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The European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Challenges – Framework – Circular Solutions Ludwig Hermann
President
25.06.2019
Federchimica, Milano, Italy
Project Final Conference
Agenda • ESPP in a nutshell
• Global challenges
• Framework: UN-Agreements, policies and regulations
• P & N-recycling
• Conclusions
ESPP facts and figures
• Legally established, not-for-profit association
important for transparency, clarity of decision making, representation - statutes are public https://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/platform/about-espp
- EU Transparency Register no. 260483415852-40 http://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/
• 100% membership funded
key to credibility, independence
• >40 paying members to date: industries, SMEs, R&D institutes or projects,
city- / regional- / national governments
• balance between different interests and industries
in touch with reality (payment = commitment)
June 2019 3 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
How ESPP operates
• Decision by consensus
• Mediation rather than advocacy
- enable dialogue between stakeholders
- develop shared proposals for policy
- communicate with regulators
June 2019 4
Example: Joint Statement on the EU Fertilisers Regulation
proposal, between EU federations in the mineral fertilisers,
organic fertilisers, soil improvers, digestate, animal by-
products, limiting materials and wastewater industries, 20th
November 2017 www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory
Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
ESPP communications tools
Available for other networks and R&I projects
• Twitter @phosphorusfacts
• ESPP website www.phosphorusplatform.eu
- events
- Members Pages,
- news
- R&D projects
- success stories
- regulatory
• SCOPE Newsletter - science and innovation
• eNews - monthly
- policy, practice
45 000 email listing worldwide
June 2019 5 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Agenda • ESPP in a nutshell
• Global challenges
• Framework: UN-Agreements, policies and regulations
• P & N-recycling
• Conclusions
Great acceleration from 1900, particularly from 1960
June 2019 7 Source: UNEP, Fischer-Kowalski, M., 2011) Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Decoupling achieved
Planetary Boundaries (Steffen et al., 2015)
• Abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded.
• Safe operation within planetary boundaries needed
• Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be catastrophic
June 2019 8 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Priority challenge: nutrient losses and eutrophication
June 2019 9
Source: EEA, 2017
https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps
Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
And still…
• Without mineral phosphate fertilisers we could feed maybe 1/5th of the current world population
Adapted from Dawson et al., Food Policy 2011: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03069192
• Without Haber-Bosch (mineral nitrogen fertilisers) we could feed only half of the current world population
Fertilizers Europe / Wageningen University
Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc June 2019 10
Agenda • ESPP in a nutshell
• Global challenges
• Framework: UN Agreements, policies and regulations
• P & N-recycling
• Conclusions
United Nations: Sustainable Development Goals Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the UN General Assembly (193 nations) on September 25, 2015
June 2019 12 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
UN Environment, UNEA.4/L.16 Resolution (11-15 March 2019):
Sustainable Nitrogen Management
Followed by The Paris Agreement (COP21) 195 governments agreed at the 21st Conference of the Parties
of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) on December 12, 2015
• Goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature
to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels;
• To aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would
significantly reduce risks and the impacts of climate change;
• On the need for global emissions to peak as soon as
possible, recognizing that this will take longer for developing
countries;
• To undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance
with the best available science.
June 2019 13 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
European policies driving nutrient recycling
June 2019 14
• 2014 EU Consultative Communication
on Sustainable Use of Phosphorus • Proposals include:
increasing knowledge and research, P-recycling,
risk of soil contamination by mineral or recycled fertilisers • see www.phosphorusplatform.eu/scope107
• 2015: EU Circular Economy Package • Flagship initiative = new EU Fertilisers Regulation
ESPP in action:
In responses to EU public
consultation:
54% of respondents cited bio-
nutrients or phosphorus
Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
A CE-marked product must respect all of:
- Annex I PFCs = Product Function Categories
- Annex II CMCs = Component Material Categories
- Annex III = Labelling Requirements
- Annex IV = Conformity Assessment Procedure
If it does, End-of-Waste is achieved Europe-wide
June 2019 15 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Fertilisers Regulation, adopted 5 June 2019
“STRUBIAS” (Struvite, Biochar and Ash*) * Now “precipitated phosphate salts & derivates, thermal oxidation materials & derivates and pyrolysis & gasification materials”)
June 2019 16
To define Fertilisers Regulation criteria for these materials (as CMCs)
- Commission agreed to start definition of criteria for materials in 2016
- DG GROW mandate to JRC: February 2016
- JRC draft report May 2017 and draft market report December 2017
- Pre-Final Report 13th August 2018 – online at www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory
- Final STRUBIAS meeting 25-27 Sept. 2018 – report online at
www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory
- Pre-Final Report 13th August 2018 – online at www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory
DG GROW will translate into CMC legal text to add to Annex II, Qu3/2019 (?)
Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
European policies driving nutrient recycling • Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 1991/271
• Nitrates Directive 1991/676 – SAFEMANURE study underway
• Water Framework Directive 2000/2000 - quality objectives 2015 / 2021 / 2027
• Groundwater Directive 2006/118 - phosphorus on monitoring list (2014)
• National Emission Ceilings Directive revision: reduce ammonia emissions by 19% until 2030
June 2019 17
Phosphorus is first cause of (non-morphological) quality status failure under the
EU Water Framework Directive
55% of UK rivers and 74% of lakes exceed P level for good ecological status
3 July 2018
Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
European policies driving nutrient recycling
Proposed new CAP (Common Agricultural Policy)
• EU Commission proposal 1 June 2018
• “Farm Sustainability Tool for Nutrients” - information on farm, crops, management - complete nutrient budget
• Conditionality requirements: - control of diffuse pollution by phosphates - nitrate leakages … buffer strips, soil management …
• https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/future-cap_en
June 2019 18 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
European policies driving nutrient recycling
National Emissions Ceilings Directive (NECD) revision
• Ammonia emissions - Ammonia particulates health impacts
• - 98% of ammonia emissions from agriculture
• - 2016 NECD revision: - 19% reduction target for ammonia by 2030
June 2019 19 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Regional policies
Baltic Sea Region • HELCOM:
8 EU Member States, plus Russia and the EU
• “Recommendation” March 2017 = obligation
- maximise phosphorus and other useful substance
recycling
- regular State reporting on measures taken to
implement this
• Ministerial Declaration March 2018:
- define Nutrient Recycling Strategy by 2020
June 2019 20 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
National policies Finland • Action program: Finland among world leaders in Circular
Economy by 2025.
The Netherlands • Agreements (mostly voluntary) between government and
stakeholders aiming at P-recycling.
Sweden • Aiming at toxin-free and resource-efficient eco-cycles, the
Government has appointed an inquiry to propose a ban on spreading sewage sludge and introduce a requirement for phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge.
June 2019 21 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
National policies
Germany • Legislation May 2017: phosphorus recycling becomes obligatory
- within 12/15 years
- for all WWTPs > 50 000 PE
- if sewage sludge P > 2% of dry matter
Switzerland
• 2016 Decree makes phosphorus recovery obligatory by 2026
• from sewage sludge incineration ash* and meat and bone meal ash, >45% from sludge, >80% from ash
• 2018 “MinRec” requirements to inorganic recycled fertilisers enforced by Swiss Bundesrat * Switzerland banned land use of sewage biosolids in 2006
June 2019 22 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Agenda • Global challenges
• ESPP in a nutshell
• Framework: UN Agreements, policies and regulations
• P & N-recycling
• Conclusions
P-Recovery potential in EU27 (Source: Van Dijk et al., 2016)
June 2019 24
Mi n e
r a l
f e r t
i l i z
e r s :
1, 39
7 k t
P
( 200
5)
1, 13
3 k t
P
( 201
5)
Wa s
t e :
1, 20
7
k t Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Global implementation (Source: Kabbe, 2018)
June 2019 25
More than 100 full-scale plants operational in Europe, USA/Canada and Japan.
80 struvite plants of which 60 are municipal; some 20,000 t struvite produced.
Pilot production of high grade P-products from ash in Varna, Hamburg, Madrid and
Helsingborg. Full scale production of ammonium nitrate in Oslo.
Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Struvite – essentially a by-product • Driven and paid-back by maintenance improvements/savings
• Average P recovery rate from the aqueous phase 8-15% of the potential, up to 40%
recovery with sludge pre-treatment – albeit design capacity typically not achieved
• ˂10% of European wastewater treatment plants qualify for the current „struvite“ process
• Plants produce a few hundred to few thousands tons of P-fertilizer. Different shapes,
impurities, pollutants and fertilizing efficiency. Constant high quality products from Ostara.
June 2019 26 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
P-recycling from ash (EasyMining, TetraPhos, Phos4Life, EcoPhos)
> 85% P-recovery rate
• Several financially sound, industry owned technology
suppliers
• Independent of P-removal process in sewage plant
• High value “commodity” products =
• technical grade acid, DCP and / or
• 100% water soluble CleanMAP
• 3 processes recover iron/aluminium salts for P-removal
in wastewater treatment plants
• 2 processes recover silicates for cement production
Source: EasyMining Source: Phos4Life June 2019 27 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
P-recycling from tailings (EasyMining / Yara)
June 2019 28
• EasyMining and LKAB develop the
production of technical, 100% water
soluble MAP (CleanMAP) and Rare
Earth Elements (REE) from LKAB’s
iron ore tailings
• Yara recovers P from a tailing pond
at the Lagamar Mine (JV Galvani,
Brazil) and uses recycled pyrit from a
partner’s mine in for phosphate
extraction in Siilinjärvi (Finland).
Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
N-recycling from sewer plants (Yara)
N-stripping + production of ammonium nitrate in Oslo
• A substantial fraction (12-15%) of the total N load entering the VEAS
plant is recovered – after anaerobic digestion (AD) of sludge, lime
conditioning and filter pressing stages – via ammonia stripping and
subsequent capturing (scrubbing) of the ammonia gas (NH3) with a
concentrated nitric acid solution (HNO3 – 62% w/w).
• This stripping and scrubbing treatment yields an industrially reusable
ammonium nitrate (AN – NH4NO3) side stream.
• Yara acts as a key-enabler in this circular business model through
supplying the nitric acid and off-taking the AN side-stream.
June 2019 29 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
P-recycling to organic fertilisers (some examples)
June 2019 30 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Italpollina (IT)
• 200.000 t/y organic and organo-mineral plant nutrition from
organic waste and residues, sales in 80 countries
Biomasa Peninsular (ES)
• Water- and nutrient recycling by cultivating micro-algae,
production of granular and liquid fertilisers
Fertikal (BE)
• 370.000 t/y organic fertilising products, 99% exported
4R Group (UK)
• 750.000 t/y secondary organic soil amendments from 150
contractors
Biolan (FI)
• 100.000 t/y secondary organic fertilising products
Agenda • Global challenges
• ESPP in a nutshell
• Framework: UN Agreements, policies and regulations
• P & N-recycling
• Conclusions
Conclusions
• Global, albeit not legally binding normative framework since 2015:
• 17 Sustainable Development Goals
• Paris Agreement COP21
• European policies, regulations and directives
• Circular Economy Package
• Proposed new Common Agricultural Policies (CAP)
• New Fertiliser Regulation
• Remaining barriers
• No market (demand) for more sustainable, circular processes
• No (apparent) willingness to accept a premium for sustainability
June 2019 32 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Conclusions (2) – regarding national initiatives
• Incentive / penalty options • Taxes on landfill (DK, NL), on nutrient effluents (DK)
• P-recycling mandatory (CH, DE)
• Binding agreements with industry, municipalities (NL, BSAG)
• Tax externalities, e.g. CO2 – saving GHG emissions must pay back!
• Regulations should consider • N2O emissions
• Future N-recovery integration
• Energy balance of WWTP
• LCA of circular solutions
June 2019 33 Italmatch Chemicals - LIFE TRIALKYL Final Conferenc
Email: Chris Thornton [email protected] Ludwig Hermann [email protected]
Website: www.phosphorusplatform.eu
News: @phosphorusfacts http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/members