDICTIONS:

1. The climate will warm by 5-10 degrees

2. The climate will cool by 5-10 degrees

3. Nothing will happen (one effect balances the other)

WHAT CAN BE DONE ?

1 QUAD OF ENERGY IS EQUIVALENT TO 200 MILLION BARRELS OF OIL

USA USES OVER 80 QUADS ANNUALLY (PREVIOUS CHART)

IN TERMS OF OIL,

THIS IS AN AREA 176 MILES X 176 MILES x 10 FEET DEEP !

Note: Arctic Reserve estimated at 10-20 billion barrels, plus ‘new’ areas Canadian Reserves with Tar Sands ~ 100 billion barrelsRussia has unknown additional quantities, Caspian, Siberia, KamchatkaUSA has oil shales which exceed all other listed resources …

RESOURCE USEAGE PROFILES OVER TIME

: COAL

US Coal Consumption

• Coal 22 QBtu (23%)

• 80% used by electric utilities

Major Coal-Producing States

Coal

• Anthracite• 22 – 28 million Btu per ton• Not plentiful

• Bituminous • 19 – 30 million Btu per ton• Most plentiful

• Subbituminous• 16 – 24 million Btu per ton• Low sulfur content

• Lignite (Brown Coal)• 9 – 17 million Btu per ton• Local value only

Coal Resources and Consumption

• Global Recoverable• 1,000 billion tons

• Global Consumption• 5.2 billion tons/year

• US Recoverable• 274 billion tons

• US Consumption• 1.1 billion tons/year

Global Coal Resources• United States 25%

• Russia 16%

• China 12%

• India

9%

• Australia 8%

• Germany

7%

• South Africa 5%

Coal

• Carbon, water, impurities

• C + O2 CO2

• HALF IS CLINKER

RENEWABLE OR NON-DEPLETABLE:

FISSION(BREEDER) NUCLEAR

FUSION (DEUTERIUM)

WIND SOLAR OTEC

DIRECT

GEOTHERMAL

HYDROELECTRIC

A major drawback of fission energy: Diversion to bombs

On Nov. 30, a group of persons was arrested in Slovakia, trying to sell 98%+ bomb grade uranium.

CHERNOBYL REGION RADIOACTIVITY

Potential for accidental or intentional containment failure.

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES

LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS:

AVAILABLE ONLY IN GEOLOGICALLY ACTIVEREGIONS

RELEASED VOLCANIC GASES CONTAIN ACIDS ANDOTHER POLLUTANTS

REQUIRES MANAGEMENT TO MAINTAIN RESOURCE

POTENTIAL:

STABLE SOURCE OF POWER, IF MANAGEDPROPERLY

EARTH CORE HEAT (IF WE CAN GET DOWN TO THE20 KM LEVELS REQUIRED) IS AN UNLIMITED POWERSOURCE, NOT FEASIBLE TODAY.

SOLAR ENERGY

CHARACTERISTICS:

DIFFUSE SOURCE OF ENERGY(< 1KILOWATT/SQUARE METER)

FEASIBLE USE AT LOCAL SITES AS WELL ASLARGE PLANT SITES

DIURNALLY VARIABLE (12-ON_12-OFF), CLOUDS

NEED FOR STORAGE/EXCESS COLLECTIONSOLAR PONDS, PUMPED RESERVOIRS

LONG DISTANCE POWER TRANSMISSION?

COLLECTION IN SOUTHWEST IMPLIESTRANSMISSION TO AREAS WHERE USED...

RELATIVELY NON-POLLUTING

FABRICATION OF COLLECTORS REQUIRESMANUFACTURING TYPE POLLUTION, NOATMOSPHERIC OR WATER POLLUTION

LAND AREA REQUIRED TO REPLACE PRESENTENERGY RESOURCE IS NOT INFEASIBLE

AREA TO BE USED INCLUDES ROOFTOPS, NON-ARABLE LAND; ECOLOGY, ESTHETICS IMPORTANT

SOLAR ENERGY NOW IN USE

SOLAR FURNACES: BARSTOW, CA. 100 MW STATION EQUIVALENT TOPOWERING 50,000 HOMES

PROBLEM: HIGH INSTALLATION COST (PROTOTYPE)ABOUT 10X COAL-FIRED PLANT

SIZE OF SOLAR RESOURCE: TO EQUAL ALLPRESENT POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR USA:

