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7/27/2019 The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter. The Global Transfer of European Rules via International Organizations
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule ExporterT G Tf f E R I Oz
M R
N. 48 | N 2012
WORKING PAPER
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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 48 | November 2012
KFG Working Paper Series
Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tnfmv Pw f E
T KFG W P S d c f K-Fc y
d c. I c cdc c w d d
c c d d c E d E U.
A KFG W P KFG w www.f. c dd
Cy f : M R
Ed c d dc: C B d S R
R, M 2012: T EU M R E. T G Tf f E R I
Oz, KFG W P S, N. 48, N 2012, K-Fc (KFG) T TfPw f E F U B.
ISSN 1868-6834 (P)
ISSN 1868-7601 (I)
T c fdd y G Rc Fd (DFG).
F U B
K-Fc
T Tf Pw f E:
T E U d D f Id
I. 26
14195 B
Gy
P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033
F: +49 (0)30- 838 57096
www.f.
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 3
The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter
T Gb Tnf f En R v Innn
Ognzn
M Rn
Abstract
T w cd wc y f -EU d w
z d E dd y
dd f c. T w cc fw f c
f f E d w d y
d f f, d cc fd d IR . A dfy
dc w d f c, c
d c f d w c wc EU c c
c . O , w y fd w y
qy d y f f c c d ddcd wdwd f
-f f E z.
T A
M Rn dd f I dd Pq d P
(2005) d f C f E (2007). Sc 2008, PD c-dd I d Pc cy Uy f S.
G (Swzd), w c fc wdwd f f
E , dd d c. H d c -
y d z c. H w d
mulaons, Journal of Contemporary European Research (fc),
Bruges Polical Research Papers, Security Issues d Cuadernos de Yuste
(fc).
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4 | KFGWorking Paper No. 48 | November 2012
Contents
1. Idc 5
2. T EU B R E: W D W Kw? 6
2.1 How Does the EU Export Its Rules Bilaterally?
Power Asymmetries, Funconal Dynamics and Domesc Polics 62.2 When Is the Bilateral Transfer of EU Rules Successful? Domesc
Preferences and Power Asymmetries 7
3. Bd Ez d Gz Sd: IdfyC Ey Mc 9
4. Tc Ic f S f B M R Tf 11
4.1 How Do Bilateral Transfer Processes Dier from Mullateral Ones? 114.2 Determining the Collecve Preference of Rule Importers 124.3 Imposing Constraint at the Mullateral Level 144.4 Seeking Consent at the Mullateral Level 14
5. Hy, Mdy d C Sc 15
6. T IMO B S-H O T 17
7. T UNECE-Sd Sd f E EC Sy 19
8. T Sd f GSM Sdd f M Ty D
ITU Ny 21
9. T F I S I WTO N 23
10. Cc: C d C Tf f EU R 24
L 26
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 5
1. Indcn: Fm B- M R Tnf 1
T cc f Ez d y cdc fw, c cy f
cc (d c d Ldc 1994) d f wdy f c . O , c c w Ez -
(Bz 2010): F, Ez-W c d, y, y
f c f E U (EU) dd M S c c d
dc ; Scd, Ez-E d, wc c
f c f c cdd c d cc -
w E U, cc dy Scf d Sd (2005); Td,
Ez-S Ez yd E d (Scf 2007), wc
dd dy f E f w w dd c dd f c -
c c , ycy, c f E Nd Pcy (L/U
2004; L . 2009).
T d f c: Ty fc f, y, y -
cd d wc -EU cy c, d d y
f E y. E c d Ez f
-EU c (c , f c, Fy . 2009), f y f
dd , w dc c , d fc d
cc f dc d f f EU . A c d d,
f , c c d f f f E
wd f (C 2011; K 2011).
I , I f y f dd -EU
f. Sd w, mullateral transfer of European rules d
dfy cndn wc m g nmb f c nd d EU
n ny nv vb f cn. I d, y c
f z c f d f f E . T w
y c c wdwd f f E y
c, c wc cc f d cc, cc d
d jyd y dd (Ld 2008; Bc 2009).
Sc w cc fw d c d f c
f f E . Sc w w fw
d d I R (IR) d, f d d cc.
1 I wd D L, F Scf, A Wz, M Wz, Pw Fw, Ad
H, Ad Sd, d fcy c f Sc f Ecc d Pc Scc f -
f c d d. Py f w d w
R O G Py d F U B Oc 2011 d
f Sw Pc Scc Ac d Lc Fy 2012. I f zTj Bz, D P, D L d S B w c w f
c d f dc.
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6 | KFGWorking Paper No. 48 | November 2012
A dfy dc w d f c, c
c d c f d w c wc EU
c y z. I d d, d f EU
(dd ) fc f EU y c w y- wd-d-c c f EU c f
y z - y cy cy
f E . O , c f f w y w y -
qy d c y f f c c d ddcd wd-
wd f ( -f) f E z. Sc ccd.
