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The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations

The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

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Page 1: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations

Page 2: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945

"If a man is in need of rescue, an 

airplane can come in and throw 

flowers on him, and that's just 

about all…but a direct lift 

aircraft could come in and save 

his life."

‐ Igor Sikorsky

Page 3: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

The Birth of Helicopter Rescue

• Pioneered during the Korean 

War to support MASH units. 

“MEDEVAC” and “DUSTOFF” 

became common during the 

Vietnam conflict.

– Techniques learned during 

wartime applied to civilian 

operations (MAST)

Page 4: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Increase of available resources

• Global influences

• Increased use (frequency)

• Accident rates

• Equipment

• Regulations and standards

Evolution as a Result of:

Page 5: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

Increase in Resources

• Federal Excess Procurement Program (FEPP) and other procurement programs established by Defense Logistics Administration (1208, 1033)

Page 6: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

Stimulated by Global Events

Page 7: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Continue to happen

• No one is unaffected

• We haven’t found new ways to hurt or kill people

• Unlike civil operations there are no mechanisms for regulation

Accidents in Helicopter Rescue:

Page 8: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Blade strikes

• Wire strikes

• Exceeding capabilities of aircraft

• Improper procedure

• Lack of training

• Equipment issues

Accidents During SAR Operations:

Page 9: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

Blade Strikes

Page 10: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Distraction

• Fixation

• Overload

• Complacency

• Improper procedure

Traditional Causes

Page 11: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

Human Factors

Ground Duties

Safety Management

Maintenance

Pilot Judgment And Actions

Crew Situational Awareness

Part / System Failure

Mission Risk

Aircraft Design

Training

Policy / SOP

Political Pressure

Page 12: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Changing the way we train

• Changing our culture (growing up, SMS systems, CRM training)

• Equipment

• Standardization

• Standards and regulations

What are We Doing About it?

Page 13: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Hoist Manufacturers

• Rescue Equipment Manufacturers

• OEMs (Aircraft Systems; And yes, they are listening to us!)

• Other: Seats, medical interiors, HUMS systems, etc.

Equipment

Page 14: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

The Right Tools for the Job

Page 15: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Formal training programs Recognized by the FAA

• Multiple manufacturers

• FAA approved maintenance centers

Night Vision Goggles (NVG’s)

Page 16: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• National Interagency Fire Center – IHOG

• FEMA – NIMS Credentialing

• Airborne Law Enforcement Accreditation Program

• Operational cohesiveness at a state level

• Development of standards (NFPA & ASTM)

• FAA

• Helicopter Rescue and Response Association

Standardization

Page 17: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Interagency Helicopter Operations Guide

• Working group includes: DOI, DLM, DIA, USDA, etc.

• Provides framework for incidents varying in size

• Standardize criteria for ops and aircrew personnel, aircraft and other equipment

IHOG

Page 18: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Air Unit Accreditation program• Working relationship with NTSB• Focus on over unit management and SMS

• Audited by the ALEA Accreditation Commission

• Striving to include SAR ops and fire suppression in scope of program

Airborne Law Enforcement Association (ALEA)

Page 19: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• NIMS ‐Work in process

• Several working groups pertaining to helicopter operations

• Typing criteria to include SAR teams

• Ordering criteria

FEMA

Page 20: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Multi‐agency at regional level

• Multi‐agency at state level 

Formation of Formal Partnerships

Page 21: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• NFPA 1670 & 1006 includes Helicopter Operations

• ASTM F32

– Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue Technician

– Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue Crew Chief

Industry Standards

Page 22: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• December 2011 – Two‐day Public Aircraft Forum

– Clarifications in the form of an addendum to  Advisory Circular A00.1‐1 “Government Aircraft Operations”

– The FAA does not give advisory opinions on PAO. There are simply too many requirements that can cause a PAO to fall out of status

– PAO determinations are made on a flight‐by‐flight basis, almost always after the fact

FAA & NTSB

Page 23: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Formed in Austin, TX in 2010

• Members representing all types of operators conduction helicopter rescue operations

• Working relations with HAI and FAA

• Promote safety and efficiency through information sharing

Helicopter Rescue andResponse Association (HRRA)

Page 24: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

• Foster relationship with local agencies

• Take initiative to find out more about other state agencies. Ops manuals, trainings, briefings, etc.

• Trainings should reflect operational conditions

• Keep current with new tactics and equipment

• Learn from your mistakes!

• Share your mistakes so that others may learn

Take Home

Page 25: The Evolution of Helicopter Rescue Operations · 2015-04-28 · First Recorded Civilian Helicopter Rescue November 29, 1945 "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in

For more information, please contact

Cedric Smith at  (805) 456‐7151

or by email at [email protected]