The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment

The Enlightenment IdealsThe Enlightenment Ideals

Belief in the supremacy of reason over Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairsthe intellect to human affairs

Science takes its place for the first timeScience takes its place for the first time

The The PhilosophesPhilosophes

Thinkers who advocated reasonThinkers who advocated reasonParis was the center of the movementParis was the center of the movementSearch for universal laws in human affairsSearch for universal laws in human affairsScorned superstition, ChristianityScorned superstition, ChristianityEncyclopedieEncyclopedie – a compendium of all – a compendium of all human knowledge edited by Diderothuman knowledge edited by DiderotDeism – God created universe to operate Deism – God created universe to operate rationallyrationally

The SalonsThe Salons

Social gatherings with dining, Social gatherings with dining, entertainment, conversationentertainment, conversation

Wealthy womenWealthy women

Mme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, DiderotMme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, Diderot

Helped finance Helped finance EncyclopedieEncyclopedie

Discussion of ideas and eventsDiscussion of ideas and events

RousseauRousseau

Most popular of the EnlightenmentMost popular of the Enlightenment

Natural goodness of humans; value of Natural goodness of humans; value of freedom and equalityfreedom and equality

Respect for humans in nature – Native Respect for humans in nature – Native Americans were the exemplarsAmericans were the exemplars

Concept of “general will”Concept of “general will”

Flaws in society and institution cause Flaws in society and institution cause social injusticesocial injustice

LOCKELOCKETwo Treatises of Two Treatises of GovernmentGovernmentGovernment: voluntary Government: voluntary association of humans association of humans acting in their self-acting in their self-interestinterestHumans are reasonable Humans are reasonable and cooperativeand cooperativePower of the legislature: Power of the legislature: the people the peoplePeople could overthrow People could overthrow government and replace government and replace with better onewith better one

HOBBESHOBBES

LeviathanLeviathan

All-powerful sovereign All-powerful sovereign should rule stupid should rule stupid humanshumans

Humans are greedy and Humans are greedy and violentviolent

Power of the executive: Power of the executive: the governmentthe government

Rococo StyleRococo Style

Softer, more delicate style than BaroqueSofter, more delicate style than Baroque

Name from “rocaille,” a shell-like Name from “rocaille,” a shell-like decoration used in gardens.decoration used in gardens.

Art was happy, witty, frivolous, playfulArt was happy, witty, frivolous, playful

Watteau: Watteau: Pilgrimage to CytheraPilgrimage to Cythera (fig. 16.3) (fig. 16.3)

Fragonard: Fragonard: The MeetingThe Meeting (fig. 16.5) (fig. 16.5)

The Bourgeois ResponseThe Bourgeois Response

FigaroFigaro based on a French play based on a French play

Condemned aristocratic privilegeCondemned aristocratic privilege

Middle class gained influenceMiddle class gained influence

Art reflected their moral attitudesArt reflected their moral attitudes

The Rise of the NovelThe Rise of the Novel

Epistolary novelsEpistolary novels

A leisured class of educated readers A leisured class of educated readers emergedemerged

Novels of manners, such as Jane Novels of manners, such as Jane Austen’s Austen’s Sense and SensibilitySense and Sensibility

The Neoclassical StyleThe Neoclassical Style

Style of the later eighteenth century that Style of the later eighteenth century that imitated the art of ancient Greece and imitated the art of ancient Greece and RomeRome

Influenced by scholarship, excavations of Influenced by scholarship, excavations of Herculaneum and PompeiiHerculaneum and Pompeii

Neoclassical ArchitectureNeoclassical Architecture

Influence of PalladioInfluence of Palladio

Chiswick House (fig. 16.17)Chiswick House (fig. 16.17)

Thomas Jefferson: Ambassador to FranceThomas Jefferson: Ambassador to France

Monticello in Virginia (fig. 16.19)Monticello in Virginia (fig. 16.19)

Neoclassical PaintingNeoclassical Painting

Jacques-Louis David: Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii Oath of the Horatii (fig. 16.13), 1784(fig. 16.13), 1784This painting embodied leading principles This painting embodied leading principles of neoclassicism: didactic purpose, purity of neoclassicism: didactic purpose, purity of form, and deep passion restrained by of form, and deep passion restrained by good taste.good taste.Revolt against rococoRevolt against rococoDavid involved in French RevolutionDavid involved in French Revolution

The Classical SymphonyThe Classical Symphony

Order, proportion, harmonyOrder, proportion, harmony

Haydn – “father” of symphonyHaydn – “father” of symphony1.1. 4 movements4 movements

2.2. sonata form: three-part structure still used sonata form: three-part structure still used todaytoday

Mozart had the ability to create effortless Mozart had the ability to create effortless transitions between sections and build transitions between sections and build symmetrical structure for his music symmetrical structure for his music

The Age of SatireThe Age of Satire

Aims to improve society by humorous Aims to improve society by humorous criticismcriticism

Attacks on social illsAttacks on social ills

Jonathan Swift: Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels

Voltaire: Voltaire: CandideCandide

Hogarth:Hogarth: Marriage Marriage à la Mode: The à la Mode: The Marriage Contract Marriage Contract (fig. 16.9)(fig. 16.9)

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift

A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal recommended that recommended that poor Irish children be butchered, roasted poor Irish children be butchered, roasted and served for Sunday dinners. It would and served for Sunday dinners. It would reduce population and provide income.reduce population and provide income.

Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels Horses put humans to Horses put humans to shame. Mocked humans as Yahoosshame. Mocked humans as Yahoos

Not convinced of human decencyNot convinced of human decency

VoltaireVoltaire

Opposed evils of religious bigotry and Opposed evils of religious bigotry and political oppressionpolitical oppression

Candide Candide makes fun of optimistsmakes fun of optimists

Cultivate your own garden: reject Cultivate your own garden: reject philosophical solutions, cultivate self, work philosophical solutions, cultivate self, work hard and seek a comfortable and hard and seek a comfortable and reasonable life.reasonable life.

Mozart and OperaMozart and Opera

Independent musician: no patronIndependent musician: no patron

Began at age 6. Composed more than Began at age 6. Composed more than 600 works, including 20 operas and 41 600 works, including 20 operas and 41 symphoniessymphonies

Joseph II of Austria sponsored himJoseph II of Austria sponsored him

Balance of music and drama in operaBalance of music and drama in opera

The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic FluteThe Magic Flute