2. T EU B R E: W D W Knw?
T c y cc c d c d f c d-
f EU .
2.1 How Does the EU Export Its Rules Bilaterally? Power Asymmetries, Funconal
Dynamics and Domesc Polics
D cc f y f fw f f EU yd EU d,
cc c d y c wc c cc f
f ( T 1).
Bd / , y c z z
f w y d c f fw c Scf d Sd -
c d (2005:10-17), K d Lcw cc d (2005:585-587) L
d Scf cc c d d w-d (2009:797, 803-804).
Accd c, dc w c cd f EU
z (Dz 2005) d f EU y f w cc -
c f cdy (Scf/Sd 2004).
T cd y c w f cc . I EU dcy
y cy , cy
w (L/Scf 2009: 797-799, 802-803), w wc cz d d
f cd c, wy f dc f d c
(K/L 2002: 259). S d d c f cd c -
(Scf/Sd 2005:18-20) d cc-d Ez d (K/
Lcw 2005:589-590; B . 2007: 414-418).
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 7
Table 1: Logical Filiaon Between Various Europeanizaon Explanatory Mechanisms
POWER ASYMMETRIES CONSTRUCTIVIST
TEMPLATES
DOMESTIC
POLITICS
Enzn
Schimmelfennig and
Sedelmeier (2005)
E Ic Sc L (+/-) L-Dw
TrichotomyKnill and Lehmkuhl (2002);Drezner (2005); Knill and
Lenschow (2005); Bauer et al.
(2007)
Cc / Cc Cc (+/-) C
F wy
Diez et al. (2006), partly
Barne and Duvall (2005)
Cy Ic Cc d, y,
Cc Ic
E d,
y, Cc
Ic
En En
Gvnnc
Lavenex and Schimmelfennig
(2009)
Hcy/
Pw-d E
Nw /
I
E
M /
Dc Sc
E
N: Cd y ; (+/-) dc fc
T d d y c dc EU w
dd f d c y f EU f y . L-
dw (Scf/Sd 2005: 20-25) d d d c f c-
(K/Lcw 2005: 587-589; B . 2007: 411-414) fd w EU d
cy dc wc fd y f d/ w
EU c d d c w -
cy (L/Scf 2009: 804-805).
2.2 When Is the Bilateral Transfer of EU Rules Successful? Domesc Preferences andPower Asymmetries
T dw f d ddcd f f EU
. T f cczd raonal policy decision y
c ( ) basis of a set of domesc interests and preferences. Uy,
dc fc d dc (C 2011) E y
. T c dc dd f , EU f impose constraint
y y w y d/ cdy c f
y d - c d/ cy f
E .
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8 | KFGWorking Paper No. 48 | November 2012
T cd cc wc c dw f c the EU mostly relies on
power asymmetries and on market condionality c f f . I dy
f Ez f C d E E, Scf d Sd (2005: 210) c-
cd c dd y EU c y cc f c f EU c-dd c. T c d cdcd dcd , w fc cc w
c E , cc c cdc c- y
d c cd f w EU cy wf c-
. F, c cc fc d ccf f
f EU wc -cd f EU cc . Ccy, y
cc, cdy c cdc f c w d-
c w dc c f w. W cc dw f cc-
(H 2005: 204), Ez c f y cc
d yc f, y y cc cc c (d -d),
cd y jy d c f . Sy, d E
c c f f cc d f c
cdc c f, Y (2009) d Fy . (2009) dd
dd c f cc c f d f dccy d
d c ( y w c/d d d c-
d).
T d d cc f c f f legimacy does not appear to
play any determinant role f f E yd E d. Idd, -
c f cdy c (w dcc cq-d), cy f E
dd cy d y cc c (Scw 2005; Scf/
Sd 2005: 214-217). N, Ez c w d-
d c -dw c cd dcy d f
y cy d fy dd (G 2005; E 2005;
Scf/Sd 2005:219). Sy, K d T (2009) d dc cy
y d c EU f d f cy y w
cc f -EU c d c f f d dc c
c z f f c (cy w).
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 9
3. Bdgng Enzn nd Gbzn Sd: Idnfyng
Cmmn n Eny Mcnm
T c y f Ez c d d f cc czd . F c, Rd (2000: 261) dcd cc
d cd f yc cc d w Ez d z d. A
fd cc f cc-c y (S 1970), wy c-
c y d ccd wd f c
. Accd Rd (2000), c f Ez cc d
w dc d ( y: dc w y f c) cd y
dc f d dy, c d q whether c cy d
c dd Ezd d y cd d how much
f d c Ezd.2
T cc fd q f w Ez c
cc fw c f w . Idd, cc d
c cc/I R c d, f, cc -
fc f c cd f wy f
E d. Y, I c, wc d
dy d f (J/Ld 2003; K 2005), y d
f y y, wc y c , d cy
c w, fwd Ez . Sd w,
d f dd d c f c (K 2005: 767),
dd d y c d
cc f Ez, f, d, cc .
