The Engineering of Sport 6

Eckehard Fozzy Moritz and Steve Haake (Eds.)

The Engineering of Sport 6Volume 2: Developments for Disciplines

~ Springer

Eckehard Fozzy MoritzSportKreativWerkstatt GmbHHerzogstra13e 48D-80803 MiinchenGermanyefm@SportK reativWerkstatt .dewww.Sportkreativwerkstatt .de

Steve HaakeCentre for Sport and Exercise ScienceCollegiate HallSheffield Hallam UniversitySheffield SI0 2BPUKs.j.haake@shu.ac.uk

Library of Congress Control Number: 200692711 2

ISBN-I O: 0-3R7-34678-3ISBN·13: 978-0387-3467R-6

Printed on acid-free paper.

(~ 2006 Springer Science-Business Media. LLCAll rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without thewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science-Business Media. LLC, 233 Spring Street.New York, NY 10013, USA). except for brier excerpts in connect ion with reviews or scholarlyanalysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval. electronicadaptation. computer software. or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdeveloped is forbidden.The usc in this publication of trade names. trademarks. service marks. and similar terms. even ifthey are not identified as such. is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as 10 whether ornot they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed in the United States of America. (EB)

9 R 7 65 4 3 2 1

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Preface

What you are holding in your hands is probably the best overview of activities insports engineering available at the time of printing; i.e. the state of the art in summer2006. It is the result of so many people's work to whom we are indebted that it isdifficult to name them: there are the authors, the scientific advisory board, thescientific committee, the theme patrons, the publisher and printer, the advisors ofwhatever kind - and, here we have to make an exception, there is Ingo and Amanda.Nobody who has been part of the production of this book could have done withoutthem, at the very least us: they handled issues you wouldn't even believe could tum upwith efficiency and charm. Thanks, Ingo Valtingoier; thanks, Amanda Staley.

In the accumulation of the contributions and the preparation of the proceedingswe encountered one development that we were very happy about: the sportsengineering community keeps growing - in the number or researchers and expertsinvolved. but also in the breadth of disciplines and institutions contributing. Thisshould definitely be interpreted as a positive development - even though in theevaluation of contributions this lead to a number of intricate discussions. Is sportsengineering primarily science'! Is it engineering'! Is it science and engineering helpingsports'! Some reviewers had differing views on that: if it is science, you need method,data, and discussion; if it is engineering, you need method and an outcome with somedemonstrable usefulness. if it is an aide to sports then whatever has been done needsdemonstrable relevance. As a consequence, some contributions very well done froman engineering perspective have been turned down by hardcore scientists. and viceversa; in some cases we tried to intermediate, in others it may have been bad luck forthe contributors. We think sports engineering will have to live with this variety ofperspectives and interests; it is rather the appeal of this field in the process of findingitself. Openness combined with consistent reasoning will be needed to progress fromhere; somewhere in-between academic traditions and Feycrabends famous "Anythinggoes".

As a quick glimpse behind the scene, besides the disciplinary quarrels sketchedabove some "cultural" clashes could also not be avoided. One German reviewer puthis comments in a very direct way that was hard to bear for the British author; someEast Asian authors had a hard time in focusing their writing on the most interestingresults and were thus bluntly thrown out; some well-known members in onecommunity have seen their abstract turned down by experts from another area who didnot know about the writer's fame... these anecdotes point to just a couple of moreissues the sports engineering community will have get to grips with in the not toodistant future.

vi

As the result of various influences in these proceedings you will find a number ofnew topic areas indirectly related to but important to sports engineering. One area ofconcern we like to especially highlight here is the topic of sustainability, which mayserve as an important yardstick for the future development of sports engineering andhopefully other industrial activities. Furthermore, you will find contributions ontrends, cultural influences, human factors and on neural network modeling. Finally,according to the special emphasis of this conference we were successful in seeking alarge number of papers in the area of innovation and design, including economicperspectives and proposals for novel design approaches. To our regret, even thoughwe had tried hard we could get no contributions on industrial design- this area with somuch relevance to sports equipmentapparently is still a step-child in our community.

In the assembly of these proceedings we have endeavored to realize some novelapproaches. First of all, we used "theme patrons" for different topic areas who notonly helped acquire contributions but were also asked to write a synopsis of thecontributions in "their" fields. This will hopefully increase the use value for readers,who by just reading the synopses can have a basic idea about developments in certainfields, and can then scan contributions on a much better knowledge basis. This is afirst step towards converting the proceedings into a sort of handbook which hopefullywill be taken up by future editors.

