1650-1800

The European Enlightenment

SWBAT EXPLAIN HOW SCIENCE LED TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT

SWBAT COMPARE THE IDEAS OF LOCKE AND HOBBES

Objective

Do Now 12/6/12

Have your homework out – ready to go over

Answer the following in your notes:What is the Enlightenment?

How do you think events such as the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution sparked new ideas of the Enlightenment?

BACON and DESCARTES:Reason & Logic

ISAAC NEWTON:Natural Law

HOBBES and ROUSSEAU:The Social Contract

JOHN LOCKE:Natural Rights—Life, Liberty,

and Property

VOLTAIRE:Religious Tolerance

MONESTESQUIEU:Separation of Powers

BECCARIA:Reform of Criminal Justice

System

Growth of Secular Ideas;Importance of Education

Belief in Progress

American and French Revolutions,

Independence MovementsDeclaration of Independence,

Rights of Man and Citizen, Growth of Individualism

U.S. Bill of Rights and Enlightened Monarchies

French, U.S., and Latin American Constitutions

Abolishment of Torture and Capital Punishment

ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT

Foundations of the

EnlightenmentImpact of the

Enlightenment

The Age of Reason

Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

1700s scientists expanded European knowledge in Scientific Revolution

Scientific successes created great confidence in the power of REASON

If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws (laws that govern human nature)

Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

With the use of REASON, Enlightenment thinkers could solve every social, political, and economic problem

Two thinkers: John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

Philosophes – “lovers of wisdom”

Enlightenment thinkers that applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society

Thomas Hobbes1588 - 1679

Saw English Civil WarBelieves society must be

ruled by absolute monarch

Humans are nasty and brutal by nature

Social contract – give up freedom for an organized society

Leviathan

Enlightenment Thinkers

LOCKE1632-1704

Saw Glorious RevolutionNatural law: use of reason to

study human behavior and create binding rules of moral behavior

Divine purpose for humanity

Life, liberty, propertyTwo Treaties of

Government

Enlightenment Thinkers

Comparing Locke and HobbesViews toward the "state of nature”

Hobbes compared the English

Civil War to the “state of nature”, which was brutal

his negative view of the revolution led him to conclude that society needed a strong king.  ABSOLUTE MONARCH

Lockebelieved that  the

state of nature  was good. 

if governments could not do as much for people than they did for themselves in the state of nature, then government could be dismantled.

Comparing Locke & Hobbes Views toward human nature

Hobbes:has a negative view

toward human nature “nasty, brutal….”; 

Locke: the human mind is

like a blank slate.

Comparison and contrast of views on government

Hobbes: a contract exists

between the king and the people; but once the king becomes king, he cannot be overthrown & obtains absolute power. 

Locke:government

conditional & can be overthrown if it does not represent the people

Using your notes & Section 1 packet

Explain how the leaders of the Scientific Revolution influenced the philosophes.

How did the Glorious Revolution influence the ideas of the Enlightenment?

How might the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, and the U.S. Constitution be considered to be documents of the Age of Enlightenment?

Do Now – 12/6/12

Pick up the “Face-off” & Locke and Hobbes worksheets

take out your notes on Locke & Hobbes

Face Off – Locke vs. Hobbes

FIRST – read Hobbes’ & Locke’s quotes and answer their corresponding questions by yourself!

SECOND – you will be placed in groups to answer the bottom 3 summary questions TOGETHER!

THIRD – read the background on both Locke & Hobbes Underline the IMPORTANT information in each section You will need to use this information to support your

“debate”!

Debate

Participate in a CONSTRUCTIVE manner

3 times – 10 points2 times – 8 points1 time – 5 points times – points

Questions to think about…Why would the basic nature of humans be a topic of

discussion?

Why would this be important for developing a concept for an ideal form of government?

How would these writers have come up with their point of view?

How could Locke and Hobbes have such different conclusions?

Think about your personal experiences & the role environment plays in forming YOUR ideas.

Hobbes vs. Locke

There are three major causes of fighting...Competition: People see themselves as in

competition with each other.(invade for gain)Diffidence: People lack self confidence and

thus tend to overcompensate for it. (invade for safety)

Glory: People tend to desire glory. They expect others to value them as well as they value themselves. (invade for reputation)

How can you attain peace?

Conclusion

Which philosophe did you side with prior to our class discussion? (Locke or Hobbes) WHY???

Do you still agree with his beliefs as strongly as you once did? Yes? – explain! No? – Explain!

SWBAT SUMMARIZE HOW ECONOMIC THINKING CHANGED DURING THE

ENLIGHTENMENT

Objective

Do Now

How did Locke and Hobbes differ in their views on the role of government?

What convinced educated Europeans to accept the power of reason?

Enlightenment Philosophers and Writers

Fill out your chart for the following individuals:

VoltaireMontesquieu

DiderotJean-Jacques Rousseau

Mary Wollstonecraft

Voltaire

Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778)Targeted corrupt officialsBattled inequality, injustice, and superstitionDisagreed with slave trade & religious prejudice Offended French government and Catholic

ChurchBastille prison twiceExiled – forced to leave ParisDefended principles of freedom of speech

Baron de Montesquieu

Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755)Persian Letters: ridiculed the French government and

social classesCriticized absolute poweridea of separation of powers Divide powers among three branches

Legislative, executive, judicialChecks and balancesStudied various governments across Europe and historyInfluenced framers of the U.S. Constitution

Denis Diderot

Encyclopedias “change the general way of thinking”Explained government, philosophy, and religionarticles from Voltaire and MontesquieuDenounced slavery, praised freedom of expression,

urged education for all Attacked divine right and other traditionsPope excommunication to any Catholic that read Spread Enlightenment ideas

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Wrote The Social ContractPeople by nature are good corrupt by evils of

societySociety = too many limitations on people’s behaviorSome controls – but should be minimalOnly governments that are freely elected should

impose these controls“general will” - best conscience of the peopleGood of the community should be placed above

individual interestsThomas Paine & Marquis de Lafayette adopt this

view

Mary Wollstonecraft“free and equal” did not apply to womennatural rights limited to areas of home and familymid to late 1700s women protested this viewArgued they were being excluded from social

contract Wollstonecraft accepted women’s duty to be a good

motherShould be able to determine their best interest

without depending on men1792: Vindication of Rights of WomanEqual education for boys and girlsEducation would help women participate equally

with men

Questions

What were the “hot” topics addressed by the philosophes and published in the Encyclopedia? To you, which was the most important?

Which philosophe would you side with?

WHY? Explain. If it’s a combination – explain what you would

include and what you would eliminate and WHY.

Political Cartoon

Complete handout Answer questions 1 & 2