The Enlightenment and the French Revolution

World History 2nd Semester begins TODAY!!

Warm Up: Define the following –1. bourgeoisie 2. deficit spending

bourgeoisieIn French society – the middle class

deficit spendingsituation in which a government

spends more money than it takes in

Summary of French RevolutionToward the end of the 1700s, the reign of France’s

monarchs came to a violent end. Several forces—Enlightenment ideas, terrible economic conditions, and a bourgeoisie anxious for more power—combined to spark a momentous revolution in 1789 that swept out the old regime and ushered in a new government. However, the revolutionaries soon battled each other, and terror gripped France for several years. Into this chaos stepped a French army officer, Napoleon Bonaparte.

Napoleon seized control of the country and then built an empire that dominated much of western Europe. The other European powers eventually defeated Napoleon and convened the Congress of Vienna in 1814. There, they reestablished order and balance among the nations of Europe.

French Estates in the Old RegimeFirst Estate – Catholic clergy:

priests, nuns and church leaders. Less than 1% of the population. Owned 10 % of the land. 2% of their income went to the Gov’t.

Second Estate – Nobility. 1.5 % of the population. Owned 20% of the land and controlled over half of the labor force. Paid almost NO TAXES

French Estates in the Old Regime 2Third Estate – Diverse group of

French citizens. 98% of population. Divided into three groups. Owned 70% of the wealth

bourgeoisie – wealthy middle class. Bankers, merchants, manufactures, lawyers, doctors, etc.

city dwelling laborers, artisans and servants

peasants – 90% of the population. Rural workers and farmers.

Three Estates – page 469

Which estate is represented by the man under the stone? What is the picture saying about this estate?

Louis XIV – The Sun King“l‘etat, c’est moi” I am the stateBuilt France into one of

the most powerful nations in Europe

Disbanded Estates General

Spent vast amounts of money on arts

Created extensive militaryBuilt VersaillesLeft France deeply in debt

1643-1715

Louis XV: 1715-1774Continued deficit

spendingTaxed the third estate

unmercifullyPursued pleasure before

the business of the stateWhen warned that France

was in serious danger of collapse, he replied,

“For now, all is well. After me, the deluge.”

Louis XVI – The Last KingInherited a huge

economic crisisStarvation was very real

in the citiesFrance deeply in debtCalled Estates General to

try to raise funds by enticing bourgeoisie to raise taxes on themselves.

Third Estate objected to unfair conditions and demanded reform

1774-1793

Versailles

Marie AntoinetteNicknamed “Madam

Deficit”Daughter of Marie

Teresa of AustriaHad little understanding

of the conditions of the lower classes

Confused by march on women on Versailles.

When told that the masses had no bread, she is said to have declared, “Let them eat cake!”

Royal Family at Home in Versailles

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Suggested Voting The Suggested Voting Pattern:Pattern:

Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates1

1

1

Louis XIV insisted that Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.three orders be conserved in its entirety.

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of The Number of RepresentativesRepresentatives

in the Estates General: Vote in the Estates General: Vote by Head!by Head!300

300

648

Emmanuel Joseph Emmanuel Joseph SieyesSieyes

11stst What is the Third What is the Third Estate? Estate? Everything!Everything!22ndnd What has it been What has it been heretofore in the heretofore in the political order? political order? Nothing! Nothing!33rdrd What does it What does it demand?demand? To become To become somethingsomething therein! therein!

Abbé SieyèsAbbé Sieyès1748-18361748-1836

““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”

by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

The “Liberty Cap”: The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne RougeBonne Rouge

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.BLUE of Paris.

The Revolution Begins - 1789Estates General meets May, 1789Voting rules unfair to Third EstateDeclared themselves the National Assembly Invited delegates from other two estates to help

write a new constitution, much like the one completed in America

Locked out of VersaillesMeet on tennis courtPledged “Tennis Court Oath” – not to disband until a

new constitution had been written.King gathers troops in Paris and on July 14, 1789 a

Paris mob storms the Bastille.The Revolution begins

Other Situations

6,000 women riot in the streets of Paris

Not enough food to feed their children

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A new “declaration of independence” created

Modeled after American Declaration“All men were born free and equal in

rights.”Freedom of religionTaxed according to ability to pay“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”A new constitution created.Royal family attempts to flee to Austria.

Captured and imprisoned in Paris.

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizenthe CitizenAugust 26, August 26,

17891789

V Liberty!Liberty!

V Property!Property!

V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!

V Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at was in Paris at this time.this time.

Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)(1745-1793)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.

V But, But, The Declaration The Declaration of the Rights of Manof the Rights of Man did NOT extend the did NOT extend the rights and rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.

Causes of the French Revolution

•Enlightenment ideas—liberty and equalityExample furnished by the American Revolution Social and economic injustices of the Old Regime

Long Term Causes:

Economic crisis—famine and government debtWeak leadershipDiscontent of the Third Estate

Immediate Causes:

REVOLUTIONFall of the BastilleNational AssemblyDeclaration of the Rights of Man and a new constitution

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

WarWarWarWar

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

Robespierre Leader of the RevolutionBecome dictator of

FranceInstitutes Reign of TerrorEnemies of the

Committee of Public Safetey sent to the guillotine

Robespierre is himself eventually beheaded as well

Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety

Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791& the National Assembly. 1791

The French Constitution of The French Constitution of 1791:1791:A Bourgeois GovernmentA Bourgeois Government

V The king got the The king got the “suspensive” veto“suspensive” veto [which [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].