A , f-dd d w f cc Ez y
cd c d f c. Id, I dfy y y
d c c d w y fy c d c -
y w f cd y Ez-yd-E c d
(T 2).
I dy f instuonal isomorphism, DM d Pw (1983: 150-154) dd
c fc d d w z d: cc, c
d . A c f c d f dy cd
y c. I c c, Dwz d M (2000: 13-17) cc ftransfer
c f y cc f f , c
. A c , y f f c dd, z
2 T qy d y Rd (2000: 5): T f Ez c d
f dc c y cy d y EU cy dc w
c d d dc. T w d d Ez. B w c w f d Ez. If y Ezd
c d, w Ezd?
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10 | KFGWorking Paper No. 48 | November 2012
dc f cy f c ( c f cdy
d c f d y d )
d dc f c f w y f cy
dd w dc q. T w y y y c f c d -dw d Ez . I dd, Dwz
d M d d dy f c wy dc
f fy y d d, y f
d y . T c ccy c d
cc d d cc d cy (Hz/K
2005: 780-786).
I cc w c f cc , B (1991) d w f
y f y c: w w-d d z dc w
c w w c () c f y-d
(z); cc d d cz w c-
( w); d d () c -dw d
d d.
Table 2: Logical Filiaon Between Europeanizaon and Alternave Explanatory Mechanisms
POWER ASYMMETRIES CONSTRUCTIVISTTEMPLATES
DOMESTICPOLITICS
Imm
DiMaggio and Powell (1983)
Cc N P Mc
(+/-)
Transfer
Dolowitz and Marsh (2000)
Cc Tf
d Cdy
Vy Tf
d y Pcd
Ncy, c
D f I
Accc
L-Dw
d Bdd
Pfc Ry
CnvgncBenne (1991) Hz dP E Nw E
Dn
Simmons and Elkins (2004)
Ad Py M
d +/- R
L
Cc d,
y, f C
Rfc G
L f
Scc d, y,
f c
Rfc G
N: Cd y ; (+/-) dc fc
Fy, diusion cd y y d wc ccy
fwd f d cc . I wdy qd c d-
f c, S d E (2004) d f cc cy dc c
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 11
dc cy cc w wy: y y f cy y d
w f cd. T d y y c c f d-
c cc c d c c w cc f f
d c. B d w w c (d ) y y dc . T y c z
f w f dc cy- cd y f . T -f-
cc d y -dw d, wy c f cy
f ccy c cy w. T w
d d cc d cc y w f-
w ( cc) , c f f
d cd f c y ( f c fc ).
T f w f d IR f, d d d cc cy d
d jc d dy wc ccz c. Y, cc
jdc f c c y d cc d w
Ez d z c y d d c f f
c w y , c d f -
c d y d c y y
y cc f d f c dd.
4. Tc Imcn f S fm B M R Tnf
A dfy dc w d f c, c-
wy wc cc d f f cd dd
f f E .
4.1 How Do Bilateral Transfer Processes Dier from Mullateral Ones?
B- d f d f c d: f c w c (one-to-one transfer) w f c
c (one-to-many transfer), d w . T
c w c cqc d f dc.
F, c f f c w more numerous and arguably
more heterogeneousinterests cd d c. T y d f f c-
, c d y c d (Ad/K 1985:
228, 236). I dd, dc- cd w wc
f cc y f cc c-d. F c, q f
c dd w 153 Wd Td Oz (WTO) -
w d c w. M y
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12 | KFGWorking Paper No. 48 | November 2012
dc- cd wc d f , c jy
(d f c f Ud N G Ay ), qd jy -
( c f Ud N G Ay , wc q w-d
jy) cd wc z f cd (f , -wd f Ud N Scy Cc).
Scd, ny c more horizontal sengs wc z
f w y fqy y cd d c cy
. F c, d c f
c/c w d w c w. W y j fc w
d c c wy wd y
(c-d). T c y d wf c w
y (dw). Cqy, f w cy d c f
ccf f d y cdc f cd w c
fy .
By , w c c dy d wf c cc f cc
d y j () dy, w wc w y dcd.
Hw, f wc dd dd d -
jdc cc c. F , A d Bd, w 170 q
d f 85,000 d WTO d dy d fcd
Ud S c c-d y f d c. A -
wc c d y f w y f-c q
f cy d z (cy Ud N d
czd c), wc y cd cy d d w ,
y c f wc w d c. A , c f
jc f c c w f f d, -
z (NGO) d dccy wc c y c
f . T d w c zd , cy
c wc -w d w y c d c
d (Ld 2008).