Then, as we tried to increase the relevance of sports engineering to sports, wehave asked authors to take special care to illustrate the respective relevance, and to puttheir contribution into a sports-related category rather than a discipline-orientedcategory. Therefore, one volume of these proceedings has been named "developmentsfor sports"; it is the biggest and could have even been bigger. The second volume istermed "developments in disciplines", which consists mainly of contributions focusingon modeling and measurements. A third volume has been named "developments forinnovation", a tribute to this special focus of this conference (being organized by acenter for innovation in sports), and to the fact that we could accumulate an amazingnumber of contributions in this field.

Finally, we hope that the reader will appreciate the outcome, and we'll be veryhappy to receive comments of whatever kind, be it criticism, proposals forimprovement or grappa casks and flowerarrangements.

Eckehard Fozzy MoritzStephen Haake

EditorsJuly 2006

vii

Contents

1 Biomechanics

Synopsis 3Eric S. Wallace

Influence of Footwear on In-Shoe loading for Different Soil Densities 5Sharon Dixon. lain Jam es. Daniel Loll'

Validation of a Full-Body Computer Simulation Model for the Golf Drive for IIClubs of Differing lengthlain C. Kenny. Eric S. Wallace. Desmond Brown, Steve R. Otto

Measurement of Hand Palm Pressures in "La Pelota Vasca" Game 17Javier Gamez . David Rosa. Enrique Alcantara. Antonio Martinez. Marie JoseSuch. Juan Vicente Dura , Jaime Prato Jose Ramiro

Analysis of the Relationship Between Mechanical Properties and Players' 23Perception of the Balls in a Spanish Traditional Sport: lila Pilota Valenciana"Javier Gamez . David Rosa. Enrique Alcantara. Ana Montaner, Jose MariaGutierrez. Mario Comin . Pedro Vera. Jaime Prot

Biomechanical Analysis of Running on 3rd Generation Artificial Soccer Turf 29Kenneth Meijer. Jeroen Dethmers, Hans Savelberg , Paul Willems. BartWijers

Evaluation of Energy Expenditure Rate During Continuous Upper Body 35Cyclic ExerciseConnie Yang. Mike Caine

2 Measurement Techniques

Synopsis 43John Morgan

Use of the Infrared Based Motion Capture System AS 200 in Sport Science 45Martin Hofmann, Nico Ganter. Kerstin Witte. Jiirgen Edelmann-Nusser.Claudius Nowoisky

Employing Modem Elements of Vehicle Navigation for Integrated Motion 51Measurement in SportJijrg F. Wagner

viii

Time-Resolved Measurementsof Grip Force During a Golf Shot 57Erin Schmidt. Jonathan Roberts, Steve Rothberg

Pacing Lights - A New Approach to Controlling Speed in the Gait 63LaboratoryBen W. Heller. Stephen 1. Haake

Measuring Equine Ground Reaction Forces 69Jeremy Burn. John Morgan. Clive Wishart

Examination of a Swimming Dummy's Flow Field Using Laser Doppler 75VelocimetryKerstin Witte. Bernd Wunderlich. Nils Betzler, Dominique Thevenin, RobertBordas, Jiirgen Edelmann-Nusser

Head Accelerations During Soccer Heading 81Brian P. Sell Joseph Beck. David Schill . Colin Eames. Ted Knox. John Plaga

A new Six Component Dynamometer for MeasuringGround Reaction Forces 87in Alpine SkiingAndreas Kiefmann , Maximilian Krinninger, Udo Lindemann. Veit Senner.Peter Spitzenpfeil

Measurement of Draw-LengthAlterations in the Final Pull in Archery 93Jiiergen Edelmann-Nusser. Mario Heller. Marlin Hofmann, Nico Ganter

Power Measurement During Rowing 99Tim Deans. Martin Herbert, John Morgan

3 Modeling Equipment

Synopsis 107Kim B. Blair

Large Deflections during Bounce of Inflated Balls 109Bill Strange. Andrew Ashcroft

Finite Element Simulation of Ice Axe Pick Impact on a Semi-Rigid Surface 115Rae Gordon. Kathryn Franklin

Optimization of the Handbike's Drive Concept - Mathematical Approach 121Harald Biihm. Christian Kramer. Veil Senner

ix

Using CFD to Understand the Effects of Seam Geometry on Soccer Ball 127AerodynamicsSarah Barber. Stephen Haake. Matt Carre