~1% OF WESTERN USA ASSUMING 10% EFFICIENCY

WIND POWER:

PROBLEMS: WINDS ARE ERRATIC, STORAGE IS REQUIRED

WIND SPEEDS BETWEEN 10 AND 30 MPH ARENEEDED FOR EFFICIENT USE (E.G. MOUNTAINS ORTRADE WIND REGIONS)

LARGE AREA WINDMILLS ARE REQUIRED (SOURCEIS 250 WATTS/SQUARE METER OR LESS SO THAT FOOTBALL FIELD SIZE WINDMILL COLLECTS ONEMEGAWATT

WINDMILLS ARE NOISY, UNATTRACTIVE, INTRUSIVE,DISRUPT LOCAL TV RECEPTION, ETC.

POTENTIAL:

LOW TECHNOLOGY, RELIABLE, INEXPENSIVE

LOW POLLUTING EXCEPT FOR ABOVE

CAN BE A RESOURCE EQUALING 10% OF NEED

ROOFTOP SOLAR ENERGY USE:

FACT: HEATING WATER IS ABOUT 30% OF OURENERGY REQUIREMENT...

PROBLEMS: RELATIVELY HIGH INITIAL COSTS, REQUIRES 5-10 YEARS TO RECOVER.

MAINTENANCE IS REQUIRED

POTENTIAL:LOW TECHNOLOGY, CAN REDUCE ENERGYREQUIREMENT FROM NON-RENEWABLEENERGY SOURCES BY 30%!

MORE "HOME SOLAR" OPTIONS

SPACE HEATING: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TO USE WALLS, ETC. TOCOLLECT, DISTRIBUTE SOLAR HEAT

ANY APPROACHWHICH REDUCESENERGY USE ISUSEFUL TO EXTEND OUR RESOURCES,

I.E.

CONSERVATION ISTHE FASTESTMETHOD TO GETNEW ENERGY

HYDROELECTRIC RESOURCES

LIMITED RESOURCE: PRIMARILY IN NW PORTION OF USA, TOTALRESOURCE IS <10% OF REQUIREMENT

PROBLEMS: ECOLOGICALLY DISRUPTIVE DUE TO WATERIMPOUNDMENT, REDUCED WATER FLOW;LIMITEDLIFETIME DUE SILTATION, DOWN STREAM EFFECTS

EXAMPLES, ASWAN DAM, THREE GORGES DAM(UNDER CONSTRUCTION), HOOVER DAM

POTENTIAL: USEFUL AT LIMITED SITES, IN DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES

PHOTOVOLTAICS

DIRECT CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY TOELECTRICITY USING SEMI-CONDUCTORS

PROBLEMS:

INSTALLATION COST IS HIGH, BUT REPAID INABOUT THREE YEARS AT TODAY'S COST (WASTEN YEARS A DECADE AGO)

REQUIRES STORAGE MEANS OR CONNECTIONTO PUBLIC ELECTRICITY UTILITY FOR DARKPERIODS

REQUIRES MAINTENANCE, CLEANING

POTENTIAL:

SIZE OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC RESOURCE:

AT 10% EFFICIENCY: 60 QUADS OF ELECTRICITYWOULD REQUIRE A TOTAL COLLECTION AREA OF50,000 KM2 (500 X 100 KILOMETERS)

DESIRABILITY/EFFICIENCY/COST, ALL FAVORABLEOVER THE COMING DECADES

Multi-junction Photovoltaics utilize much more of solar spectrum,MORE THAN 30% EFFICIENCY ALREADY ACHIEVED!

Highly Efficient Energy Utilization

EFFICIENCY OF FUEL CELLS:

CHEMICAL, NOT THERMAL PROCESS

DIRECTLY USES ELECTRICITY

WASTE HEAT MUCH LESS THAN OTTO CYCLE ENGINE

MAX. EFFICIENCY HEAT ENGINE ~ 25-30%

MAX. EFFICIENCY FUEL CELL ~75-80 %

WASTE PRODUCTS DEPEND UPON FUEL

WATER IN CASE OF HYDROGEN FUEL

INTERSTITIAL HYDROGEN IN METALS, EQUALS ENERGY DENSITY OF GASOLINE…

ENERGY RESOURCE AND USEAGE DIRECTLY AFFECTED BYPOPULATION AND STANDARD OF LIVING...

Homo Sapiens and Homo Neanderthalis

Our Future ?