He could not pass laws.He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible for their own His ministers were responsible for their own

actions.actions.

V A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.National Assembly.

Had the power to grant taxationHad the power to grant taxation..

V An independent judiciaryAn independent judiciary..

The French Constitution of The French Constitution of 1791:1791:A Bourgeois GovernmentA Bourgeois Government

V ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” “Passive” CitizenCitizen..

1/3 of adult males were denied the 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.franchise.

Domestic servants were also excluded.Domestic servants were also excluded.

V A newly elected A newly elected LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY..

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country was Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!not turned over to the mob!GOALGOAL Make sure that the country was Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!not turned over to the mob!

National Assembly First act-take clergy lands and

resell them for profitCreates Legislative Assembly-

group that approves laws and makes war

Split into 3 groups- – 1.Radicals(Jacobins and Sans-

Culottes) – left side of the room– 2. Moderates – sat in middle of room – 3. Conservatives(Emigres)- right side

of the room

Legislation Passed by the Legislation Passed by the

National ConventionNational Convention1.1. Law of General MaximumLaw of General Maximum

September 5, 1793.September 5, 1793. Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3

above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790figures.figures.

Prices would be strictly enforced.Prices would be strictly enforced. Hoarders rooted out and punished.Hoarders rooted out and punished. Food supplies would be secured by the army!Food supplies would be secured by the army!

2.2. Law of SuspectsLaw of Suspects September 17, 1793.September 17, 1793. This law was so widely drawn that almost anyoneThis law was so widely drawn that almost anyone

not expressing enthusiastic support for the not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest!republic could be placed under arrest!

Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization (1793-De-Christianization (1793-

1794)1794) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked

withwithreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.

Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.

Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..

Therefore, religion had no place in Therefore, religion had no place in aarational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram

1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican CalendarCalendar::

abolished Sundays & religious holidays.abolished Sundays & religious holidays. months named after seasonal features.months named after seasonal features. 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day

decades.decades. the yearly calendar was dated fromthe yearly calendar was dated from

the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792][Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically divorced The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!the state from the Church!!

The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendar

New Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire

Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram

2.2. The public exercise of religion wasThe public exercise of religion wasbanned.banned.

3.3. The Paris Commune supported the:The Paris Commune supported the: destruction of religious & royal statues.destruction of religious & royal statues. ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress. encouragement of the clergy to give up encouragement of the clergy to give up

their vocations.their vocations.

4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”“Temple of Reason.”

5.5. The deportation of priests denounced byThe deportation of priests denounced bysix citizens.six citizens.

The The Radical’s Radical’s

Arms:Arms:

No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!

No King!No King!No No

Constitution!Constitution!

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%

7%

The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!

Louis XVI as a Louis XVI as a PigPig

c For the Montagnards, the king was a For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor.traitor.

c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].execute the king [maybe exile him].

Louis XVI is Guillotined

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)c The trial of the king The trial of the king

was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache Tuilieres of a cache of documents.of documents.

c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.

c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.

Marie Antoinette as a Marie Antoinette as a SerpentSerpent

The “Widow Capet”The “Widow Capet”

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the

GuillotineGuillotine

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

The “Thermidorean The “Thermidorean Reaction,” Reaction,” 17941794

P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a speech illustrating speech illustrating newnew plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies.

he alienated members of the CPS he alienated members of the CPS & CGS. & CGS.

many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications.implications.

P July 27 July 27 the Convention arrests the Convention arrests Robespierre. Robespierre.

P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

Robespierre at the Guillotine

-July 28th 1794-Marks the end of the “Reign of Terror”

• End of the Old Regime• Execution of monarchs• War with the First Coalition• Reign of Terror• Rise of Napoleon

Immediate Effects

• Conservative reaction• Decline in French power• Spread of Enlightenment

ideas• Growth of nationalism• Rise of international

organizations (Congress of Vienna)

• Revolutions in Latin America

Long-Term Effects

Revolution • Fall of the Bastille• National Assembly• Declaration of the

Rights of Man and a new constitution

The French Revolution and Napoleon

Napoleon Becomes Emperor of France

August 1788 Louis XVI announced meeting of the Estates-General to be held in May 1789

May 5, 1789 Estates-General convenes June 17, 1789 Third Estate declares itself the

National Assembly June 20, 1789 Oath of the Tennis Court July 14, 1789 Storming of the Bastille July 20, 1789 Revolt of the peasantry begins August 26, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man

and Citizen issued October 5, 1789 Parisian women march to

Versailles and forces Louis XVI to return to Paris February 1790 Monasteries and convents

dissolved

TIMELINE OF EVENTS IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

July 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy issued

June 1791 Louis XVI and family attempt to flee Paris, but are captured and returned

April 1792 France declares war on Austria August 10, 1792 Storming of the Tuileries January 1793 Louis XVI executed July 1793 Maximilien Robespierre assumes

leadership of the Committee of Public Safety 1793-1794 Reign of Terror 1794 Robespierre is guillotined 1794-1799 Thermidorian Reaction 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the

Directory and seizes power

TIMELINE CONT’D