Optimization ofa Recurve Bow Riser Using Evolutionary Computing 133Mario Heller. Juergen Edelmann-Nusser. Steffen Clement. Sandor Vajna.Andre Jordan

A Preliminary Investigation into Racing Motorcycle Aerodynamics 139Angelo Tempia, Riccardo Pagliarella

A Comparison of Aerodynamic Drag of a Rugby Ball Using EFD and CFD 145Firo: Alam. Pek Chec We. Aleksandar Subic. Simon Watkins

4 Modelling Systems

Synopsis 153Aleksandar Suhic

Relating Grip Characteristics to the Dynamic Response of Tennis Racquets 155Nicholas Savage. Aleksandar Subic

Modelling the 'run-out' Throw in Cricket 161Ken Bray. David Kerwin

Simulation Analysis of Maneuvre in Skydiving 167Ayako Aoyama. Motomu Nakashima

The Measurement of Applied Pressure at Depth with Two Natural Soil 173Surfaces at Different Densitieslain James. Sharon Dixon. Kim Blackburn, Neil Pcttican

Methods of Simulation and Manipulation for the Evaluation of Figure 179Skating JumpsThomas Hartel. Folk Hildebrand, Karin Knoll

Computer-Aided Football Training: Exploiting Advances in Distributed 185Tactical Operations ResearchPdr-Anders Albinsson, Dennis Anderson

5 Modelling and Measurement Equipment in Skiiing

SynopsisVeit Senner

193

x

Modeling of the Ski-Snow Contact for a Carved Tum 195Martin Mossner, Dieter Heinrich. Kurt Schindelwig, Peter Kaps, PeterLugner, Heinz-Bodo Schmiedmayer, Herwig Schretter, Werner Nachbauer

Improvements of Simulating Approach for Ski Tum 20 IToshiyuki Sakata, Takahiro Yanase

Influence of Ski Bending Stiffness on the Turning Radius of Alpine Skis at 207Different Edging Angles and VelocitiesDieter Heinrich. Martine Mossner, Peter Kaps, Herwig Schretter. WernerNachbauer

Study on Modification of Ski Referring Characteristic of Ski Tum (Change of 213Width and Shoe Center)Kenji Hosokawa, Yu Sato, Toshiyuki Sakata

A Unified, Custom-built Measuring System for a Ski Athlete 219Nathan Scott. Hiroyuki Kagawa , Takeshi Yoneyama

Analysis of Binding Loads in Snowboarding from Field Data Acquisition 225Nicola Petrone, Eva Tenan, Piergiuseppe Fumei

6 Climbing - Pulley Mechanics and Taping

Synopsis 233Franz Konstantin Fuss

Biomechanical Properties of the A2 Pulley in Rock Climbers 235Andreas Schweizer

Biomechanics of Finger Pulleys during Climbing 241Ming Adin Tan. Franz Konstantin Fuss, Gunther Niegl

Biomechanical Model for the Determination of the Forces acting on the 247Pulley SystemIsabelle Schoffl, Volker R. Schoffl, Laurent Vigouroux, Franck Quaine

Impact of "Taping" After Finger Flexor Tendon Pulley Ruptures in Rock 253ClimbersIsabelle Schoffl, Frank Einwag , Volker R. Schoffl

Mechanical Influence of Finger Taping in Sport Climbing 259Gunther Niegl, Franz Konstantin Fuss, Ming Adin Tan

xi

7 Climbing - Technical Aspects ofTraining and Performance

Synopsis 267Franz Konstantin Fliss

Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of Forearm Flexor Muscles in 269Rock Climbers - Evaluation of Physiological Standard PressuresVolker R. Schiitll , Sebastian Klee, WolFStrecker

Relation Between Specific Force Tests and Chained Degree in High Level 275Sport ClimbersJon Iriberri Berrostegicta

Dynamic Eccentric -- Concentric Strength Training of the Finger Flexors to 281Improve Rock Climbing PerformanceAndreas Schweizer. Alexander Schneider

Strength Measurement and Clinical Outcome after Conservatively Treated 287Pulley Ruptures in ClimbersVolker R. Schoffl. Frank Einwag, WolfStrecker, Isabelle Schoff!