4.2 Determining the Collecve Preference of Rule Importers
T f - f c dd f yc y d q
c c d c f fc f/ f
z cdd. Udd process of preference formaon c
dfy dd wc y c d f fc.
F f, dc fc f c dd y
dd fc f c, d d c c y, c
c d cc , c d f d, c ,
NGO d dccy , d d c (Mc 1993, 1997). F
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 13
f, cc fc f c dd y
fc f w fc f cc d f c c
y f z ccd. Hw, f
y cc w, f , d E c , d d f d , w c f wc d fc
f dd c cd d w y
c f c (Aw 1951).3
T dc dcy c ccd y outcome of preference aggregaon
wc fqy d dw y c c c dc, ,
d wc c fd f w. V c-c d /dc y,
c cc (d) cc fc f .
T cc fc w z c f d f,
wc I cz w y. F, c cc dd f y c
f (absence of demand). Scd, y cc
f wd d c cd w (reward-driven demand).
I Ez , y f fc cd w c d d
d. F w f f cy dd, cc fc f w
d ycy extrinsic, y cc dd f c ,
, y wc cd w ( cc c)
y f .
By c, cc fc w z c ycy
d c, y f f , w dc c.
F, y f d c cy f wc
cc cy w (soluon-driven demand). T y f cy dd ycy
fd -dw d c d d c. Fy, fc f
y d f w f c
(value-driven demand). Pcy dd z c f yc f f
cc d c c d cc-d c d.
3 Aw y dd y wc
c f y-d dd fc wy wd f
c: F, f f X Y, d fc d c X f Y; c-
d, f cd fc f X Y (c f f d ), d fc w qy cd w X cd f Y; d
d , dc c fc f.
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4.3 Imposing Constraint at the Mullateral Level
E I cd d c z
cy f c d , wd w y y c.
F, y f d dc- cd w ccy c
wc w c d d d. I c, c d ddcd
absence or presence of veto players d size and composion of blocking minories. F
c, w f wf y wc y wd w c-
cd y wf y c y y f dd,
d dy w Ud N Scy Cc. I c f jy (w
qd) , dc z d c f c . T
f c y cd f y d c, f w cy
wf, w dc c f y cd f w
d w .
Scd, w w y dd d d -
y d cy z, cc w d z, -
c dw, y d, z f y d f c c (
y fw f fqy d dc f c w). I c, czd
dc d w dd y cc y c c f f
c f y f/ y (M 2005; Bc/Nw 2007). I
c, y f d fc (w-d c ) d y cc,
c d c f f w (Gd 2002).
4.4 Seeking Consent at the Mullateral Level
T c f w d w w c d f -
y d y z f w y c
f y dc dd f . Sc c y cc cd wc y fc f f dc y-
: Ud cd, c f f y c
fd.
A y c w z y d
d dc c most eecve soluon cy c
f f wc c fd f. T - c
f c zd y cy, c cd c
cy q, cd d wc c d cd d
cd d c. By , c c d f ccd
f f c c y dc c d
cc (K 2001).
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 15
A cd y c f cc d dc
f c. T dcy w cc f cy
dd d zd c wy y f f ccz-
f w jc ( fd) d jc ( ).T c cy f ddy f . Y,
w fd (c d c) c y wy dd
f f f.4
T , I z cy f w c. T , jc-
d c resonance f (Scf/Sd 2005: 20; d c
c y Cc 1999), dd f cy w c d cc c
w z. T cd c, wc dd f jc cd-
d, universality or singularity of the problem-solving mechanism, wc
d y wy wc
dcd d d f cy w w dd. T dy d
d , c cd f c
f cy w w dd.
5. Hy, Mdgy nd C Scn
O f c dj cd c 4, fw y c
fd:
C y: I z c d d E y
:
f E U jy f w f ,
z y cc;
d/ f E cd w c f f
c.
C y: I z c d d E y -
:
f E c, f f c, c cc-
cy f wc fy cy w w z;
d/ f E c, f f c, cy
4 Sd w, X cd w c wd c c f w d y
c A c B. Sy, cy, c cd d c cd d wc X c cy d y w c cdd (A B) y d c w c dd
c dc f .
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wc w c d cc w
z.
T fw c d y f w y f -cc y f c c d - d d y d-
(Lj 1971, 1975; My-F 1994: 316-318) y y M d f w
fw f d y d. T dy w dfy
y w c wc d c. T dc d y
Fz Scf (1997: 25-27), c y cwd- c d
c dc f -fc y y ,
c cy cc (.., EU ) f yc c
f c.5
T f dy f q c f d c,
y, f c w E w fd w f c w (
) w fd. G fc dd y 6, q
c y (R 1987) d B (C 2009) wd y d f
y, d d f d-
d relaon between the properes of various rules c (f c: EU
US US c EU ) y jd
f c (f c: EU d US ).
T d, c w cd f c. F, c d f
dd , c fc d f f EU
w fc d -f. Scd, f cc w cy w
c w E d, , d y
5 T c y, wc Scf c fwd-, ycy fw dd cd-
f K, V d K (1994) d c f y (.. w
c f dd c d y dd ). Iy,
w cwd- y wc w c c c
. Y, cwd- y dc d c, d c
d dc y f dd ; d y fc c f ,
y ccd cy d dd f (Scf 1997: 27).
6 I d d y L d Scf (2009: 800-801), dd c
f EU c d: c, d d c. T d
f cc c y d f c (f fc c f EU
c c f c f w wd y f dy ) d, f, c
zd w B . By c, fc cy c d d f
E , f wc c d dc : T EU cd f -
; qy, fy dd y cy f , . I
d d y z f dd cqc: I
cd yd f d, .. c w y f EU cd/dd,
w f cd/dd. I d d w c (wc c-
y cc w dd c cy ), c y c wc f EU jc f y f c, cd d d dd c
y UNECE c.
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 17
c-d. 7 Td, c d cd w cy w -
z w c cc, d f
z dc f f d EU y
cy .
O , f c w dd. Tw f c , E
cy dd y f f
z. T d dy cdcd d c, wy E w
cy fd y, d -c y z. T
f d () c dy cc E wc fd fd y d
w cd y z. T q d d
y f y d f c c (c ) w
c f c d f c (c w).
6. T IMO Bn n Sng-H O Tnk
U cy, dc d d w d c y f c (
) f wc w qd w , d
dc d f c. I c f c d d,
c d d , y w c . D-
d, y c cd c dc f , w w
d c, cy, wy dd d dc (C O
P Ac 1998: 115-141).
I q cd I C f P f P
f S (MARPOL), w I M Oz (IMO),
Ud N czd cy w d f fy d cy
d f f . G c f dc-
w IMO d f 169 , IMO -
dy cczd f w cd d w d f cy, cd y EU C fC C C Hdd (IMO 2010: 2). I c, c f w
c y dd dc f IMO d f-c
dd c dd d dy.
I w f Exxon Valdez (1989), Ud S fcd d dc
c qcy d y. A w y d
7 T IMO c c c c w c-d( EU US), w ( EU d US fw -
).
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18 | KFGWorking Paper No. 48 | November 2012
8, US d d fwd dd f
d f w 2005 2015 z dd , fc
Ud S w , y w, f IMO. Cqy, Ud
S dd O P Ac (1990).
T Ac dc d IMO dc 1992 MARPOL d q
- f f f c ddw c y, MARPOL
- fw c c Ud S. T E dd
dccy w c f , f 2005 wd, -
d f US w wd y dcd wd E , f
wc y w y d. Sc ccd y cd w f -
, wd d c c f E.
I , E U fcd w j 1999 (Erika) d 2002 (Presge) wc
d d E C c. Fw
E d, C cd c (E C 2000)
wc fw d f - f
Ac. Sy , cd c (E C 2000) d
M Sfy Acy dcd j c w IMO (. 2) d f qc
-, wc w d y IMO A 2001 (MARPOL 13G) d d
fc S 2003.
W f Presge N 2002 ( - ), E U -
wd d cd c IMO cc d cc f
- -. A y ( y d ccd IMO dd),
M E Pc C f dd d MARPOL 13G d
dd - cd dc f y Ac O P Ac d
EU .
Lessons from the IMO Case
T yd f E c (Bc 2009), c cy
US y, c cc y ccd d dd y y .
A c d c wd d dd c ( f f
dc ) qcy , c f d c Exxon Valdez ,
Ud S c d dyc dc wd EU
, w d c cc IMO .
W c cc f ccf f f EU/US , w y
d y w. Idd, dc- cd dd w EU (
8 T cw w qy dcd , cy d d cy d.
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 19
Ud S f ) fc d f - IMO , wc
ccfy d y f c . A w y
(c dd d c ) d y c dc-
f , c f c d f E IMO f.
F, w c cy fwd cc cy f Ud S d E
(Exxon Valdez, Erika d Presge ), c IMO fd cy dc
wc cy dcd . T EU w f -
y dy cc c dc w dd. Scd, EU
w IMO d9 d y d c f cc c10 w
c jc f fc f IMO w EU d f f c
f c d f w w z. T C w cy
c d f - .
7. T UNECE-Snd Sd f En Emn Cn Sym
M c wdwd jc c y, w f c d -
y dc q f d y c . T
jc d c c y dc f c , wc
w dc c
T cy w c y d wdwd11: EURO dd d-
d f 1970 wd d US T d y 1990 d C A Ac.
Bd d z f c c, y ,
c y d c cy , US T dd
c d E c, wc w dd d wd-
wd . Sy, cd f cc d f c w y d c-
c f c f EU f US dd, c E d N Ac
dy w f c.12
9 I d c y Cy dc f fy, C cc
(E C 1993) wc w d dy E d T Cc
c C IMO c dc fy w y f
E w.