Evolvement and Experimentation of a New Interval Method for Strength 291Endurance DevelopmentMichael Michailo v

8 Testing, Prototyping, Benchmarking

Synopsis 299Nicolas Belluvc

Test Methods in the Development of Sports Equipment 30IStephan Odenwald

The Design and Implementation of a Crash Pad Evaluation System for Speed 307SkatingClifton R. Johnston, Sean Mall", 0. Rod Fauvel

Optimization of the Handbikc's Drive Concept - Experimental Approach 313Christian Kreimer, Isabella Klopfer. VI'it Senner, Christiane Peters

Sports Surfaces - Impact Assessment Tools 319Paul Fleming, Colin Young

xii

Author Index

Subject Index

325

327

Contributors

Simon C. AdelmannUniversity of Birmingham. UK

Michivoshi AeUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan

Uzoma AjokuLoughborough University. UK

Shinichiro Akiya maToyota Motor Corporation. Japan

Firoz AlumRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Australia

Pdr-Anders AlbinssonSwedish Defence Research Agency. Sweden

Enrique AlcantaraUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia. Spain

Brady C. AndersonUniversity of Calgary. Canada

Lauren Anderso nLoughborough University. UK

xiv Contributors

Ross AndersonUniversityof Limerick, UK

Dennis AnderssonSwedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden

Yiannis AndreopoulosThe City College of New York, USA

Ali AnsarifarLoughborough University, UK

Ayako AoyamaTokyo Institute of Technology,Japan

Takeshi AsaiYamagata University, Japan

Andrew AshcroftUniversity of Cambridge, UK

. Alan AshleyUnited States Ski Association, USA

Mireo AuerSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos, Switzerland

Andreas AvgerinosDemocritus University ofThrace, Greece

Arnold BacaUniversity of Vienna, Austria

Sarah BarberUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Franck BarbierUniversitede Valenciennes, France

Matthew R. BarkerAuckland Universityof Technology, New Zealand

Joseph BeckUnited States Air Force Academy, USA

Nicolas BelluyeDecathlon, France

Alexey, BelyaevPerm State Technical University, Russia

Giiran BerglundSandvik Material Technology, Sweden

Nils BetzlerOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Marc BissuelINSA Lyon, France

Kim BlackburnCranfield University, UK

Jane R. BlackfordUniversity of Edinburgh, UK

Kim B. BlairMassachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Stephan BoerboomTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Harald BohmTechnische Universitat Munchcn, Germany

Robert BordasOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Pierre-Etienne BourbanEcole Polytechnique Fedcrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

Jean-Daniel BrabantINSA Lyon, france

Alan N. BramlevUniversity of Bath, UK

Ken BrayUniversity of Bath

Contributors xv

xvi Contributors

Desmond BrOlVIIUniversity of Ulster, UK

Steve BrownUniversity of Wales Swansea, UK

Mark-Paul BuckinghamUniversity of Edinburgh, UK

Jeremy BurnBristol University, UK

Mike P. CaineLoughborough University, UK

Matt 1. CarreUniversity of Sheffield, UK

David1. CarswellUniversity of Wales Swansea, UK

Catherine 1. CatonUniversity of Birmingham, UK

Chaochao ChenKochi University of Technology, Japan

Lance ChongUniversity of Illinois, USA

Simon Chopp inUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Jeffrey 1. ChuSimbex, USA

Steffen ClementAUDI Sport, Germany

Etienne CombazEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

Mario CominUniversitat Politecnicade Valencia, Spain

Alex CorkLoughborough University. UK

James CornishUniversity of Birmingham. UK

Robert CO ffeyHEAD Sport AG. Austria

Aimee C Cubitt

University of Bath. UK

Kieran F. CulliganMassachusetts Institute of Technology. USA

David CurtisSheffield Hallam University. UK

Dave CusterMassachusetts Institute of Technology. USA

Tim DeansBristol University. UK

Jeroe n DethmersUniversiteit Maastricht. Netherlands

Neil DixonLoughborough University. UK

Sharon J. DixonUniversity of Exeter. UK

Jamie DouglasInternational Tennis Federation. UK

Patrick J. DraneUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell. USA

Melanie D IlI/lIII

Technische Universitat Munchcn, Germany

Jua n Vicente DuraUniversitat Politccnica de Valencia. Spain

Contributors XV II

XVIII Contributors

Colin EamesUnited State s Air Force Academy, USA

Markus EckeltUniversity of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Austria

Jiirgen Edelmann- NusserOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Frank EinwagKlinik fur Orthopadische Chirurgie und Unfallchirurgie Bamberg, Germany

Carl F. EttlingerVermont Safety Research, USA

Paul EwartUniversity of Waikato, New Zealand

Emanuela FaggianoUniversity of Padova, Italy

Mathieu FauveSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos, Switzerland

Owen R. F'auvelUniversity of Calgary , Canada

Peter Federo((University of Salzburg, Austria

Monika FikusUniversity of Bremen, Germany

Christian FischerEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland,

Peter R. FischerUniversity of Augsburg, Germany

Keith FitzpatrickUniversity of Limerick, UK

Paul FlemingLoughborough University, UK

Contributors XIX

Ingmar FliegeTechnical University Kaiserslautem

Matthieu FoissacDecathlon, France

Kat/llyn FranklinUniversity of Glamorgan, UK

Philippe FreychatDecathlon, France

Piergiuseppe FumeiUniversity of Padova, Italy

Franz Konstantin FlissNanyang Technological University, Singapore

Javi er GamezUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Nico GanterOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germanyrnagdeburg.de

Palll GebhardTechnische Universitat Munchcn, Germany

Alexander Gerald}'Technical University Kaiserslautem

Anton GerritsTNO. Netherlands

Alexandros GiannakisCSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Switzerland

Maria GiannousiDemocritus University of Thrace, Greece

Palll1. GihhsLoughborough University, UK

Christoph e GilletUniversitc de Valenciennes, France

xx Contributors

Juan Carlos GonzalesUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Simon GoodwillUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Philippe GorceToulon University, France

Rae. GordonUniversity of Glamorgan, UK

Reinhard GotzheinTechnical University Kaiserslautem

Richard M. GreenwaldSimbex, USA

Thomas GrundTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Guglielmo GuerriniItalian Kayak Federation, Italy

Jose Maria GutierrezUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Stephen 1. HaakeSheffield Hallam University, UK

Christian HainzlmaierTeehnischc Univcrsitat Munchcn, Germany

Nick HamiltonSheffield Hallam University, UK

Dong Chul HanSeoul National University, Korea

R. Keith HannaFluent Europe Ltd., UK

Andy R. HarlandLoughborough University, UK

John HartSheffield Hallam University, UK

Thomas HiirtelChemnitz University of Technology, Germany

Ulrich HartmannTechnische Univcrsitat Munchcn, Germany

Andreas HasenknopfMLD, Germany

Dieter HeinrichUniversity lnnsbruck, Austria

Ben HellerSheffield Hallam University, UK

Mario HellerUniversity ofVienna, Austria

Christian HennekeSportKreativWerkstatt Gmbl l, Germany

Martin HerbertBristol University, UK

Falk HildebrandInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany

Norbert HimmelInstitut Iilr Vcrbundwerkstoffc Gmbl l, Germany

Frederique HintzyLaboratoire de Modelisation des Activitcs Sportives, France

Nobuyuki HiraiUniversity ofTsukuba, Japan

Yuusuke HiramatsuMeijo University, Japan

Philip Hodgk insLoughborough University, UK

Contributors XXI

xxii Contributors

Martin HofmannOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Frank HoislTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany

Christopher E. HolmesLoughborough University, UK

Yoshihisa HondaKinki University,Japan

Joe HopkinsWestern Michigan University, USA

Neil HopkinsonLoughborough University, UK

Nicolas HorvaisLaboratoirede Modelisation des Activites Sportives, France

Yohei HoshinoHokkaido University, Japan

Kenji HosokawaChubu University, Japan

Mont HubbardUniversityof California, Davis, USA

Andrew HytjanUniversityof Colorado at Boulder, USA

Yesim IgciPrinceton University, USA

Hiroshi !idaPolytechnic University Kagawa, Japan

Yoshio InoueKochi Universityof Technology,Japan

Carl Johan IranderSandvik Material Technology, Sweden

Jon Iriberri BerrostegietaPerformance Enhancement Centre, Basque Government, Spain

Gareth IrwinUniversity of Wales Cardiff: UK

Aaron lsonCascade Engineering, USA

Andrea IsottiUniversity of Padova, Italy

Koji ItoJapan Institute of Sport Sciences, Japan

Takuzo lwatsuboKansai University, Japan

Thomas JaitnerTechnical University Kaiserslautern

Daniel A. JamesGriffith University, Australia

David M. JamesUniversity of Sheffield, UK

lain JamesCranfield University, UK

Mike 1. JenkinsUniversity of Birmingham, UK

Marke Jennings- TempleCranfield University, UK

Alexander W. JessimanSimbex, USA

Tomohiko JinToyota Motor Corporation, Japan

Robert 1. JohnsonUniversity of Yermont, USA

Contributors XX111

XXIV Contributors

Clifton R. JohnstonUniversity of Calgary, Canada

Roy JonesLoughborough University, UK

Andre JordanOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Laura JusthamLoughborough University, UK