10 C Sf S d P f P f S (COSS), d y R EC
2099/2002.
11 A j c dc, J dcd w c y 1980, wc d
d 1990. I 2003, J dd f dd wc c,
fc 2005, wd c y. F 2009 wd, f d
-w US 2010 d EURO V q. Y, dd cd yd J y (S: www.d.c).
12 F f dd d, c w dd d y f dy-
c d c w y, R (fc).
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Id, EURO dd w ccfy fd E c (cd -EU
) d c (c R d Ty) Ud N Ecc C
f E (UNECE). M y, y f -E c wc
f UNECE dcdd c f UNECE (C, Id, Td, A,Bz P). A df f c (A, C Mc) d y wc EU
d US dd czd. S f, US T y y dd y d
N Ac Cd d, , Cd dd d c f
US dd cd dc w US
d Cd .
T d ccf d f E dd wfd. F, E
f, w cd w N Ac q, cy
cy , dd y c cy cdd. Idd,
EU d c, cd y c cd w cy. By c,
US T 2 y ccd cc c f US , wc
c f dyc. F c, US T f
. T y w c c d dy c
y f d c. Sc c cy US
, w c fc f dc dd cc d wf c. I
c w c d d fc (c c d f c),
c y y w d jc d.
Scd, d f EURO dd ccd w c wc
wd dc d cy f E . Idd, UNECE -
wc dd c c fc f -cd W Py 29,
d Wd F f Hz f Vc R. Cd 1952 d w -
w yd E, WP29 cd f f cy f 120
dc z , cy c. T WP29 d-
d G Tcc R (d 1998
G A Ud N Ecc C f E/Id T C
1998) d UNECE R (d 1958 A Ud N Ecc C f
E/Id T C 1958). G Tcc R c f , cd dq c d y d -d
. T 33 cc , cd Cd, C, Id, J, K, S
Afc, T Ud S. UNECE R c , y c
f d cc wc f y f c f
w cc .13
13 Sc UNECE d cy w GTR cc, cc w y f
y d y.
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T f f c, cy dd c ccd f y
c f w fc: / d w. Idd, E d
qd w wd y f y c dd, cc
d f. Ud j d f Fc d Gy, E Cfcf P d Tcc Ad (ECPTA), cd dy f 48 E c-
c c, dcdd c Groupe Spcial Mobile (GSM) 1982, w f d-
c E dd. By 1987, Md f Udd w d w
13 c d f GSM dd w fd 1989 f ECPTA
E Tcc Sdd I. By c, Ud S, GSM-q -
dd c cy 1995 f IS-95 d y f CDMA-2000 (d
).
W c c f E cc c, GSM dd c c-
cy 1991 d d dy 1994 (y E) d 100
f y .15 T GSMAssociaon, d f 800
GSM-d c, w cd 1995 d yd j y f
d dc E wdwd. T , f E dd-
z cy ( E Tcc Sdd I ETSI) d q c
f ddcd ( GSM Ac) wd c f c f
Ud N czd cy, I Tcc U, w c-
d d f cc ddz cczd y c
f c f f cy d d f .
Lessons from the GSM Case
T wdwd f f E y dd f d -
f f Ud N czd cy cy cd f ccf
f f . T f wdwd f f EU dd d -
c f c f I Tcc U fd c f
w dyc: F, E jyd - d, wc w d y
y d c c c dd y E ( EU-d -c ) d ; cd, y c c dd f
, E qcy d cc wc d dd -
y, y y w f c f , c c f dc dc
w w d w, GSM Ac d ETSI, wc zd y
c d w E d wdwd d d E .
15 Fc c f f f y c f GSM Ac w-
, : ://www.wd.c/-/y..
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The EU as a Multilateral Rule Exporter | 23
9. T F Ing Sng I n WTO Ngn
I 1996, WTO M M S cd d y
dy c f f w WTO d. Ccy d S , f : , c, cy c d d fc.
T dc w cy f dd c, cy E U, wc d
c f c. D c, d, wd cc
S , y f f d d f
wd wd d , cy d (Wcc
2003: 255). A c w fd y c dc wd f
c c cd, wc d fc w WTO .
F y c f D d d, c d fd cd
S w WTO d dcdd dc f Cc
M M (2003), w dd d c d c
d cd cc c f . T S yd
f, y w f ( c d cc f d) dcd
w f-ccy f f c d
f . D , E C d
d cc d d- f S y cc c
d c d f . T E cd w
-c c, c J S K w dy cc c f
S .