Hank KaczmarskiUniversity of Illinois, USA

Hiroyuki KagawaKanazawa University, Japan

Michael KaiserInstitut fur Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH, Germany

Nico KampermanTNO, Netherlands

Peter KapsUniversity Innsbruck, Austria

Shozo KawamuraToyohashi University of Technology, Japan

Ian C. KennyUniversity of Ulster, UK

David G. KerwinUniversity of Wales Cardiff, UK

Andreas KiefmannTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Cheol KimKyungpook National University, Korea

Moo Sun KimSeoul National University, Korea

Sun.Jin KimSeoul National University, Korea

Wendy KimmelUniversity of California, Davis, USA

Ejihimis KioumourtzoglouDemoeritus University of Thrace, Greece

Bob KirkUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Sebastian Klee

Isabella KlopferTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Karin KnollInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany

Klaus KnollInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany

Ted KnoxWright Patterson Air Force Base, USA

Cheolwoong KoUniversity of Iowa, USA

Osamu KobayashiTokai University, Japan

Yukinori KobayashiHokkaido University, Japan

Jan KochTechnical University Kaiserslautern

Hannes KoglerFischer GmbH, Austria

Sekiya KoikeUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan

Contributors xxv

XXVI Contributors

Philipp KornfeindUniversity of Vienna, Austria

Giorgos KotrotsiosCSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Switzerland

Johan KotzeHEAD Sport AG, Austria

Christian KramerTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Maximilian KrinningerTechnische Univcrsitat Munchcn, Germany

Michael KrohnHochschule fur Gestaltung und Kunst Zurich, Switzerland

Andreas KriigerOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Thomas KuhnTechnical University Kaiserslautem

Herfried LammerHEAD Sport AG, Austria

Nicholas LaveryUniversity of Wales Swansea, UK

Paul LeaneyLoughborough University, UK

Manryung LeeKyungin Women's College, Korea

Woo II LeeSeoul National University, Korea

Peter Leeds-HarrisonCranfield University, UK

Sebastien LeteneurUniversite de Valenciennes, France

Contributors XXVII

Chris Lewis-JonesDelcam pic, UK

Udo LindemannTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Daniel LowUniversity of Exeter, UK

Peter LugnerVienna University of Technology, Austria

Richard LukesUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Anton LiithiSwiss Fcderallnstitute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos, Switzerland

Reiner LiitzelerRWTH Aachen University, Germany

Jani Macari PallisCislunar Aerospace Inc., USA

Lionel ManinINSA Lyon, Francefr

Graeme MansonUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Jan-Anders E. Mansonhole Polytcchniquc Fcderale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

Giuseppe MarcolinUniversity of Padova, Italy

Brett A. MarmoUniversity of Edinburgh, UK

Antonio MartinezUniversitat Politccnica de Valencia, Spain

Natividad MartinezUnivcrsitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

XXVl1l Contributors

Tom MaseMichigan State University, USA

Steve MatherUniversity of Nottingham, UKk

Sean MawUniversity of Calgary, Canada

Alex 1. McCloyUniversity of Ulster, UK

Mark McHutchonUniversity of Sheffield, UK

Andrew McLeodCranfield University, UK

Hossain Md.ZahidToyohashi University of Technology, Japan

Kenneth MeijerUniversiteit Maastricht, Netherlands

Daniel MemmertUniversity of Heidelberg, Germany

Roberto MeneghelloUniversity of Padova, Italy

Imke K. MeyerUniversity of Bremen, Germany

Michael MichailovNational Sports Academy, Bulgaria

Veronique MichaudEcole Polytechnique Fcderale de Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland

Thomas MilaniChemnitz University of Technology, Germany

Paul MillerUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Stuart MillerInternational Tennis Federation, UK

Guillaume MilletUniversitc Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne. France

Hirofumi Minamo toToyohashi University of Technology, Japan

Sean R. MitchellLoughborough University. UK

Chikara MiyajiJapan Institute of Sport Sciences. Japan

Yusuke MiyazakiTokyo Institute ofTeehnology. Japan

Take10 MizotaFukuoka Institute of Technology. Japan

Stuart MonkUniversity of Birmingham. UK

Ana Montane!"Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. Spain

John MorganBristol University. UK

Eckehard Fozzy MoritzSportKreativWerkstatt Gmhl l, Germany

Rhys MorrisUniversity of Wales Cardiff, UK

Martin MiissnerUniversity lnnsbruck, Austria

Maximilian MiillerTechnische Univcrsitat Munchcn, Germany

Masahide MurakamiUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan

Contributors XXIX

xxx Contributors

Werner NachbauerUniversity lnnsbruck, Austria

Daiki NakajimaKansai University, Japan

Motomu NakashimaTokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Takesh i NaruoMizuno Corporation, Japan

Alan M. NathanUniversity of Illinois, USA

Dirk NiebhurTechnical University Kaiserslautem

Gunther NieglUniversity ofYienna, Austria

Chris tian NolteUniversity of Augsburg, Germany

Claudius NowoiskyOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Wubbo OckelsDelft University of Technology, Netherlands

Stephan Odenwa ldChemnitz University of Technology

Yuji OhgiKeio University, Japan

Shigemichi OhshimaMeijo University, Japan

Atsumi OhtsukiMeijo University, Japan

Hiroki OkuboNational Defense Academy, Japan

Steve R. OttoR&A Rules Limited, UK

Riccardo M. Pagliarel!aRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Jiirgen PerlUniversity of Mainz, Germany

Stephane PerreyUnivcrsite de Montpellicr, France

Christiane PetersTechnische Universitat Munchcn, Germany

Nicola PetroneUniversity of Padova, Italy

Neil PetticanCranfield University, UK

Jon PetzingLoughborough University, UK

Andrew PhillipsUniversity of Bath, UK

John PlagaWright Patterson Air Force Base. USA

Christopher .I.G. PlummerEcole Polytcchniquc Fcdcrate dl: Lausanne (EPFL). Switzerland

Alexander Romanovich PodgaetsDelft University of Technology, Netherlands

Jaime: PratUniversitat Politccnica de Valencia, Spain

Celine PuvaubreauDecathlon. France

Franck QuaineUnivcrsite Joseph Fourier Grenoble, France

Contributors xxxi

XXXII Contributors

Jose RamiroUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Rohin RedfieldUnited States Air Force Academy, USA

Martin ReichelUniversity of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Austria

Hansueli RhynerSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos, Switzerland

Matthieu RichardPETZL, France

Claudio RobazzaUniversity of Padova, Italy

Bryan C. RohertsLoughborough University, UK

Jonathan RohertsLoughborough University, UK

Markus A. RohdeUniversity of Siegen, Germany

Jouni A. RonkainenLoughborough University, UK

David RosaUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Steve RothhergLoughborough University, UK

Maxime RouxDecathlon, France

Daniel RussellKettering University, USA

AntonSahoUniversity of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien

Contributors XXXlll

Takahiro Saj imaSRI Sports Limited. Japan

Reiko SakashitaKumamoto University. Japan

Toshivuki SakataChubu University. Japan

Pierre SamozinoLaboratoire de Modclisation des Activites Sportives, France

Yu SatoChubu University. Japan

Nicholas SavageRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Australia

Hans Save lbergUniversiteit Maastricht, Netherlands

Michael SchiestlUniversity Innsbruck, Austria

DOI'id SchillUnited States Air Force Academy. USA

Kurt SchindelwigUniversity Innsbruck, Austria

Erin SchmidtLoughboruugh University. UK

Heinz-Bode SchmiedmaverVienna University of Technology. Austria

Alexander SchneiderTurn Till Bum GmbH. Switzerland

Isabe lle SchrJfllUniversity of Erlangen-Nurcmberg, Germany

Volker R. SchiilllKlinik fur Orthopadischc Chirurgie und Unfallchirurgie Bamberg. Germany

XXXIV Contributors

Stefan SchonbergerTechnische Universitat Munchcn, Germany

Herwig SchretterHTM Tyrolia, Austria

Andreas SchweizerKantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland

Carsten SchwiewagnerTechnische Univcrsitat Munchcn, Germany

Nathan ScOIIThe University of Western Australia, Australia

Brian P. SellUnited States Air Foree Academy, USA

Terry SeniorSheffield Hallam University, UK

Veit SennerTechnische Univcrsitat Munchen, Germany

Kazuya SeoYamagata University, Japan

So nali ShahUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Rebecca H. Shall'University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA

Jasp er ShealyRochester Institute of Technology, USA

Alison L. SheetsUniversity of California, Davis, USA

Jam es A. SherwoodUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell

Kyoko ShibataKochi University of Technology, Japan

Contributors xxxv

Jun ShimizuJapan Institute of Sport Sciences, Japan

Peter ShiptonCranfield University. UK

Hitoshi ShirakiUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan

All/on ShumihinPerm State Technical University. Russia

Gerard SierksmaUniversity of Groningcn, Netherlands

Lloyd SmithWashington State University. USA

Peter Sp itzenpfeilTechnisehe Univcrsitat Munchen, Germany

Caro lvn Stee teLoughborough University. UK

Darren J. StefanyshynUniversity of Calgary. Canada

Gunnar StevensUniversity ofSiegen. Germany

Victoria If. Sti lesUniversity of Exeter, UK

ValeriyStolbovPerm State Technical University. Russia

Marl in Strang woodUniversity of Birmingham, UK

Wolj'Slreckl'rKlinik fur Orthopadischc Chirurgie und Unfallchirurgie Bamberg. Germany

Martin StrehlerSportKreativWerkstatt Gmbl-l , Germany

XXXVI Contributors

Claude StrickerAISTS- International Academy of Sports Science and Technology, Switzerland

William 1. StrangeUniversityof Cambridge, UK

Aleksandar SubicRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Maria Jose SuchUniversitat Politecnicade Valencia, Spain

Cory SutelaSRAM Corporation, USA

Soichiro SuzukiKitami Institute of Technology,Japan

Masaya TakahashiSumitomo Light Metal, Japan

Hironuri TakiharaToyohashi Universityof Technology,Japan

Ming Adin TanNanyang Technological University, Singapore

Angelo TempiaRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Eva TenanUniversityof Padova, Italy

Dominique TheveninOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Mark TimmsHot Stix Technologies, USA

Daniel ToonLoughborough University, UK

Marcus TrappTechnical UniversityKaiserslautern

Masaya TsunodaSRI Sports Limited. Japan

Sadayuki UjihashiTokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Sandor VajnaOtto von Gucricke University Magdeburg. Germany

Rafael ValeroAIJU, Technological Institute of Toys. Spain

Sergey VasilenkoJSC Aviadvigatel - Perm Engine Company. Russia

Pedro VeraUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia. Spain

Johan VerbeekUniversity of Waikato, New Zealand

Nicholas VernadakisDcrnocritus University of Thrace, Greece

Alex VickersCranfield University. UK

Laurant VigourouxUnivcrsite Joseph Fourier Grenoble. France

.JellVogwe]!University of Hath. UK

Jijrg F. WagnerUniversity Stuttgart. Germany

Klaus WagnerInstitute for Applied Training Science (fAT) Leipzig, Germany

David WalfischMassachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Eric S. WallaceUniversity of Ulster, UK

Contributors XXXVII

xxxviii Contributors

Tom WallerLoughborough University, UK

Andy WalsheUnited States Ski Association, USA

Simon WatkinsRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Pek Chee WeRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Christian WehelTechnical University Kaiserslautern

Matthew WeberUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Sheldon WeinbaumThe City College of New York, USA

Andrew WestLoughborough University, UK

COlY WestHot Stix Technologies, USA

Miles WheelerUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Josef WiemeyerTechnische Universitat Darmstadt Germany

Bart WijersTerra Sports Technology, Netherlands

Paul WillemsUniversiteit Maastricht, Netherlands

Simon WilliamsUniversity of Glamorgan, UK

Markus A. WimmerRush University Medical Center Chicago, USA

Erich WintcrmantelTechnische Universitat Munchcn, Germany

Clive WishartBristol University. UK

Kerstin WilleOtto von Guerickc University Magdeburg. Germany

Gavin WoodCranfield University. UK

/£111 C. WrightTaylorMade-adidas Golf Company, USA

Qianhong ~vu

Villanova University. USA

Volker WullUniversity ofSicgcn, Germany

Bernd WunderlichOtto von Gucrickc University Magdeburg. Germany

Masanori YabuSRI Sports Limited. Japan

Tetsuo YamaguchiSRI Sports Limited. Japan

Connie YangLoughborough University. UK

Keiko YoncvamaTokyo Institute of Technology. Japan

Takeshi YoncvamaKanazawa University. Japan

Colin YoungLoughborough University. UK

Allen YuenUniversity of Calgary. Canada

Contributors XXXIX

xl Contributors

Jack ZahleUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Michael F. ZiihTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany

Eleni ZelouDemocritus University of Thrace, Greece

Andreas ZimmermannUniversity of Siegen, Germany

Werner ZirngieblPraxisklinik fur Orthopadie und Sportrncdizin,Munchcn, Germany