I dd, d c w f y wf c
y, G20, w c y cc f f S
w f WTO c. T G20 C, Id, Bz d S Afc,
c f c dd d dcd. Acc f
60 c f wd d w j c ( c
dc w c f c), G20 ccdd c
c f d dd y dc dd c
Cc .16 A fw Cc M d, G20 d fw , wc d jc f S :
We express concerns about the c f [] dc c d y
fy dd the implicaons of having WTO rules on these issues. The issues are cc d
c and some of them are quite unrelated to trade. Many developing countries d
ccy arising out of commitments such mullateral rules will entail.(K
2004: 8-9; ddd y )
16 S f c B Dc d J 2003 y F M f Bz, Id d S
Afc.
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Lessons from the WTO Case
T f f S WTO f c c-
y f dc d cc fc f d c f c w. T c dy ccd wc y
cd , cy f dc- cd d d w y-
w y d jy wf y, w y cd
y. T WTO c w w cy y cd,
w c f E fc f c d , c
cc f fd.
10. Cncn: Cnn nd Cnn n Tnf f EU R
T w d cd d wc E cd d dd y
f -EU . I d c f z
f c. S f cc d dd dd -
f f E d w Ez d z-
y c, d f c d cc f
f f E . O , w y w fd, c f
wc zd d c f f (c c).
T c d cdcd d d f y f y fd
c 5. B IMO d UNECE c w c c d cd w -
z cy d c c d/
cy f . Sc c w fd w fc w w cc -
d cz (IMO M E Pc C;
UNECE Wd F f Hz f Vc R). T dd, c -
z, -c d cy d, d d
d f f: A d f w c y fy
fd (d d) d ccy, w cd f d-c fc d f .
Y, wd cd c z cy
c cd f c f. Idd, c y f
f cy c d cy f UN dy f jy f
w , f c f dyc f dd y cc. A
dcd y GSM c, c y c w d
w y - z. I c,
f GSM c /w c c y yc f w cc
cy cczd y f f d y ( c w
cd w cy w). Fy, WTO c c c- y,
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wc q , y, d , y f y f f-
fc d cy f fd cdy d w c
.
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L
Andersen Consulng, Detecon and Telemate Mobile Consultant1998: T GSM-CDMA Ecc Sdy, :://www.-.c/df/.df; 29 Oc 2012.
Arrow, Kenneth 1951: Sc Cc d Idd V, Nw Y, NY/Ld: Y Uy P.
Axelrod, Robert/Keohane, Robert1985: Ac C d Acy: S d I,: Wd Pc 38/1, 226-254.
Bach, David/Newman, Abraham 2007: T E y d c cy: c-, c-c, : J f E Pc Pcy 14/6, 827-846.
Barne, Michael/Duvall, Raymond 2005: Pw I Pc, : I Oz59/1, 39-75.
Bauer, Michael/Knill, Christoph/Pitschel, Diana 2007: D E E E: c f d EU y c , : J f E I 29/4,405-423.
Benne, Colin 1991: W Pcy Cc d W C I?, : B J f Pc Sc-c 21/2, 215-233.
Brzel, Tanja 2010: T Tf Pw f E Rdd: f E Ez,: KFG W P S 11, Fy 2010, K-Fc T TfPw f E, B: F U B.
Buck, Tobias 2009: Sdd B: Hw E U Lw, : Mc, Rcd W./Rd, Edwd (d): G Pc C Wd, B, MA: C L, 193-199.
Caramani, Daniele 2009: Idc C Md w B A. QAc Sc Scc 158, Td O, CA: SAGE.
Casier, Tom 2011: T Ad N Ad: E Sc R Tf d E N-d Pcy, : J f E I 33/1, 37-53.
CDMA Development Group 2005: D Vc d D: C CDMA2000 d GSM/GPRS/EDGE/UMTS, : ://www.cd.c/dc/7023335/CDMA2000-GSM-C; 29 O-c 2012.
Checkel, Jerey1999: N, I d N dy Cy E, : ISd Qy 43/1, 83-114.
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DiMaggio, Paul/Powell, Walter1983: T I c Rd: I I d Cc
Ry Oz Fd, : Ac Scc Rw 48, 147-160,Dolowitz, David/Marsh, David2000: L f Ad: R f Pcy Tf Cy
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Drezner, Daniel 2005: Gz, z, d c: d wy cycc, : J f E Pc Pcy 12/5, 841-859.
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European Commission 2000: Cc f C E P dCc fy f d, COM(2000) 142 , B.
European Commission 2000: Cc f C E P d Cc cd f Cy fy fw f E, COM(2000) 802 , B.
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European Commission 1993: Cc f C c cy f ,COM(93) 66 , B.
European Parliament/EuropeanCouncil2002: R C Sf S d P f P f S (COSS) d d R fy d f , R EC N. 2099/2002, B.
Freyburg, Tina/Lavenex, Sandra/Schimmelfennig, Frank/Skripka, Taana/Wetzel, Anne 2009: EU - f dcc c d, : J f E Pc Pcy 16/6,916-934.
Gilardi, Fabrizio 2002: Pcy cdy d d dd y c: cc y, : J f E Pc Pcy 9/6, 873-893.
Grabbe, Heather2005: R Fw f P c E, : Scf, F/Sd,Uc (d): T E f C d E E, Ic, NY/Ld: C U-y P, 112-134.
GSM Associaon 2009: M D Sy, : ://www.wd.c/w/-d/_d_y.; 15 Oc 2011.
Internaonal Marime Organizaon 2010: C Aw B, V. XXII, N. 2, Fy 2010,M Kwd C, : ://www../KwdC/CAwB-/Dc/CAB%20160%20Fy%202010.df; 29 Oc 2012.
Hrier, Adrienne 2005: Ez c E d W: A C A, : Sc-f, F/Sd, Uc (d): T E f C d E E,Ic, NY/Ld: C Uy P, 199-209.
Holzinger, Katharina/Knill, Christoph 2005: C d Cd f C-N Pcy Cc,: J f E Pc Pcy 12/5, 775-796.
James, Oliver/Lodge, Marn 2003: T L f Pcy Tf d L Dw f Pc Pcy,: Pc Sd Rw 1/2, 179-193.
Khor, Marn 2004: T S I WTO: Ic d Rc D, Td WdNw, : ://www.cy./d/cy_y/d/01284/_/d=_F1/; 29 Oc 2012.
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Knill, Christoph 2005: Idc: C- cy cc: cc, c d -y fc, : J f E Pc Pcy 12/5, 764-774.
Knill, Christoph 2001: T E f N Ad: f c
d c, Cd, Cd Uy P.Knill, Christoph/Tosun, Jale 2009: Hcy, w, : w d EU
cy d w d yd d?, : J f E Pc Pcy 16/6, 873-894.
Knill, Christoph/Lenschow, Andrea 2005: Cc, C d Cc: D Ac- f E Gc d Ic N I, : J f CM Sd 43/3, 581604.
Knill, Christoph, Lehmkuhl, Dirk2002: T N Ic f E U Ry Pcy: TE Mc, : E J f Pc Rc 41/2, 255280.
Ladrech, Robert1994: Ez f Dc Pc d I: c f Fc, : Jf C M Sd 32/1, 69-88.
Ladi, Zaki2008: L N S Fc. L d Pc , P: P d SccP.
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Lavenex, Sandra/Uarer Emek M. 2004: T E D f E, : C dCc 39/4, 413-443.
Lavenex, Sandra/Lehmkuhl, Dirk/Wichmann, Nicole 2009: Md f c: c-d c-c c, : J f E Pc Pcy 16/6, 813-833.
Lavenex, Sandra/Schimmelfennig, Frank 2009: EU yd EU Bd: z -c E c, : J f E Pc Pcy 16/6, 791-812.
Lijphart, Arend1975: T C C Sy C Rc, : C PcSd 8/2, 158-177.
Lijphart, Arend1971: C Pc d C Md, : Ac Pc SccRw 65/3, 682-693.
Meunier, Sophie 2005: Td Vc: T E U I Cc N,Pc, NJ: Pc Uy P.
Moravcsik, Andrew 1997: T Pfc Sy: A L Ty f I Pc, : I- Oz 51/4, 513-553.
Moravcsik, Andrew 1993: Pfc d Pw E Cy: A - c, : J f C M Sd 31/4, 473-524.
Murray-Faure, Andrew 1994: S Mdc P C Pc, : J f T-c Pc 6/3, 307-322.
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Ragin, Charles 1987: T C Md: M Byd Q d Q S,By, CA/L A, CA: Uy f Cf P.
Rosamond, Ben 2000: Rw Ac: Gz d Ez, : Y f E Sd-
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Dc Pfc f R I, : J f Cy E Rc.
Sartori, Giovanni1970: Cc Mf C Pc, : Ac Pc Scc R-w 64/4, 1033-1053.
Scharpf, Fritz 1997: G R Ac Py: Ac-Cd I Pcy Rc, Bd,CO/Ofd: Ww P.
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United Naons Economic Commission for Europe/Inland Transport Commiee 1958: A Cc- Ad f Uf Cd f A d Rcc Rc f A fM Vc Eq d P, G, E/ECE/324 d E/ECE/TRANS/505, d 1995,: ://www.c./d/DAM///w29/w29/50529.df; 29 Oc- 2012.
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T Kg-Fcg - Encgng Acdmc Ecng nd
Innv Rc
T K-Fc (KFG) w fd -cd y G Rc Fd 2008. I c-c f KFG d ccy
wc c c c d w y dc dd w f d j c.
T K-Fc T Tf Pw f E c E B-Bd- d z c w - d c . I f EU - d c f d, yz c d cf d d c c :
Idy d Pc S
Cc, Cdy d Byd
C R d E E R